彩色图像中的本征图像的抽取

光源的位置和颜色影响到景物在摄像机中的成像,高光(highlight)的出现使一般的分割算法得不到理想的分割结果。文中根据二色反射模型(Dich-romatic Reflectioa Model),将图像分解成两个本征图像(intrinsic image)——本色图像(matte image)和高光图像(highlight image)。本色图像是去掉高光后的图像,反映了景物本身的不变性,不受外部因素(如光源的位置和颜色)的影响。而高光图像是只含有高光的图像,反映了外部因素的影响,有助于确定物体的形状。文中的彩色图像是指单一颜色光照(非单一波长的光照)下的单色物体在彩色CCD 摄像机中成的像。     

复杂动态场景下目标检测与分割算法

在动态场景等复杂条件下,往往难以对序列图像目标进行准确的检测与分割。根据序列图像中目标在复杂条件下的成像特点,提出了一种基于融合尺度不变特征变换(SIFT)流特征显著模型的动态场景目标检测与分割算法。通过对SIFT流算法表示运动特征信息的优势进行分析,并结合图像国际照明协会(CIE)Lab颜色空间的颜色和亮度特征信息,建立四维特征向量空间。利用改进的多尺度中心-环绕对比方法生成各特征通道的显著图并进行线性融合,建立序列图像的动态场景目标显著模型。最后利用均值漂移聚类算法和形态学处理实现对检测目标的精确分割。实验结果表明,相比传统检测与分割算法,该算法在动态背景与航拍等复杂场景下能够分割出更为完整的目标区域,具有良好的鲁棒性和高分割精度。      

核空间聚类在图像纹理分类中的简化算法

模糊c均值聚类已广泛应用于模糊模式识别领域,但对于线性不可分数据并不适用.在核方法中通过将输入数据经过非线性映射投影到高维特征空间来解决非线性分类的问题.将传统的模糊c均值聚类算法应用于核空间中,对线性不可分的样本进行了核空间聚类的分类实验,得到了正确的分类结果.由于图像分类中分类样本(对应图像像素)数目庞大,造成了核空间聚类算法中特征距离的计算量过大.因此,在核空间聚类的基础上,提出了对图像先进行过分割,再对过分割的图像块进行核空间聚类的方法,大大降低了高维空间特征距离计算的运算成本,并取得了良好的分类效果.      

基于三维光场的静态场景前景分割

为解决复杂场景中的前景提取问题提出一种基于三维光场分析的静态场景前景分割方法.首先,通过在一条直线等间距的不同视点上拍摄场景的序列图像构建密集采样的三维光场.其次,用线段检测(LSD)直线检测算法从对极平面图(EPI)中分析提取出场景边缘及其深度信息.借助分段三次Hermite多项式(PCHIP)快速插值算法恢复整个场景的深度信息.最终,通过阈值法实现对不同深度的前景物体的分割.初步实验结果表明,本方法能够较准确地恢复场景中多个物体之间的空间关系,前景分割结果较好地克服了现有基于区域聚类和数学形态学等方法在复杂场景应用中存在的过分割问题.      

在彩色图象中抽取颜色恒常性和高光

某种材料表面的颜色具有与形状无关的稳定特性,但图象中表面的颜色由于存在高光和影调而是变化的。建立颜色反射的物理模型是正确理解图象颜色的基础。叙述了根据Klinker~[1]等提出的二色反射模型,在颜色空间直方图中,利用K-L 变换作平面拟合,分离面反射颜色分量与体反射颜色分量,计算光源和物体色度坐标的方法。讨论了实际CCD 摄象机的局限性,给出了实验结果。文中的彩色图象是指单一颜色光照(非单一波长的光照)下的单色物体在彩色CCD 摄象机中成的象。     

一种基于PCA的面向对象多尺度分割优化算法

多尺度分割是图像面向对象分类的基础，针对不同区域特征最优分割尺度确定的主观性以及采用聚类算法时聚类中心确定的随机性，提出了一种联合降维与聚类算法的面向对象多尺度分割优化算法。该算法首先利用主成分分析法（PCA）降维排序后的结果产生初始聚类中心；然后采用K-means聚类和度量每一个像素点合并的概率，从而得到适应不同研究区域内不同尺度地物的分割结果。采用多个影像数据库，通过引入聚类评价指标（内部评价指标和外部评价指标）、分割评价指标（分割精度、过分割率和欠分割率）并结合现有的图像分割方法及原始的K-means算法、与PCA降维后的K-means聚类对比分析。研究结果表明:经过降维处理后进行的聚类算法稳定性更高；与传统的聚类算法相比，结合PCA降维更能自动识别最优分割尺度；降维技术和聚类算法联合之中，目视和定量评价指标表明经过降维预处理后的聚类能得到更高质量的分割结果。      

