2008年世界载人航天取得重大进展（中）

3．日本实验舱与国际空间站成功组装 希望号日本实验舱是日本建造的首个载人航天设施,用于进行微重力下的材料加工、蛋白质晶体生长和流体力学研究以及医药、生物技术及通信等实验,以进一步推动月球和火星探测工程。该实验舱的研制工作历经25年之久,耗资约6800亿日元。     

日本建成空间站综合中心

在美国、日本、欧空局、加拿大、俄罗斯联合实施的阿尔法国际空间站计划中，日本将为其提供一个实验舱。为了进行实验舱的研制和未来的空间实验与应用，以及进行航天员的培训等，日本宇宙开发事业团已在筑波航天中心建成空间站综合中心。该中心主要由下列设施组成：（1）空间实     

日本实验舱的进展

日本实验舱的进展范剑峰１９８７年７月，日本空间活动委员会特设的空间站委员会向日本政府提交了一份日本参加国际空间站计划的政策报告。１９８８年９月２９日，日美政府签署了国际空间站计划的政府间协议。按照协议，日本将研制一个实验舱与美国的核心舱对接。由美国、...     

天基信息传输分发体系中新频段及新体制梳理

文章介绍了激光通信、太赫兹通信和量子通信等新的通信频段及通信体制在天基信息传输分发体系中的应用前景。激光通信链路可用于构建未来空间骨干网,附加在激光链路上的量子光通信链路可以极大提升链路保密性能,太赫兹通信链路可能在未来卫星星座及伴随飞行集群内部高速数据交换场合提供大带宽及灵活组网的通信能力。各种新形式的链路技术结合起来,可以为天基信息传输分发系统提供支撑。     

空间通信链路半实物仿真平台设计与实现

在空间通信数字仿真中接入通信链路和通信信号等实物,使仿真具有更强的实时性,仿真结果也具有更好的实际应用价值.本文分析比较了空间通信链路数学仿真和半实物仿真的优缺点,提出了空间通信链路半实物仿真平台的原理框图,设计出开路和闭路2种空间通信链路半实物仿真方法,重点阐述了空间微波链路传输特性模拟、空间微波链路通信质量评估的实现.通过对某星间链路的通信与对抗实例分析,该方法是可行的.     

空基激光终端动态组网研究

空间激光链路的特点是捕获跟踪困难,只适合点对点通信,因此组网应用多采用环状拓扑,导致网络的终端消耗大、链路时延长.为解决该问题采取了星形拓扑,优化网络节点增加辅助捕获设备,并改进链路接入为两阶段捕跟,从而实现高性能的动态复用激光链路.该方案特点是采用角反射阵列进行预先捕获,从而大大减少实时通信准备时间,并设计激光终端备用池动态复用,从而大大降低组网成本并提高网络性能.     

星-地混合通信网络前向链路安全传输方案研究

针对星-地混合通信网络前向链路在部分非理想信道状态信息(CSI)及非理想CSI下卫星窃听链路的安全问题，提出一种将地面基站信号作为协同干扰的安全传输方案。优化目标为地面基站节点传输速率最大，确保卫星合法节点接收信号质量，同时利用地面基站发送信号阻塞卫星潜在窃听节点对卫星信号的侦听。通过半定松弛原理将其转化为可解的凸优化问题，分别设计分层迭代、高斯随机化和二分搜索算法对问题进行优化求解。仿真校验结果表明，所提方案能够降低网络对CSI误差的敏感性，提高网络的可靠性和保密性。     

基于业务特征的空间光通信网络业务调度方法

针对空间光通信网络多用户组网和多类型业务传输的需求，提出了一种基于业务特征的光流交换(OFS)和光突发交换(OBS)相结合的空间光通信网络业务调度方法。OFS具有传输时延较大、光链路利用率较低、QoS保证能力强等特点，相比之下OBS以牺牲QoS保证能力为代价，提高了光链路利用率，降低了传输时延。经过对空间光通信网络拓扑结构和业务类型进行研究，以及对OBS交换体制和OFS交换体制进行数学建模仿真，结果表明，该方法能够根据通信业务类型和业务带宽等特征选择更适合的光交换体制，可充分利用两种交换体制的优点，提高空间光通信网络光链路利用率和通信业务统计复用程度，降低传输时延，增强QoS保证能力，可为空间光通信网络的交换体制设计提供参考。     

