静音锥对超声速客机声爆水平的影响

静音锥低声爆是通过在超声速飞机头部加装静音锥将机头产生的强激波转化为一系列互不叠加的弱激波，从而降低声爆。以一种“梭式”布局的超声速客机为基本模型，采用计算流体力学和波形参数法相结合的方法，研究不同参数的单级和多级静音锥对超声速客机声爆水平的影响。结果表明：静音锥的长度可以调节激波的干涉程度；静音锥的直径和圆锥顶角可以改变静音锥的初始超压值；静音锥级数对上升时间影响显著。     

静音锥对超声速客机声爆水平的影响分析研究

静音锥低声爆的基本原理是通过在超声速飞机头部加装静音锥将机头产生的强激波转化为一系列互不叠加的弱激波,从而达到降低声爆的目的。论文以一种“梭式”布局的超声速客机为基本模型,采用CFD和波形参数法相结合的方法,研究了不同参数的单级和多级静音锥对超声速客机声爆水平的影响。结果表明,静音锥的长度可以调节激波的干涉程度;静音锥的直径和圆锥顶角能改变静音锥的初始超压值;静音锥级数对上升时间影响显著。     

超声速飞机低声爆布局混合优化方法研究

声爆精确预测及低声爆设计方法已成为新一代军民用超声速飞机研制过程中必须解决的关键难题之一.将改进后的SGD(Seebass-George-Darden)反设计方法、声爆预测算法与遗传算法相结合,形成低声爆布局混合优化方法,利用遗传算法对SGD参数进行优化,得到具有较低声爆超压值和较大有效容积的等效截面积分布,进而得到低声爆布局方案.构建了低声爆混合优化设计环境,可以对方案的声爆水平、感觉噪声级、机体有效容积以及等效截面积分布等进行计算分析,在总体设计阶段具有较高的工程实用价值.优化后的方案采用连翼布局,钝形机头设计,优化后方案的声爆超压值降低了14.51％,机体有效容积增加了15.08％.由于尾部激波强度的不同,地面声爆感觉噪声级随滚转角的变化呈现先变小、后变大、再变小的趋势,对于尾部声爆波形还需进一步优化研究,以降低感觉噪声级.     

细长杆用于超音速飞行器降噪的数值分析

在超音速飞机头部加装合理设计的细长杆可有效降低飞行噪音.基于Fluent准三维数值模拟手段对多组细长杆设计方案进行模拟分析,对比其对远场压力的影响,以比较各类细长杆的降噪效果,根据气动理论对数值结果作出解释,揭示细长杆的降噪效果与其外形的内在联系;从远场压力最大值、远场压力曲线形状等不同方面分析细长杆对音爆的影响.结果表明:6 m长的12.5°半锥角单级锥形细长杆有明显的降噪效果;合理设计的多级细长杆可明显降低初始过压值,并能延迟远场压力达到最大值的时间;凹凹面、凹锥面、凸凹面和凸锥面的细长杆能够降低远场压力峰值,改善压力曲线的形状,具有较好的降噪作用;细长杆产生的强膨胀波能在激波传播过程中大幅削弱机头激波,从而削弱音爆水平.     

细长杆用于超音速飞机降噪的数值分析

在超音速飞机头部加装合理设计的细长杆可有效降低飞行噪音。基于Fluent准三维数值模拟手段对多组细长杆设计方案进行模拟分析,对比其对远场压力的影响,以比较各类细长杆的降噪效果,根据气动理论对数值结果作出解释,揭示细长杆的降噪效果与其外形的内在联系;从远场压力最大值、远场压力曲线形状等不同方面分析细长杆对音爆的影响。结果表明:6m长的12.5°半锥角单级锥形细长杆有明显的降噪效果;合理设计的多级细长杆可明显降低初始过压值,并能延迟远场压力达到最大值的时间;凹凹面、凹锥面、凸凹面和凸锥面的细长杆能够降低远场压力峰值,改善压力曲线的形状,具有较好的降噪作用;细长杆产生的强膨胀波能在激波传播过程中大幅削弱机头激波,从而削弱音爆水平。     

超声叶栅前缘处的脱体激波预测

为了准确预测超声叶栅前缘处的脱体激波,以Moeckel法为基础,通过分析和公式推导,构造叶栅前缘处的脱体激波模型.首先对Moeckel法进行改进,提高均匀来流条件下的对称脱体激波逼近精度;然后再将Moeckel法推广到均匀来流条件下的非对称脱体激波逼近;最后结合超声叶栅流动特征,给出叶栅前缘处的脱体激波模型.将所得模型用于3个超声叶栅,预测叶栅前缘处的脱体激波形状和位置,并将预测结果与CFD软件求解结果进行比较.结果表明:在均匀来流条件下,改进后的Moeckel法能更准确地逼近对称脱体激波,并可用于逼近非对称脱体激波;由超声叶栅脱体激波模型确定的脱体激波形状和位置与CFD求解结果一致性很好.      

