气体压力对钛合金电火花诱导烧蚀加工的影响

氧气在电火花(EDM)诱导烧蚀加工过程中起到参与氧化放热、蚀除金属和冷却的作用。以气体压力为研究对象,通过理论推导,证明增加气体压力可提高气体流速、减小气体分子平均自由程、提高氧化扩散速度和气体蚀除力以及加速能量散失。通过测得不同气体压力下的击穿电压、击穿延时和工作电压,试验证实了气体压力对击穿电压和击穿延时有较大影响;通过建立EDM诱导烧蚀加工放电等效模型,表明工作电压变化是由电极和工件表面氧化引起的。研究了气体压力对EDM诱导烧蚀加工材料蚀除率(MRR)、相对电极损耗(REWR)和表面粗糙度的影响。结果表明:随着气体压力增大,材料蚀除率先增加后降低,电极相对损耗缓慢减小,表面粗糙度显著降低。     

嫦娥卫星数传副瓣信号的干涉测量研究与精度验证

针对深空差分干涉测量(DOR)信号受数传副瓣信号干扰问题,首次研究了数传副瓣信号(泄露频谱)的干涉测量,建立了数传副瓣信号干涉测量优化模型,并利用嫦娥三号着陆器实测数据验证比对了数传干涉时延与DOR干涉时延。实验结果表明,干涉带宽相仿条件下,数传信号干涉时延随机误差约0. 02 ns(STD),优于DOR干涉时延0. 17 ns(STD)的随机误差;利用射电源差分观测后,DOR干涉时延与数传干涉时延基本吻合;以干涉相时延为基准,数传干涉时延的波动误差约为0. 14 ns(STD),稳定性优于波动误差约为0. 46 ns(STD)的DOR干涉时延。该结论对嫦娥五号、载人登月等任务中下行数传信号阶段提高干涉测量精度、火星探测任务中DOR信号与数传信号分时工作模式下增加干涉测量覆盖弧段具有直接的工程价值。     

涡轮叶片吸力面气膜冷却效率的数值研究

针对某型导向叶片,运用RNG(renormalization group)湍流模型对涡轮叶栅通道内部的三维流场和叶片吸力面的冷却效率进行了数值模拟.分析在叶栅通道主流入口雷诺数Re=4×105～6×105和冷气吹风比M=0.5～3范围内,沿吸力面不同弦向位置处开设气膜孔对气膜冷却效率的影响.结果表明:各位置气膜孔单独喷射时叶片吸力面的冷却效率均随着入口雷诺数的增加而增大;在气膜孔出口下游附近,冷却效率随着吹风比的增加先升高后降低,在下游远处则一直随着吹风比的增加而增大;三个位置处气膜孔单独喷射时,位置1气膜孔的冷却效率较位置2和位置3的高.      

摆盘流动与换热性能数值仿真

针对受燃烧室出口高温燃气冲刷的摆盘装置的冷却水回路,建立二维、三维物理仿真模型,模拟了冷却水在内部流道的 流动与换热过程,考察了冷却水进口压力、冷却水流量对流阻和换热性能的影响.结果表明:①摆盘冷却水进口压力由2.3×105Pa提高到8.3×105Pa,摆盘壁温变化微小,结构1壁温升高5K,结构2壁温升高7K;②冷却水进口速度由0.5m/s提高到5.3m/s,结构1壁温降低约120K,结构2壁温降低约100K,冷却效果明显;③结构2通过缩小流道的流通面积,能在更小的冷却水流量的工况下得到更好的换热效果.      

涡轮导叶压力面簸箕形气膜孔冷却特性实验研究

为了获得涡轮导叶压力面不同位置处单排簸箕形气膜孔的气膜冷却特性,在短周期跨声速换热风洞中分别测量了涡轮导叶压力面4排簸箕形气膜孔的冷却效率,分别位于10.7%,21.1%,36.1%,64.3%相对弧长位置处,获得了不同主流雷诺数、马赫数、吹风比和孔位下簸箕形气膜孔冷却效率的分布。结果表明:在靠近前缘的孔1和孔2处,气膜冷却效率随着雷诺数的增大而减小,而在靠近尾缘的孔3和孔4处,小雷诺数(Re=2.0×105)下冷却效率最小,中高雷诺数(Re=4.0×105,6.0×105)的变化对冷却效率影响较小;各个孔位孔后弧长与孔径比x/d=0~40区域的平均冷却效率随着吹风比的增大而先升高后降低,在吹风比为1.0时平均冷却效率达到最高;靠近尾缘的孔位处气膜冷却效率更高,但随着距离的增大下降得也更快。     