基于BEMD与DCT的彩色图像多重水印鲁棒算法

为解决现有彩色图像水印算法容错性低及宿主图像与水印图像在嵌入时尺寸匹配问题,并提高算法抵御各种攻击的鲁棒性,提出一种基于二维经验模态分解(BEMD)和离散余弦变换(DCT)的彩色图像多重水印鲁棒算法。使用Arnold变换对3幅二值水印图像进行置乱,分别对彩色宿主图像的三通道进行BEMD,得到各通道的内蕴模态函数(IMF)和余量信息,选择各通道的第1个IMF（记作IMF₁）作为水印嵌入层,对每个通道的IMF₁分割成不重叠子块后进行DCT;再将置乱后的二值水印图像依次重复嵌入在各通道子块经过之字形(Zigzag)扫描后的中频系数中,使用逆Zigzag扫描和逆DCT得到各通道嵌入水印信息后的IMF₁,并与每个通道其余的IMF及余量重建得到嵌入水印后的彩色图像。水印提取为嵌入过程的逆过程,算法可以实现彩色图像嵌入水印的盲提取。在水印提取过程中对重复嵌入提取到的水印图像使用投票策略,增强了算法的容错性。大量实验结果表明:嵌入水印后的图像峰值信噪比（PSNR）在34 dB以上,水印信息具有较高的不可见性;对嵌入多重水印后的宿主图像进行大尺寸剪切、椒盐噪声等攻击实验,提取到的水印图像与原始图像的归一化系数均在0.96以上,且可达到1,水印信息提取完整清晰可辨。与现有大量彩色图像水印算法相比,所提算法具有较强抵御各种攻击的能力,同时嵌入水印后图像具有较高的不可见性。      

多传感器遥感图像数据融合研究

重点研究了卫星遥感图像融合技术.通过在Matlab平台上实现基于颜色空间变换和基于小波变换的图像融合算法,分析了颜色空间变换的融合特点,并结合高分辨率图像、多光谱图像以及SAR图像的融合结果对相关理论进行了验证;研究了基于小波变换的融合方法在不同分解和重构级数下所获得的融合图像的特征,比较了各级融合图像的特点和相互间的差别;通过对高分辨率图像和多光谱图像的融合实例,给出了达到融合目的所应进行的最低分解重构级数与两原始图像空间分辨率指标比值间的定量关系;分析了不同小波因子对融合结果的影响,并结合颜色空间变换方法的融合结果得出了最终结论.      

未知环境下移动机器人单目视觉导航算法

提出了一种未知环境下移动机器人单目视觉导航算法,算法包括障碍物检测、单目视觉测距和局部路径规划3部分.为减小光照等环境因素对基于特征的障碍物检测的影响,对彩色图像在HSI颜色空间中用基于像素的直方图比较进行分割,获取障碍物轮廓序列的图像坐标点集.在单目视觉测距中,通过几何关系推导法建立图像坐标系和机器人坐标系间的变换关系,进而实现由障碍物图像位置计算其与机器人间的实际距离.局部路径规划对摄像机梯形视场区域转换后的矩形区域建立模型划分栅格,由障碍物轮廓序列图像坐标和单目视觉测距计算构建障碍物栅格图,并用提出的栅格搜索算法搜索障碍物栅格图,得到机器人安全行驶路径.实际环境中进行的实验结果表明,算法能有效减小反光、阴影等的影响,在未知环境中正确规划出机器人局部可行路径实现导航.      

基于Kinova机械臂RGBD相机的目标抓取

在轨服务与维护是未来航天技术的重要发展方向.在轨服务如燃料加注、剪切与操作电线、旋拧盖子和拆装阀门等任务,具有负载轻、近距离感知及精准定位和抓取等特点.针对这些应用场景,采用轻量化机械臂Kinova及自带彩色和深度(red, green, blue and depth, RGBD)相机进行感知、定位和抓取,完成地面验证实验,为在轨服务提供理论支持.介绍了机械臂抓取系统的研究背景并描述开发平台及其特点,以及相机标定、彩色相机与深度相机配准原理.利用机器人操作系统(robot operating system, ROS)的坐标变换树得到彩色图像目标像素在世界坐标系的坐标位置.针对特定的抓取对象提出基于色调、饱和度和亮度(hue, saturation and value, HSV)颜色空间图像分割方法,进行目标检测、分割以及空间定位,实验环节机械臂根据视觉定位结果完成目标抓取过程,证明了颜色空间图像分割方法和深度图结合定位的有效性,为在轨服务提供了理论验证.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.