柔性扑翼非定常涡格法气动计算的改进与实现

旨在快速、准确地模拟微型扑翼飞行器(Flapping-wing MAV)周边流场,根据柔性扑翼的扑动特点,提出了微型飞行器(MAV)气动力计算的一种改进非定常涡格法(UVLM)模型,该模型中充分考虑机翼的瞬时柔性变形、诱导阻力、尾迹涡环畸变以及黏性耗散等因素对气动力的影响;给出了该模型的一个可视化实现,并通过实例验证了该模型的可行性和有效性。算法仿真表明,采用该模型可使平均升力和平均推力计算精度分别提高20%和70%左右。为了提高运算效率,还研究了剔除尾涡对UVLM性能的影响,计算结果显示,剔除距翼面适当距离处的尾涡后,可在保证算法计算精度基本不下降的前提下使运行时间减少2/3,这表明改进的UVLM可作为MAV的一种快速气动力估算工具,在MAV的优化中存在显见的应用价值。     

扑翼飞行器平面形状对气动力的影响研究

为了了解扑翼飞行器在扑动过程中的气动力,采用非定常涡格法模拟扑动过程中的气动力计算,得到了刚性扑翼在扑动周期内气动力的变化及尾涡的形态。在此基础上,研究了扑翼的周期平均气动力随扑动频率、幅度、迎角及来流速度的变化关系,并进一步研究了不同的机翼平面形状对气动力的影响。计算结果表明,迎角和扑动频率的增大能够增加扑翼的升力,不同翼面形状的扑翼在升力特性及推力特性方面具有不同的优势。     

仿鸟柔性扑翼气动特性与能耗的数值研究

建立了适当的三维仿鸟柔性扑翼模型,并以配平重力和平衡阻力为条件,数值计算了它的低雷诺数非定常流场.研究揭示了翼面初始扭转角度、动态俯仰幅度等重要设计参数与飞行性能的关系,表明扑翼平面的初始扭转程度、扑翼柔性材料的选择以及两者之间的合理搭配对扑翼机的成功飞行至关重要.研究分析了仿鸟扑翼的流场涡结构、升力推力产生原理,下扑过程附着上翼面的前缘涡是升力产生的重要机制.对扑翼气动功率的比较分析也发现,人造扑翼机需要的气动功率明显高出同等大小的鸟类,在效率方面尚不及扑翼飞行生物.     

多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器设计

多段柔性变体扑翼模仿海鸥翅膀的复杂运动.观察海鸥翅膀的运动周期,设计了包含慢频率扑动、展向折弯、弦向扭转和结构柔性变形的扑翼模型,并应用准定常方法计算气动力,为该扑翼飞行器设计提供依据.在CATIA和3DMAX中设计多段柔性变体扑翼机的三维模型和运动模拟,制作样机进行飞行试验,研究其平飞、爬升、偏航等飞行姿态,结果表明升力和推力与数值计算结果吻合.相较于原有扑翼飞行器,多段柔性变体扑翼飞行器可以慢频率扑动飞行,调整扑翼形状.      

柔性扑翼微型飞行器升力和推力机理的风洞试验和飞行试验

为探讨柔性扑翼微型飞行器产生升力和推力的机理,在研究考虑柔性大变形扑翼气动力计算方法基础上,利用南京航空航天大学低速风洞进行了不同扑动频率、迎角、速度下微型扑翼升力、推力的变化和动态流场显示等风洞实验,并与计算结果进行了比较分析,为微型扑翼机的设计提供了的参考依据.自行研制的微型柔性结构扑翼机成功地进行了飞行试验.      

扑翼飞行器机翼开孔对气动特性的影响研究

论述了扑翼飞行器扑动升力产生的基本原理,提出采用机翼开孔的方式获得扑动升力的方法。通过风洞试验研究了翼面开孔对机翼气动特性的影响,结果表明机翼开孔可以有效获得扑动升力,降低扑动功耗,但会损失一定的推力。采用正交实验方法对风洞实验进行设计,构建机翼气动力关于实验参量的二次响应面方程,并通过响应面方程对开孔机翼的气动特性进行评价。结果表明所设计的开孔机翼最大起飞重量与无孔机翼相当,但其低速飞行能力较好,功率消耗较少,有望实现悬停飞行。     

微型扑翼飞行器升力特性研究

为了对微型扑翼飞行器升力机理进行探索性研究,本文利用西北工业大学微型飞行器专用风洞进行了扑动翼频率、风速、迎角、扑动翼弯度对其升力特性影响的研究.并且利用示波器对扑动翼扑动相位角和产生升力大小之间的关系进行了研究.试验结果表明升力特性的研究为微型扑翼飞行器总体设计和气动布局设计提供了一定的工程指导.     