声爆研究的现状与挑战

声爆是超声速飞行器所特有的一种气动声学现象,其涉及空气动力学和非线性声学等研究领域,开展相关研究具有重要的学术意义和应用前景。本文简述了声爆的基本概念、主要特征和主要危害,简要回顾了声爆的产生、发展和演化的研究历史,重点介绍了声爆的数值模拟、风洞试验和飞行试验预测方法,以及近年来提出的声爆抑制方法和低声爆气动优化设计方法的发展现状;最后总结了当前声爆预测方法面临的技术难点和挑战。     

一种先进超声速民机低声爆高效气动布局设计

低声爆高效气动布局设计是超声速民机研究的重点和关键技术之一。采用基于声爆最小化理论反设计方法、波系有益干扰后体设计方法、参数化近场超压信号的混合可信度反设计方法,提出了一种先进超声速民机低声爆气动布局,对每一步降低声爆的效果进行了分析并研究了该布局的全声爆毯特性;采用CFD数值求解近场声爆信号并通过Burgers方程传播到远场,研究了飞行高度、飞行马赫数等参数对该气动布局地面声爆响度的影响;采用CFD数值模拟方法研究了飞行高度、马赫数等参数对该气动布局气动特性的影响。研究表明,采用基于声爆最小化理论反设计方法降低了基准气动布局的地面声爆响度约6.54 PLdB,采用波系有益干扰后体设计方法进一步使地面声爆响度降低了约0.97 PLdB,采用参数化近场超压信号的混合可信度反设计方法使气动布局地面声爆响度进一步降低了约4.04 PLdB;合理地设计飞行高度、飞行马赫数,可以有效地降低地面声爆响度;合理地选择巡航飞行高度和巡航飞行马赫数,可以有效地提高巡航效率。研究工作对超声速民机气动布局设计具有一定的工程指导价值,对超声速民机总体气动方案设计亦具有一定的工程借鉴意义。     

超声速进气道在亚临界条件下的附加阻力的计算

以二波系轴对称外压式超声进气道为例,说明进气道在亚临界工作状态下的脱体激波位置和附加阻力系数的英美计算方法及俄罗斯的附加阻力系数计算方法,两种方法的计算结果与实验数据的比较表明了该算法的有效性,并对两种算法的特点进行了比较和分析。     

史蒂文斯响度在超声速民机低声爆设计中的应用

低声爆设计是超声速民机设计中的关键技术之一,其核心问题在于选择合适的声爆衡量参量作为优化目标。将史蒂文斯响度计算方法集成至现有的超声速民机低声爆优化设计平台,并以Seeb-ALR锥体模型为例,分别选取声爆史蒂文斯总响度级与近场最大过压值为优化目标,以锥体轮廓线为优化对象进行低声爆设计。相比Seeb-ALR原始模型,锥体轮廓线优化后的总响度级优化与近场最大过压值优化使最大过压值分别降低了18.4%和40.6%,地面声爆响度级分别降低了2.2PLdB和1.4PLdB。优化结果表明该超声速民机低声爆设计平台实现了史蒂文斯响度方法的应用,可以通过响度级反映对地面人员的影响,并将其应用于低声爆设计。选择不同的声爆评价参量作为优化目标,优化后的模型轮廓线和远近场过压分布形态均存在较大差异,与近场过压最大值优化相比,基于声爆响度级的优化策略能更有效地降低地面声爆。     

Effect of longitudinal lift distribution on sonic boom of a canard-wing-stabilator-body configuration

After the last flight of the Concorde in 2003, sonic boom has been one of the obstacles to the return of a supersonic transport aircraft to service. To reduce the sonic boom intensity to an acceptable level, it is of great significance to study the effect of lift distribution on far-field sonic boom, since lift is one of the most important contributors to an intense sonic boom. Existing studies on the longitudinal lift distribution used low-fidelity methods, such as Whitham theory, and in turn,o...     

超声速客机低音爆布局反设计技术研究

音爆已经成为限制民用飞机在陆地上空进行超声速飞行最关键的因素.降低超声速客机的音爆水平,使其能够在陆地上空超声速飞行,将会给超声速客机带来巨大的潜在市场.基于SGD(Seebass-George-Darden)方法,构建了相关的设计分析环境,对超声速客机低音爆布局的反设计技术作了研究分析,在此基础上首次提出了一种“梭式...     