日本实验舱将采用人工智能和专家系统

日本将于1996年发射日本实验舱(JEM),这是日本参加美国航宇局空间站的实验设施。该实验舱由日本宇宙开发事业团牵头研制。日本实验舱中搭乘一名乘员进行生命科学和材料研究。 目前,该实验舱已完成初步设计。初步设计从去年年中开始,于今年完成。1989～1990年进行工程设计,尔后研制地面试验模型、飞行模型。该实验舱研制费为3000亿日元。其中,实验舱主体2500亿日元,实验设备和软件500亿日元。 在该实验舱上将采用人工智能和专家分系统。由于实验舱可搭载的重量和可供使用的电源有限,因此实验舱只能搭载地面设备专家系统的分系统。知识库的准备工作由地面承担。 故障诊断专家系统在电源系统和实验设备出故障时,可确定故障的设备和原因。实验舱上的专家     

图解日本“希望”号

2007年2月7日,国际空间站的重要组件——日本“希望”号实验舱从日本横滨启程,3月12日安全运抵肯尼迪航天中心。“希望”号实验舱是首个日本建造的可供人居住的太空设施。主要由日本筑波航天中心研制。“希望”号实验舱由压力舱、舱外设施、两个实验设施、一个实验后勤舱、一个舱外实验平台及机械臂等部分组成,它们将先后搭乘美国航天飞机升空,与空间站完成组装对接。     

日本JEM舱空间碎片防护结构设计综述

综述目前国际空间站上日本试验舱有关微流星体及空间碎片的防护技术以及发展趋势,着重探讨防护结构的研究成果,为在轨防护技术提供技术参考。     

A regenerable carbon dioxide removal and oxygen recovery system for the Japanese Experiment Module

The Japanese Space Station Program is now under Phase B study by the National Space Development Agency of Japan in participation with the U.S. Space Station Program. A Japanese Space Station participation will be a dedicated pressurized module to be attached to the U.S. Space Station, and is called Japanese Experiment Module (JEM). Astronaut scientists will conduct various experimental operations there. Thus an environment control and life support system is required. Regenerable carbon dioxide removal and collection technique as well as oxygen recovery technique has been studied and investigated for several years. A regenerable carbon dioxide removal subsystem using steam desorbed solid amine and an oxygen recovery subsystem using Sabatier methane cracking have a good possibility for the application to the Japanese Experiment Module. Basic performance characteristics of the carbon dioxide removal and oxygen recovery subsystem are presented according to the results of a fundamental performance test program. The trace contaminant removal process is also investigated and discussed. The solvent recovery plant for the regeneration of various industrial solvents, such as hydrocarbons, alcohols and so on, utilizes the multi-bed solvent adsorption and steam desorption process, which is very similar to the carbon dioxide removal subsystem. Therefore, to develop essential components including adsorption tank (bed), condenser. process controller and energy saving system, the technology obtained from the experience to construct solvent recovery plant can be easily and effectively applicable to the carbon dioxide removal subsystem. The energy saving efficiency is evaluated for blower power reduction, steam reduction and waste heat utilization technique. According to the above background, the entire environment control and life support system for the Japanese Experiment Module including the carbon dioxide removal and oxygen recovery subsystem is evaluated and proposed.     

KIBO (Japanese Experiment Module in ISS) operations—2008/3–2009/10

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched its own first manned experiment facility in space called the KIBO (Japanese Experiment Module, JEM) in 2008 and 2009 and started operations as part of International Space Station (ISS). To accomplish this Operation, JAXA made its own ground facility in Tsukuba, Japan, called Space Station Integration and Promotion Center (SSIPC). Ground personnel at SSIPC called the JEM Flight Control Team (JFCT) operate the KIBO and have learnt many lessons during its operation. In this presentation, some topics are chosen and explained such as (1) crew/ground personnel interaction and (2) planning lessons learned for manned space activities.     

Revisiting Perspective-Taking: Can People Maintain Imagined Perspectives?

Abstract

Three experiments were conducted to examine whether people can adopt and maintain imagined perspectives in the absence of target information. The task used entailed providing information about an imagined perspective in advance of target information to examine whether this would facilitate perspective-taking performance and reduce or eliminate alignment effects that are commonly reported in the literature. The three experiments employed different types of spatial environments: an environment learned from navigating a computer screen (Experiment 1), and an immersive environment that was either remote (Experiment 2) or immediate (Experiment 3) at the time of retrieval. Across the three experiments, results showed that information about an imagined perspective can be utilized ahead of target information. Furthermore, they suggested that alignment effects can be reduced as a result of processing information about perspective ahead of target information, but only when reasoning about specific nonimmediate spatial relations (Experiments 1 and 2). Results are discussed in connection with previous findings on spatial updating and the organizational structure of spatial memory.     