扑翼的变刚度设计及其对升力和推力的影响

为提高扑翼飞行器的升力和推力以提高其飞行性能,运用生物扑翼的仿生原理,研究扑翼飞行器的扑翼升力和扑翼推力随扑翼刚度变化的机理。借鉴"变刚度关节机构和平面转动冗余并联机构通过调节张力改变刚度"这一机构学原理,运用变刚度关节机构相互串联实现扑翼在扑动方向上变刚度,同时运用平面转动冗余并联机构实现扑翼在扭转方向上变刚度。建立扑翼的扑动关节刚度和扭转机构刚度随预张力变化的模型,并通过实验和仿真验证扑翼扑动关节刚度和扭转机构刚度随预张力的变化。研究扑翼的升力和推力与扑翼刚度之间的关系,验证了通过调节扑翼刚度匹配其扑动频率可以提高扑翼的升力和推力。     

微型扑翼低雷诺数绕流气动特性研究

针对微型扑翼所处典型飞行状态,数值模拟研究了微型扑翼绕流的低雷诺数气动特性.基于结构化嵌套网格求解了预处理后的三维非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,空间离散采用了中心格式有限体积法,非定常时间推进为双时间法.通过与文献低雷诺数扑翼的试验值对比验证了本文算法的有效性,接下来通过大量计算研究了关键气动参数和展向折叠扑动模式的影响规律.研究结果表明迎角、扭转角和折叠扑动对升力影响较大,扭转角和减缩频率对推力影响较大.本文的研究得到了微型扑翼气动力特性的机理性结论,有助于理解微型扑翼飞行原理,为设计微型扑翼提供了参考依据.     

扑翼升力特性的非定常涡格法计算研究

针对西北工业大学航空学院微型飞行器研究室研制的PY-1型扑翼机,建立了扑翼的运动模型,并采用非定常涡格法模拟了该扑翼的升力特性,分析了迎角、飞行速度对升力特性的影响。计算结果与实际飞行试验吻合,验证了非定常涡格法模拟扑翼非定常气动特性的正确性和有效性。研究结果可为扑翼机的气动设计提供参考。     

Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have the potential to revolutionize our sensing and information gathering capabilities in areas such as environmental monitoring and homeland security. Flapping wings with suitable wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible structures can enhance lift as well as thrust by exploiting large-scale vortical flow structures under various conditions. However, the scaling invariance of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics as the size changes is fundamentally difficult. The focus of this review is to assess the recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. It is realized that a variation of the Reynolds number (wing sizing, flapping frequency, etc.) leads to a change in the leading edge vortex (LEV) and spanwise flow structures, which impacts the aerodynamic force generation. While in classical stationary wing theory, the tip vortices (TiVs) are seen as wasted energy, in flapping flight, they can interact with the LEV to enhance lift without increasing the power requirements. Surrogate modeling techniques can assess the aerodynamic outcomes between two- and three-dimensional wing. The combined effect of the TiVs, the LEV, and jet can improve the aerodynamics of a flapping wing. Regarding aeroelasticity, chordwise flexibility in the forward flight can substantially adjust the projected area normal to the flight trajectory via shape deformation, hence redistributing thrust and lift. Spanwise flexibility in the forward flight creates shape deformation from the wing root to the wing tip resulting in varied phase shift and effective angle of attack distribution along the wing span. Numerous open issues in flapping wing aerodynamics are highlighted.     

扑翼飞行器动力系统建模方法

为快速评估扑翼飞行器的航时,便于针对不同扑动翼进行动力系统设计与优化,逐步减少实物验证与试飞,加快扑翼飞行器的研制,基于实验数据参数辨识的方法建立了包含直流无刷电机、电调（ESC）、锂电池和扑动机构等扑翼飞行器动力系统组件的动态模型,其中电机模型相对误差小于10%,锂电池动态模型相对误差小于6%;提出了一种基于风洞试验气动数据和功率数据的扑动轴瞬时气动载荷半经验高精度建模方法,解决了气动载荷测量较为困难的问题,模型确定系数大于0.89;集成以上模型后的扑翼飞行器仿真系统还包含扑动翼周期平均气动模型、平尾气动模型和纵向控制模型,确保仿真在动态配平状态下进行,可进行全任务剖面航时仿真,航时仿真与实际试飞结果相比误差小于3%。集成的扑翼飞行器仿真系统采用模块化建模思想,各模型参数独立可调,能进一步应用于扑翼飞行器多学科优化等研究。     

扑翼飞行器柔性翼的动力分析与实验

针对小型扑翼飞行器柔性翼的特点,提出了一种利用欧拉方程结合有限元分析计算柔性扑翼上气动力的分析方法,并进行了样机推力测量实验.实验证明计算结果能很好地反映出扑动周期中不同时刻的推力特征.该方法既可以得到宏观上的推力、扑动阻力,又可以得到不同扑动参数下翼上各处的气动力分布,为柔性扑翼的设计优化提供帮助.      