AFDX流量管制信用量设置的模型检查

航空电子全双工交换式以太网（AFDX）实时通信中,交换节点采用信用量令牌桶（creditedtoken bucket）进行流量管制。分别对基于帧和基于字节的信用量令牌桶流量管制进行时间自动机建模,并构建模型的并发交互场景;采用测试自动机,进行有界活性（bounded liveness）模型检查。通过形式化验证,发现流量管制通过约束突发度限制多路复用输出排队的时延抖动,但信用量值的设置必须考虑输入虚拟链路（VL）的时延抖动,否则可能导致已经聚合的流量中属于不同VL的帧的先后次序被破坏,反而造成更大的时延抖动。通过分析时延抖动对信用量设置的影响,归纳并给出流量管制信用量设置的注意事项。     

不同电极材料下ADN基液体推进剂电点火特性的实验研究

目前二硝酰胺铵(ADN)基液体推进剂在工程应用中均采用催化点火燃烧方式,而电点火可以避开催化剂高温失活、冷启动等问题。为了研究ADN基液体推进剂的电点火特性,在密封装置中开展了不同电极材料下推进剂液滴电点火实验,并研究了180V～230V电压范围内液滴着火延迟时间、着火持续时间以及燃烧过程的变化规律。结果表明:ADN基液体推进剂能够通过电阻加热点火方式点燃。采用钨丝电极时,着火延迟时间、着火持续时间和反应总时间均随着电压增加逐渐减小,在230V电压时相对于180V时分别减小了25%,56%和38%。采用钼丝电极时,着火延迟时间在180V～200V范围随着电压增加逐渐降低,在200V～230V电压范围内基本不变;着火持续时间总体上随着电压的增加而呈现略微增加的趋势,但增加幅度较小;反应总时间在180V～230V电压范围内基本稳定在1.5s左右。     

气体压缩性对流量系数的影响

通过理论和实验研究了气体压缩性对有效流通面积的影响。运用回归分析的方法对实验数据拟合,对比研究不同理论模型与实验数据的吻合程度。研究发现:供气压比小于1.081时,气体的压缩性影响较小。供气压比大于1.081时可压缩气体理论模型拟合曲线与实验数据吻合,不同供气压比状态的有效流通面积比较稳定。而不可压缩气体理论模型拟合曲线与实验数据偏离,不同供气压比状态下有效流通面积相差较大。      

涡轮导叶吸力面簸箕型孔气膜冷却特性实验研究

为了研究涡轮导叶吸力面的气膜冷却特性,在跨声速涡轮叶栅传热风洞中,采用瞬态方法实验测量了两个位置处的单排簸箕型气膜孔的冷却效率,分析了多个气动参数对其分布规律的影响。两排簸箕型孔分别位于相对弧长6.8%和21.7%处,叶栅通道基于叶片弦长的进口雷诺数为1.7×105~5.7×105,出口等熵马赫数为0.81~1.01,吹风比为0.6~2.1,涵盖了涡轮导叶典型工作状态。结果表明:对于簸箕型气膜孔,设计雷诺数条件下最佳吹风比在0.9~1.2附近,靠近前缘的孔排2的贴附性要好于孔排1;主流马赫数对孔后冷却效率的影响可以忽略,而低雷诺数下的冷却效率低于中高雷诺数工况;簸箕型气膜孔的冷却效率高于圆柱型孔,在BR1.5的中高吹风比时表现更明显;低吹风比时,凸面的冷却效率高于平板,尤其是s/d20距离内,而在高吹风比时,射流动量增加促进了气膜脱离凸面,从而降低了冷却效率。     

圆柱形阳极层霍尔推力器内轮辐效应的实验研究

为了研究圆柱形阳极层霍尔推力器内关于电子反常输运的轮辐效应(Rotating Spoke),分别采用高速相机和静电探针来捕捉圆柱形阳极层霍尔推力器内的轮辐效应图像和等离子体震荡频率。结果表明:在放电电压350V,放电电流3.5A,阳极上表面处的磁场强度为125Gs,工作气压为2×10-2Pa时,由测得轮辐效应的放电图像和波形可知,轮辐效应的频率为10kHz～12.5kHz。当磁场强度增加到205Gs,放电电流增加到4A时,轮辐效应的频率增加到25kHz,并且轮辐效应出现分裂和合并现象。此研究结果表明,圆柱形阳极层霍尔推力器内不仅存在轮辐效应现象以及角向电场,而且不同的工作参数会有不同的轮辐效应模式和频率。     

