Modeling of effect of polarization on UV sky radiance during twilight

The spatial distribution of the vector of the Stokes parameters characterizing the radiance intensity and the radiance polarization describes the radiation field in the atmosphere. A simplified treatment of light as the scalar has only restricted application. A few studies compared previously results of the vector and scalar radiative transfer models and showed that scalar models are in error by up to 10% for many cases. Though several observational conditions were exploited, an effect of polarization on modeling of UV radiance has not been investigated yet for twilight. The paper presents a preliminary study of modeled UV radiance during twilight taking into account polarization. The intensity and the degree of linear polarization of the scattered UV radiance for two cases of the ground-based observations are discussed. In the first case, radiation incoming from the zenith for the solar zenith angles (SZA) from 90° to 98° is under investigation. Radiation in the solar principal plane for the beginning of twilight (SZA = 90.1°) was calculated in the second case. The study showed that the UV radiation field in the twilight atmosphere can be handled correctly only using the vector theory. The errors of scalar radiative transfer strongly depend on wavelength, line of an observation and solar position. The revealed distortion of the zenith radiance caused by using of the scalar approximation reaches maximum of 15% at 340 nm for the solar zenith angle (SZA) equal to 98°. The shorter wavelengths have the smaller errors, about 5% at 305 nm for SZA = 98°, due to the larger part of the single scattered radiance. The error of the scalar modeling may be as large as −17% for radiance incoming from the horizon for SZA = 90.1°. Scalar radiative transfer models underestimate the integral intensity in the principal plane up to 3–4% ± 0.5% at SZA = 90.1° for wavelengths from 320 to 340 nm. This should be taken into account in problems of radiative budget estimation and remote sensing of the atmosphere exploiting the twilight period.     

Retrieval of aerosol optical characteristics from polarization measurements of reflected solar radiation above the oceans

The reflected near infrared solar radiation observed from space above the oceans is due mainly to the atmosphere scattering, as the ocean surface is nearly black. The molecular Rayleigh contribution is also minimized at infrared wavelengths and it can be evaluated. It is shown that the degree of polarization is much more sensitive to the aerosol properties than the radiance. Measurements of polarization at two wavelengths and with an angular scanning are simulated and an inversion algorithm is proposed. It aims at finding an “equivalent aerosol model,” which reproduces the optical thickness and the asymmetry factor of the actual aerosol at all wavelengths in the solar spectrum.     

基于月光偏振罗盘的载体自主定位方法

为了克服现有偏振定位技术无法全天时工作的缺陷，充分发挥偏振定位技术的自主性，提出一种夜间环境下基于月光偏振罗盘的载体自主定位方法。设计了仿生月光偏振罗盘传感器，改进了一种基于偏振度阈值检测的月亮高度角计算方法，通过实时更新月亮赤经、赤纬和格林时角，利用不同时刻的月亮高度角解算出载体经纬度信息。最后进行静态实验，验证了算法的可行性。实验结果表明，该方法可以稳定获取载体经纬度信息，且定位误差为42.34km。该方法增强了偏振定位技术的全天时性能，在夜间环境下的自主定位领域有着重要应用价值。     

基于偏振约束的立体视频快速运动估计算法

分析了平行双目立体摄像系统的偏振约束特性,提出了一种基于偏振约束的立体视频快速运动估计算法.左通道和右通道分别作为基本层和增强层,对右通道结合视差估计和运动估计得到最优的运动矢量预测值初值,采用不同的运动搜索方法,确定右通道最终运动矢量.若最优的运动矢量预测值是由视差估计得到的左通道运动矢量,则根据偏振约束,左右通道图像对应编码块的运动矢量在垂直方向上的分量相等,因而右通道只在水平方向上进行小范围的运动估计搜索,从而大大降低了右通道运动估计的计算复杂度.实验结果表明,在相同条件下,采用该算法编码一帧图像的运动估计平均时间分别只有采用全搜索块匹配算法、钻石搜索法和三步搜索法的0.27,0.58和0.67倍,编码速度得到显著提高.     