典型标模音爆的数值预测与分析

精确预测音爆对超声速民机的研制具有重要意义。主流的音爆强度预测方法分为两步,首先通过风洞试验或CFD方法得到近场音爆过压（Over-pressure）分布,再运用修正线化理论或非线性声学理论将近场过压传播至地面,最终获得地面音爆的声压信号。本文运用典型标模对当前音爆数值预测方法的精度进行了验证和确认。在近场音爆过压分布的数值预测方面,分别考察了超声速尖点构型前缘修形尺度、不同空间离散格式和无黏/有黏流动控制方程求解对近场过压计算结果的影响。远场音爆预测方面,以LM1021全机构型近场过压分布为输入,使用基于波形参数法的远场传播工具分别考察了不同离散格式和有/无黏性计算的近场过压分布差异对地面音爆结果的影响。算例结果表明,尖点构型近场音爆预测中进行几何修形是十分必要的,使用相对合理的过渡球半径可以保证近场音爆预测精度,过大的修形尺度会对激波形状、激波和膨胀波的峰值均产生较明显的影响;就近场波形而言,熵相容格式计算得到的结果与试验测量值吻合最好,但不同离散格式导致的近场预测波形差异对传播到远场的波形关键指标（主要是最大过压和上升时间）的影响很小;是否计入黏性对近场波形结果尽管仅有小幅的影响,但将近场信号传播到远场得到地面波形时,这些细微差异会在远场波形的音爆评价关键指标上表现出明显的区别。     

Recent advances in the aerothermodynamics of spiked hypersonic vehicles

Among a variety of design requirements, reducing the drag and aeroheating on hypersonic vehicles is the most crucial one. Unfortunately, these two objectives are often conflicting. On one hand, sharp slender forebodies design reduces the drag and ensures longer ranges and more economic flights. However, they are more vulnerable to aerodynamic heating. On the other hand, blunt forebodies produce more drag, however, they are preferred as far as aeroheating is concerned. In addition, in the context of hypersonic vehicles, blunt geometries are preferred over slender ones for practical implications such as higher volumetric efficiency, better accommodation of crew or on-board equipment.In principle, a blunt vehicle flying at hypersonic speeds generates a strong bow shock wave ahead of its nose, which is responsible for the high drag and aeroheating levels. There have been a number of efforts devoted towards reducing both the drag and the aeroheating by modifying the flowfield ahead of the vehicle's nose. Of these techniques, using spikes is the simplest and the most reliable technique. A spike is simply a slender rod attached to the stagnation point of the vehicle's nose. The spike replaces the strong bow shock with a system of weaker shocks along with creating a zone of recirculating flow ahead of the forebody thus reducing both drag and aeroheating.Since their introduction to the high-speed vehicles domain in the late 1940s, spikes have been extensively studied using both experimental facilities and numerical simulation techniques. The present paper is devoted to surveying these studies and illustrating the contributions of the authors in this field. The paper also raises some of the areas in the field that need further investigations.     