TA-6发动机的引气特性

在TA-6发动机的压气机出口处引气,得到了发动机转速不变条件件下压气机增压比、引气阀压力损失系数、引气管内气流总压和引气气流温度与引气量之间的关系。研究表明,相对引气量在9～22％范围内变化时,TA-6发动机流量几乎不变,压气机增压比变化仅5％,引气压力为1.27×10~2～2.45×10~5Pa,引气温度约473K。所得结果可为燃气涡轮装置引气设计提供参考。     

气泡雾化喷嘴水平喷射特性的研究

研究了一种喷嘴的雾化与流场特性。在喷嘴上游以一定方式将空气或其它种类的气体注入液体中形成两相流动，用水在常温、常压下进行试验。研究了水平喷射时，喷嘴的气体注入方式、气孔大小、锥形收敛段的结构尺寸及气液比对喷嘴雾化和流场特性的影响。试验结果表明，气泡雾化喷嘴水平喷射与竖直向下喷射存在明显的差别，喷射方向不同，喷嘴内的两相流动不同，因而雾化特性不同，收敛段的结构对雾化特性也有影响。该喷嘴的显著特点是在小气液比下可获得较好的雾化效果，因而具有深入研究的价值     

重型燃气轮机高雷诺数CDA叶型转捩特性数值计算

为研究重型燃气轮机的压气机叶片在高雷诺数工况下的气动性能,基于Gamma-Theta转捩模型的雷诺时均方程对某可 控扩散叶型进行了数值计算。通过对比不控制马赫数与控制马赫数,分析高雷诺数对可控扩散叶型气动性能及转捩特性的影响。 结果表明：在不控制马赫数条件下,在零攻角时,雷诺数从7×10 5 增大为9×10 5 ,总压损失增加了约391.95%;在高雷诺数工况下随 着雷诺数的增大,叶片流动损失不断增大,叶片可用攻角范围减小,同时在叶片吸力面出现激波,干扰转捩的产生。在控制马赫数 条件下,当Ma=0.6时,在零攻角工况下,雷诺数从8.2×10 5 增大为1×10 7 ,总压损失减小了约38.98%,吸力面转捩起始点从4.78%弦 长处前移至1.11%弦长处;在高雷诺数工况下,叶片流动损失随着雷诺数的增大不断减小,吸力面转捩位置前移。     

回流型脉冲爆震燃烧室工作特性分析 “爆震专刊”

为了获得回流型脉冲爆震燃烧室在不同工作频率下的工作特性,通过试验和数值相结合的方法对该爆震室工作频率10~30Hz时的出口燃气总压、总温、流量变化规律以及该爆震室的增压能力进行了测试与计算分析。结果表明：出口燃气总压、总温具有极高的峰值和较高的平台区,其工作频率10~30Hz时,压力平台值为0.36~0.91MPa,时均温度为710~1270K。此外,该爆震室排气流量十分集中,以10Hz为例,在一个爆震循环的16%时间,排出了整个循环60.5%的燃气。为此对出口燃气总压进行质量加权平均,发现该爆震室的增压比随工作频率的增加而降低,在2.37~2.05之间。     

Numerical investigation on flow mechanism in a supersonic fluidic oscillator

A type of supersonic fluidic oscillator is proposed and its ability to generate pulsating supersonic jet is proved in this paper. Unsteady two-dimensional numerical simulations reveal that the fluid transforms from subsonic to supersonic condition in the mixing chamber of oscillator after the supplied flow pressure increases from 1.1 × 10⁵ Pa to 5.0 × 10⁵ Pa. When the supersonic flow is formed inside the oscillator, the wall-attached flow represents expansion wave and compression wave alternately. The oscillating frequency will saturate to a certain value with the increase of supplied pressure. Examination of the internal fluid dynamics indicates that the flow direction inside the FeedBack Channel (FBC) is related to the change of the local pressure at the inlet and the outlet of the feedback channel. The vortices produced in the mixing chamber present different distribution characteristics with the change of the fluid’s direction in the FBC. The sweeping jet is divided into two jets with varying flow rate over time by the splitter. In the end of two channels, two jets are accelerated above sound speed by convergent-divergent nozzle. Therefore, pulsating supersonic jets are produced at two outlets for this type of fluidic oscillator.     