利用偏振图像加权融合及CLAHE算法的水下成像方法

针对传统基于偏振差分原理的水下光学成像方法中目标退偏振特性差异引起的图像中局部反射光损失的问题,本文提出了基于偏振图像加权融合与限制对比度自适应直方图均衡（Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization, CLAHE）算法的水下成像方法。一方面,将原始水下图像分解为偏振光强图像和非偏振光强图像,根据不同退偏振特性目标在两幅图像中的灰度值分布特点,设计相应的权重因子,对两幅图像进行加权融合。从而实现在压缩原始水下图像中散射光的同时,保留更多目标反射光,提升整体目标反射光在融合图像中所占的比例。另一方面,为了进一步提升融合图像的对比度,利用限制对比度自适应直方图均衡算法对融合图像进行处理。该算法能够在提升融合图像对比度的同时,有效避免图像噪声的放大。实验结果表明,相比于传统的偏振差分方法以及独立的直方图均衡化算法,本文提出的算法能够有效提升水下图像的清晰度和对比度。     

锂离子电池SOC及容量的多尺度联合估计

锂离子电池的荷电状态（SOC）和电池容量估计是电池管理系统的核心。由于SOC和容量在估计过程中参数相互影响，提出一种适用于三元锂离子电池SOC及容量的多尺度联合估计方法。采用戴维宁等效电路模型，建立数学模型及状态空间方程。针对不同温度下电池特性不同的问题，在不同温度下开展了模型参数辨识，建立了参数随SOC及温度的变化关系。基于双扩展卡尔曼滤波（DEKF）算法建立了电池状态多尺度联合估计模型，对电池的SOC、极化电压在微观时间尺度上进行估计，对电池的容量在宏观时间尺度上进行估计，并对SOC估计中的容量进行更新，保证了电池长期估计的精度。在宽温度范围内进行验证，所建立的三元锂离子电池多尺度联合估计方法具有较高的精度。      

Manifestation of the cotton-mouton effect in the ionosphere plasma

Polarization methods used to sound ionospheric plasma are based on the Faraday and Cotton-Mouton effects. While the Faraday effect (rotation of the polarization plane) covers almost the entire ray path, the Cotton-Mouton effect gives rise to local transformation of circularly polarized waves near a point of orthogonality of the ray and the Earth's magnetic field. Comparison of the input and output polarization of probing electromagnetic waves, emitted by a satellite and received by ground stations, can provide valuable information about local plasma parameters near the orthogonality point. This paper presents a theory of interaction of circular waves near this point based on the quasi-isotropic approximation (QIA) of geometrical optics and describes algorithms that can be used to retrieve local plasma parameters from polarization measurements. Experimental configurations to observe the Cotton-Mouton effect with linearly and arbitrarily polarized receivers are discussed.     

Temporal analysis of suspended solid in Tokyo Bay by Landsat data

The amount of suspended solid (S.S.) discharged from Tokyo metropolitan area is estimated by use of multi-temporal Landsat data from 1979 to 1980. The method to estimate S.S. was verified with sea truth data which was observed with Landsat passes covering Tokyo Bay. The radiometric information is normalized against seasonal change of sun illuminations and atmospheric conditions. Path radiance estimation methods were discussed, because its effects are very sensitive to the estimation of S.S. concentration by Landsat MSS data. Temporal changes of S.S. distribution was also interpreted.     

高光谱遥感地形影响建模与仿真

针对地形起伏对高光谱遥感图像几何变形和辐射变化的影响,建立高光谱遥感地形影响模型.该模型利用传感器位置、姿态和视场角建立模拟图像像元坐标和地面空间坐标之间的成像几何关系,利用地表反射率、数字高程模型等数据,考虑大气辐射传输过程,计算起伏地形下传感器入瞳辐亮度图像,并经过空间分辨率转换,生成最终遥感模拟图像,实现高光谱遥感地形影响精确建模.利用西藏驱龙地区Hyperion数据和其它相关数据进行仿真分析,将模拟图像和原始图像进行对比,结果比较吻合,表明该模型具有较好的模拟效果.     