Optimal thickness distributions of aeroelastic flapping shells

The severe weight limitations of flapping wing micro air vehicles necessitates the use of thin flexible wings, which in turn requires an aeroelastic modeling tool for proper numerical characterization. Furthermore, due to the unconventional nature of these vehicles, wing design guidelines for thrust and/or power considerations are not generally available; numerical design optimization then becomes a valuable tool. This work couples a nonlinear shell model to an unsteady vortex lattice solver, and then computes analytical design gradients: the derivative of aerodynamic force/power quantities with respect to a large vector of thickness variables. Gradient-based optimization is then used to locate the wing structure that maximizes the thrust, or minimizes the power under a thrust constraint, for a variety of shell boundary conditions. Changes in the topological features of the optimal wing thicknesses highlight important aeroelastic interactions that can be exploited for efficient flapping wings.     

昆虫尺度微型仿生飞行器的研究

微型仿生飞行器的研究涉及仿生学原理、准稳态气动力和原理样机的研制等。概述了上海交通大学针对昆虫尺度的微型仿生飞行器的新颖的设计和加工方法。该方法确保了零部件空间位置的合理安排,从而减少了零部件的装配难度。具体来说,压电驱动器的设计考虑了电气隔离和装配问题;传动机构与机身整合成一个部件,避免了相互之间的装配。翅脉的纤维方向进行了合理的布置,使得翅膀拥有高强度和高刚度。最终,研制的压电驱动微型仿生飞行器重84mg,翼展35mm,在100Hz的拍打共振频率下可以产生±60°的拍打角度,能产生足够的升力实现起飞。     

微型扑翼飞行器扑翼/尾翼气动干扰的数值研究

以二维刚性约束条件下的微型扑翼飞行器模型为研究对象,在动网格技术基础上,应用非定常数值分析手段对比分析了单翼/纵列翼布局的气动性能,深入研究了纵列翼缩减频率、扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距、来流攻角对其气动性能的影响.结果表明:①纵列翼尾翼对扑翼产生正效应干扰,相对于单翼布局,扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为0.5倍翼型弦长时的纵列翼布局的推力系数和推进效率分别增加28.7%和5.7%;②缩减频率是影响推力的关键参数,随着缩减频率的增加,脱落涡的强度增加,推力系数增大.对于单翼、纵列翼两种布局模式,当缩减频率在1.0附近时推进效率达到最优;③对于纵列翼布局,在扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为1.1倍翼型弦长时推进效率达到峰值;④在0°~20°来流攻角变化范围内,随着来流攻角的增加,升力系数增加,推力系数减小,当来流攻角大于9°时,两种布局的推力均为负值.      

Lift performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by considering surging motion

The flapping motion has a great impact on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings. In this paper, a surging motion is added to an airfoil performing pitching-plunging combined motion to figure out how it influences the lift performance and flow pattern of flapping airfoils. Firstly, the numerical methods are validated by a NACA0012 airfoil pitching case and a NACA0012 airfoil plunging case. Then, the E377m airfoil which has typical geometric characteristics of the bird-like airfoil is selected as the calculation model to study how phase differences φ₁ between surging motion and plunging motion affect the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils. The results show that the airfoil with surging motion has comprehensively better lift performance and thrust performance than the airfoil without surging motion when 15°< φ₁ < 90°. It is demonstrated that surging motion has a powerful ability to improve the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoil by adjusting φ₁. Finally, to further explore how flapping airfoil improves lift performance by considering surging motion, the flapping motions of E377m airfoil with the highest lift coefficient and lift efficiency are obtained through trajectory optimization. The surging motion is removed in the highest lift case and highest lift efficiency case respectively, and the mechanism that surging motion adjusts the aerodynamic force is analyzed in detail by comparing the vortex structure and kinematic parameters. The results of this paper help reveal the aerodynamic mechanism of bird flight and guide the design of Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).