Supersonic biplane—A review

One of the fundamental problems preventing commercial transport aircraft from supersonic flight is the generation of strong sonic booms. Sonic booms are the ground-level manifestation of shock waves created by airplanes flying at supersonic speeds. The strength of the shock waves generated by an aircraft flying at supersonic speed is a direct function of both the aircraft’s weight and its occupying volume; it has been very difficult to sufficiently reduce the shock waves generated by the heavier and larger conventional supersonic transport (SST) configuration to meet acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. It is our dream to develop a quiet SST aircraft that can carry more than 100 passengers while meeting acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. We have started a supersonic-biplane project at Tohoku University since 2004. We meet the challenge of quiet SST flight by extending the classic two-dimensional (2-D) Busemann biplane concept to a 3-D supersonic-biplane wing that effectively reduces the shock waves generated by the aircraft. A lifted airfoil at supersonic speeds, in general, generates shock waves (therefore, wave drag) through two fundamentally different mechanisms. One is due to the airfoil’s lift, and the other is due to its thickness. Multi-airfoil configurations can reduce wave drag by redistributing the system’s total lift among the individual airfoil elements, knowing that wave drag of an airfoil element is proportional to the square of its lift. Likewise, the wave drag due to airfoil thickness can also be nearly eliminated using the Busemann biplane concept, which promotes favorable wave interactions between two neighboring airfoil elements. One of the main objectives of our supersonic-biplane study is, with the help of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, to find biplane configurations that simultaneously exhibit both traits. We first re-analyzed using CFD tools, the classic Busemann biplane configurations to understand its basic wave-cancellation concept. We then designed a 2-D supersonic biplane that exhibits both wave-reduction and cancellation effects simultaneously, utilizing an inverse-design method. The designed supersonic biplane not only showed the desired aerodynamic characteristics at its design condition but also outperformed a zero-thickness flat-plate airfoil. (Zero-thickness flat-plate airfoils are known as the most efficient monoplane airfoil at supersonic speeds.) Also discussed in this paper is how to design 2-D biplanes, not only at their design Mach numbers but also at off-design conditions. Supersonic biplanes have unacceptable characteristics at their off-design conditions such as flow choking and its related hysteresis problems. Flow choking causes rapid increase of wave drag and it continues to be kept up to the Mach numbers greater the cruise (design) Mach numbers due to its hysteresis. Some wing devices such as slats and flaps, which could be used at take-off and landing conditions as high-lift devices, were utilized to overcome these off-design problems. Then supersonic-biplane airfoils were extended to 3-D wings. Because that rectangular-shaped 3-D biplane wings showed undesirable aerodynamic characteristics at their wingtips, a tapered-wing planform was chosen for the study. A 3-D biplane wing having a taper ratio and aspect ratio of 0.25 and 5.12, respectively, was designed utilizing the inverse-design method. Aerodynamic characteristics of the designed biplane wing were further improved by using winglets at its wingtips. Flow choking and its hysteresis problems, however, occurred at their off-design conditions. It was shown that these off-design problems could also be resolved by utilizing slats and flaps. Finally, a study on the aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body configurations was conducted using the tapered biplane wing. In this study a body was chosen in order to generate strong shock waves at its nose region. Preliminary parametric studies on the interference effects between the body and the tapered biplane wing were performed by choosing several different wing locations on the body. From this study, it can be concluded that the aerodynamic characteristics of the tapered biplane wing are minimally affected by the disturbances generated from the body, and that the biplane wing shows promise for quiet commercial supersonic transport.     

减小翼型激波阻力的鼓包流动控制技术

针对2020年使用的N+2代民用飞机的翼身融合(BWB)布局发展需要,以减小激波阻力为目标,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,开展弱化激波、减小激波阻力的鼓包流动控制技术研究.提出了λ形激波结构“强干扰”和等熵压缩“弱干扰”两种鼓包激波减阻流动控制原理,给出了两种鼓包基本形状设计方法和工程应用的可行性分析,指出λ形激波结...     

Research of low boom and low drag supersonic aircraft design

Sonic boom reduction will be an issue of utmost importance in future supersonic transport, due to strong regulations on acoustic nuisance. The paper describes a new multi-objective optimization method for supersonic aircraft design. The method is developed by coupling Seebass–George–Darden(SGD) inverse design method and multi-objective genetic algorithm.Based on the method, different codes are developed. Using a computational architecture, a conceptual supersonic aircraft design environment(CSADE) is constructed. The architecture of CSADE includes inner optimization level and out optimization level. The low boom configuration is generated in inner optimization level by matching the target equivalent area distribution and actual equivalent area distribution. And low boom/low drag configuration is generated in outer optimization level by using NSGA-II multi-objective genetic algorithm to optimize the control parameters of SGD method and aircraft shape. Two objective functions, low sonic boom and low wave drag, are considered in CSADE. Physically reasonable Pareto solutions are obtained from the present optimization. Some supersonic aircraft configurations are selected from Pareto front and the optimization results indicate that the swept forward wing configuration has benefits in both sonic boom reduction and wave drag reduction. The results are validated by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) analysis.     

基于增广Burgers方程的音爆远场计算及应用

音爆的精确模拟对于超声速客机的低音爆研究与设计意义重大。由于计算能力的限制,客机巡航高度的音爆全场直接模拟目前还难以实现。现有的音爆预测方法一般分为两步,先通过超声速线化理论或计算流体力学的方法得到音爆近场的过压值（Over-pressure）分布,再通过声学理论将近场声压信号推进至远场,以获得飞行器的地面音爆信号。在远场计算中,传统的波形参数法没有考虑音爆传播过程中的经典吸收和分子驰豫效应所造成的声能损失,得到的激波没有厚度,导致计算得到的远场声压级不准确。基于算子分裂法,开展了非线性声学中的增广Burgers方程的数值解法研究。通过计算第二届音爆预测研讨会（SBPW-2）发布的两个标准算例,验证了该方法可以实现地面音爆波形的精确预测。发现在近场声压信号前加入一段无幅值的缓冲信号可以有效提升"N"波上升时间的模拟精度。网格收敛性研究表明适当加密计算网格是有必要的。在此基础上研究了大气声吸收对地面波形的影响,发现分子驰豫效应的影响要强于经典吸收。最后,研究了不同湿度、温度对地面音爆波形的影响,发现干燥、低温的环境对音爆信号的过压值有抑制作用。