VLF电波渗透到卫星高度电离层传播的全波计算

考虑斜向地磁场的影响将电离层设为多层水平分层各向异性有耗介质, 利用传播矩阵法求解全波方程, 进而研究分析VLF频段电离层反射系数随电波频率的变化, 电离层中两种特征极化波的折射和极化特性, 两特征波的电磁场水平分量以及坡印廷能流密度随传播高度的变化. 数值计算结果表明, 地—电离层波导中的垂直极化波比平行极化波易渗透进入电离层; 电离层中两种特征极化波可分为左旋和右旋圆极化波, 左旋分支由于D层强吸收作用表现为速衰减模, 而右旋分支表现为可传播模, 在传播过程中电磁波的能量主要存储在磁场中; 电波频率越低, 其在电离层中的传播损耗越小. 由数值模拟结果发现, 卫星监测VLF频段的低频部分及更低频段的水平磁场变化对于发现地震电离层电磁前兆异常可能更为有效.      

Information on particle acceleration and transport derived from solar flare spectropolarimetry

The hydrogen Hα line has been found to be linearly polarized at some locations and times during a June 15th 2001 flare observed with THEMIS. This flare was accompanied by radio pulses and hard X-ray emission. Linear polarization is below the noise level in the flare kernels. However, it is present at the edges of these kernels, in the line center and near wings where the polarization degree exceeds 4%. The directions of polarization are not random but close within ±15° to the tangential and radial directions. This polarization can be due either to electron beams and their associated return currents or to electron and proton beams.     

翼形几何参数对机翼散射特性的影响

系统地揭示了翼形几何参数对机翼的空间散射特性、极化散射特性的影响规律.研究发现,在垂直极化状态下用理论尖劈公式计算机翼后缘绕射的计算结果与实验结果相差甚远.提出在垂直极化状态下机翼后缘绕射的计算必须将后缘厚度考虑在内的见解.对于水平极化,前缘散射波峰只与前缘半径有关;而对于垂直极化,前缘散射波峰与翼形最大厚度以及最大厚度位置有关.给出前后缘散射波峰的工程估算公式,为低雷达散射截面( RCS )机翼设计提供依据.     

复杂背景下红外点目标探测概率估算

红外成像系统对点目标的探测概率在实际应用中往往受到复杂背景的极大影响,而现有的计算方法并不能适用于复杂背景下的探测概率估算.首先从红外成像系统对点目标的作用距离模型出发,分析了探测概率与信噪比、作用距离的关系,推导出单一背景下红外点目标的探测概率估算方法;然后,利用红外成像系统的亮度-灰度函数,通过背景的红外图像灰度信息计算得到其红外辐射亮度;最后,引入概率统计的思想对单一背景下探测概率的估算方法进行了改进,提出了复杂背景下红外点目标探测概率的估算方法.实验结果表明:该估算方法可以有效评估实际应用中典型复杂背景对红外成像系统的点目标探测概率的影响.      

地球站天线与卫星天线极化取向对准的计算方法

本文给出了接收通信卫星线极化辐射信号时地球站天线极化取向角的计算公式。使用线极化辐射的通信系统中,地球站天线极化取向随其地理位置而变化。本文利用坐标变换方法导出了实用的计算公式。在地球站的架设、调整中,只要利用所公布的卫星定点经度位置和卫星天线波束指向角数据,加上所架设地球站的地面经纬度,便可算出极化角取向。本文给出的公式不仅用于电视接收站,还可适用于通信地球站。     

Remote sensing salt marsh biomass and stress detection

A hand-held radiometer was used to gather spectral radiance data simulating bands 3, 4 and 5 of the Landsat-D Thematic Mapper. Variations in biomass of the salt marsh plant $\text{Spartina alterniflora}$ were highly correlated to changes in spectral radiance expressed as the vegetation index or the infrared index. Negative stresses like increased soil salinity and increased concentrations of copper or zinc yielded reductions in biomass which were detected spectrally. Positive stresses like freshwater and sewage effluent additions produced an increase in biomass which also were detected using spectral data. The demonstrated detection of biomass from spectral data was expanded spatially and temporally to estimate net primary productivity of a salt marsh. Remote sensing estimates of production ranged from 5 to 20% of estimates from harvest data. Future applications of this biomass estimation technique, employing data gathered from satellite platforms and from the ground, are discussed for salt marsh systems.     