Effect of protrusion amount on gas ingestion of radial rim seal

In this paper, the effect of different amount of protrusion on various parameters in rotor–stator system was experimentally studied by measuring CO₂ concentration and pressure, in order to obtain the optimal protrusion amount. The parameters of different dimensionless sealing flow were measured under the condition that the annulus Reynolds number was 4.39 × 10⁵ and the rotating Reynolds number was 1.05 × 10⁶. The results show that the change of the amount of protrusions has little effect on the static pressure in the cavity, and the static pressure change near the sealing ring is almost negligible. But the total pressure and sealing efficiency increase first and then decrease with the increase of the amount of protrusion. The variation of power consumption is the same. A complex vortex structure will appear at the high radius region when the protrusion is installed. On the other hand, the protrusion can effectively reduce the minimum sealing flow of the rotor–stator cavity. Furthermore, considering the sealing efficiency and power consumption, the best range of the protrusion amount is about 36. The ratio near this range can optimally balance the alleviation of the gas ingestion and the reduction of the power consumption.     

叶片式预旋喷嘴出口流场实验研究

叶片式预旋喷嘴具有尺寸小,落后角大的特点。为了详细研究小尺寸预旋喷嘴的预旋性能,采用五孔探针对叶片式预旋喷嘴的出口流场进行了实验研究。测量了Ma=0.2,0.3时喷嘴出口的压力分布、速度分布和出口气流角度分布,实验获得了喷嘴的落后角和预旋效率,并进行了与实验工况相同的数值计算。通过实验获得的总压云图以及速度云图,可以发现叶片式预旋喷嘴的端壁二次流损失、尾迹损失严重,有明显的边界层分离现象。Ma=0.2时,喷嘴Re数为5.76×104,落后角2.84°,实验测得的预旋效率为0.73;Ma=0.3时,喷嘴Re数为1.06×105,预旋效率提高至0.77。实验模型端壁的影响使预旋效率实验结果偏低6.5%左右。数值结果与实验测得各参数符合较好:数值结果与测得的喷嘴出口截面平均总压、静压偏差在1%以内;出气速度、周向速度以及出气角度与实验结果偏差在4%以内。数值计算表明,叶片式预旋喷嘴的预旋效率基本不受压比影响,随Re数增大先增大后基本不变,最后基本稳定在0.85。     

Statistical characteristics of spray autoignition of transient kerosene jet in cross flow

To study statistical characteristics of the random spray autoignition, aviation kerosene was injected transiently into non-vitiated air crossflow in a flow reactor with optical accesses. The operating conditions were relevant to gas turbine combustor: the air crossflow pressure and temperature were in the range of 1.4–1.7 MPa and 830–947 K, respectively, and the jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios were 20, 50 and 80. Statistical distributions of random ignition delay times with adequate convergence were estimated based on histograms. The dependences of the distributions on reactor pressure, temperature, and jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio were studied. The results show that the resulting distributions appear more concentrated with the increase of air temperature or jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratio. And then the correlations for the mean and standard deviation of the ignition delay time sample data were developed based on the present results. Compared with the correlations of ignition delay time of homogeneous premixed gas-phase kerosene/air mixture reported in the literature, the results show a greater significance pressure dependence and lower temperature sensitivity of the ignition delay time of non-premixed kerosene spray.     

Comparison of autoignition characteristics of n-heptane, methylcyclohexane and toluene

The autoignition characteristics of three C7 hydrocarbon fuels,n-heptane,methylcyclohexane and toluene,were comparatively investigated.Ignitions were performed behind the reflected shock waves in a shock tube.The ignition delay times of these fuels were measured at the same igintion conditions with constant fuel mole fraction of 1.0%,equivalence ratio of 1.0,ignition pressure of 1.0×105 Pa(one more 2.0×105 Pa for n-heptane)and temperatures of 1 166-1 662 K.The correlation formula of ignition delay dependence of three fuels on igintion conditions was deduced separately.Results show that the ignition delay time of n-heptane is the shortest while that of toluene is the longest at the same ignition conditions.The ignition delay time of methylcyclohexane is most sensitive to the temperature while that of n-heptane is the least.The comparison of current ignition delay times with the predictions of available chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms has been presented to validate the reliability of mechanisms.The important chemical reactions during the ignition process have been obtained from the sensitivity analysis.