2GHz～6GHz功率驱动模块研究

文章研究了工作频率为2GHz～6GHz的微波功率模块（MPM）中的功率驱动模块。分析了功率驱动模块的特性与基本分析方法,重点研究了驱动模块中均衡网络的分析与设计及功率放大器的偏置技术。针对微波功率模块中小型化行波管的离散特性,可以利用仿真软件的优化功能快速地对功率驱动模块进行辅助设计。基于此方法,设计了一个频率为2GHz～6GHz、最大输出功率达32．5dBm的功率驱动模块。     

Seeing the Forest or the Trees? Shifting Categorical Effects in Map Memory

People use spatial and nonspatial information to structure memory for an environment. Two experiments explored interactions between spatial and social categories on map memory when mediated by retrieval (Experiment 1) and encoding (Experiment 2) demands. Participants studied a map depicting business locations (including proprietors' race). In Experiment 1, participants completed two memory tasks, one globally focused and the other locally focused. The global task compressed, while the local task expanded, within-category similarity. Furthermore, processing styles carried over to the subsequent task. Experiment 2 emphasized either the spatial or social category during encoding, which increased that category's weighting in memory. These results extend the work of Maddox, Rapp, Brion, and Taylor, suggesting that retrieval and encoding demands can shift how these categories affect spatial memory.     

Developing remote sensing and GIS hands-on modules to support UN-affiliated education programmes

Implementing remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) education programmes by the UN-affiliated regional centres for space science and technology in developing nations poses challenges because of the imbalance between industrialized and developing nations in the number of experts able to cover the topics defined by the core curriculum. This scenario creates a window of opportunity for developing instructional materials using information technologies to support local experts in teaching these topics. The goal behind teaching remote sensing and GIS should focus on providing scholars with the skills and capacity to allow them to engage in active work after they complete the UN programme. One of the most effective ways of learning process associated with technical skills is through the problem-solving exercises of Problem-Based Learning. A multi-layered decision-making module that provides feedback and allows multiple final solutions is proposed. Module development and implementation includes an initial stage focusing on assessing UN-affiliated regional centres RS/GIS application interest areas and cultural framework and a second phase dedicated to converting the various materials developed in English to the other five UN official languages.     

Design concept of Quasi Zenith Satellite System

The Quasi Zenith Satellite System, a Japanese satellite navigation system, is under development. The system broadcasts GPS-interoperable and augmentation signals as well as original Japanese signals from an inclined, elliptical geosynchronous orbit. Using this system, users around Japan and Oceania can use seamless positioning, navigation, and timing services, even in urban canyons and mountainous areas. A government policy supports the project to promote the use of geographical spatial information linked to satellite-based navigation for a wealthy and secure life in accordance with the rapid increase of satellite navigation users nationwide. To support that policy, JAXA is in charge of developing the first stage of QZSS in collaboration with related ministries and national institutes. Attention is devoted to making the system reliable and economical using legacy Japanese GEO satellite system technologies, not only satellite technology, but also ground systems and operations technologies.     

Use of pallet-type structures in Shuttle-attached and free-flying modes

Modular pallet-type structures, designed for optimal usage of the Space Shuttle as a launch vehicle, can be used in three mission modes—Shuttle-attached, attached to an orbiting Power Module, or as fully autonomous free flyers. The requirements for such structures are defined and three structural solutions—the Spacelab pallet, a cubic framework structure and a honeycomb panel structure—are described. System and subsystem concepts of varying complexity and autonomy are indicated and their applications to several typical payload examples are shown.     

基于非线性器件特征的辐射源识别

为提高雷达辐射源的正确识别率以满足航空电子对抗需求,提出基于非线性器件特征的辐射源识别方法.在非线性失真分析的基础上,通过谱再生现象的观测,对非线性器件的功率级数系数进行了估计,由于不同的雷达系统设计和随机组装,因此这种特征对每一辐射源是唯一的.仿真结果表明,该特征提取方法在低信噪比环境下可以获得高的辐射源识别率,证实...