星下目标的光谱反射特性分析及云层的自动识别

本文着重讨论了遥感数据的实时分类和星载相机快门的自动关启问题.首先建立了计算各类目标景象亮度的物理模型,分析了大气等因素对遥感数据的影响及各类自然目标的光谱反射特性,计算了三十四种目标在九种大气条件下的亮度值.进而提出了识别植被、土壤、水、冰雪和云等五类目标的最佳波段和分类函数及分类流程图,得到了很高的分类精度.然后又特别讨论了云层和所有非云目标(包括混合目标)的分类问题,并用密度计测量了十张MSS卫星图片上的180个目标的亮度值.最后提出了云层开关的实现途径和系统设计的基本思想.      

多波段光谱辐亮度计量值溯源技术研究

光谱辐亮度计是实现空间遥感仪器在地面实验室内进行高精度光谱定标的关键设备之一，本文基于标准探测器的辐亮度传递原理，利用视场光阑、孔径光阑、窄带滤光片和光电二极管研制了10测量通道的遮光筒式多波段光谱辐亮度计，测量波长分布在（400~1 100）nm范围。具有校准通道，与积分球单色光源匹配使用，实现光谱辐亮度的量值溯源，测量不确定度优于2.2%。     

Impact linear polarization observed in a UV chromospheric line during a solar flare

Linear polarization was observed in the S I 1437Å line in bright flaring points during the soft X-ray emission. The degree of polarization is about 25% and is detected at a signal to noise ratio of 2.9. The polarized electric vector is directed towards disk center to within 3°.This polarization could be due to collisional excitationm of S I by energetic electrons beamed in the vertical direction. We suggest that the heat flux in the region interconnecting the transition zone to the high chromosphere during the gradual phase of a flare could lead to an anisotropic excitation. Then the observed polarization would be due to vertical motions of the transition zone sweeping the preexisting chromosphere.     

A modern robust approach to remotely estimate chlorophyll in coastal and inland zones

The chlorophyll concentration of a water body is an important proxy for representing the phytoplankton biomass. Its estimation from multi or hyper-spectral remote sensing data in natural waters is generally achieved by using (i) the waveband ratioing in two or more bands in the blue-green or (ii) by using a combination of the radiance peak position and magnitude in the red-near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. The blue-green ratio algorithms have been extensively used with satellite ocean color data to investigate chlorophyll distributions in open ocean and clear waters and the application of red-NIR algorithms is often restricted to turbid productive water bodies. These issues present the greatest obstacles to our ability to formulate a modern robust method suitable for quantitative assessments of the chlorophyll concentration in a diverse range of water types. The present study is focused to investigate the normalized water-leaving radiance spectra in the visible and NIR region and propose a robust algorithm (Generalized ABI, GABI algorithm) for chlorophyll concentration retrieval based on Algal Bloom index (ABI) which separates phytoplankton signals from other constituents in the water column. The GABI algorithm is validated using independent in-situ data from various regional to global waters and its performance is further evaluated by comparison with the blue-green waveband ratios and red-NIR algorithms. The results revealed that GABI yields significantly more accurate chlorophyll concentrations (with uncertainties less than 13.5%) and remains more stable in different waters types when compared with the blue-green waveband ratios and red-NIR algorithms. The performance of GABI is further demonstrated using HICO images from nearshore turbid productive waters and MERIS and MODIS-Aqua images from coastal and offshore waters of the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and East China Sea.