C/C复合材料高温热物理性能实验研究

实验研究了烧蚀防热C／C复合材料从常温到高温的等效热膨胀系数、热扩散率、比热随温度的变化情况，并计算了材料不同温度下的热导率与抗热应力系数。结果表明：材料的热膨胀系数很小，接近零膨胀。热扩散率随温度升高而下降，比热随温度升高近似比例增加，而热导率随温度的变化规律与热扩散率相似。材料的抗热应力系数随温度的升高变化不大，抗热震性能稳定。     

30%SiCp/Al复合材料空间服役温度环境适应性研究

30%SiC_p/Al复合材料具有较高的比强度和比刚度，应用于火星车驱动组件需满足空间环境温度下的高强韧性和高尺寸稳定性需求。文章对粉末冶金法制备的铝基碳化硅复合材料开展了空间环境地面模拟试验，分别从力学性能、组织结构和热物理性能等方面对材料的大温域空间环境适应性进行系统分析。结果表明，材料的力学性能和热物理性能随温度呈现规律性的变化，且具有各向异性:低温条件下抗拉强度提高，线膨胀系数降低；高温条件下冲击韧性提高，导热系数降低；经高低温循环后残余应力降低，抗拉强度提高，线膨胀系数各向异性降低。在此基础上，初步分析了铝基碳化硅复合材料受不同空间温度环境影响，力学性能和热物理性能发生变化的内在机理。     

尺寸高稳定性复合材料桁架结构的研制

介绍了某卫星复合材料桁架结构的研制情况,通过材料选择、铺层设计、材料的热膨胀系数测试与分析,制造了高精度的复合材料桁架,并测量了结构的热变形。测量结果表明:采用高模量碳纤维复合材料能够制造出热变形只有微米级的高稳定结构。这是针对超稳卫星平台所需的尺寸高稳定性结构的首次成功探索。文章最后对进一步降低结构热变形、提高尺寸稳定性和测量精度提出了建议。     

空间高稳定碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构制备及性能

针对空间高稳定结构在极端环境下的灵敏度和稳定性需求，提出一种新型高稳定、高承载的轻质碳/碳(C/C)蜂窝夹层结构方案。碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构由化学气相渗透(CVI)致密化获得的整体碳/碳蜂窝和面板经胶粘剂粘接集成，通过评价蜂窝、面板以及夹层结构的内部质量、力学性能及热物理性能，展示了碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构在承载和尺度稳定性方面的优势。研究结果表明,典型特征碳/碳蜂窝承载性能稳定，平压强度＞10 MPa，L/W向剪切强度＞4 MPa，典型特征碳/碳蜂窝夹层结构热膨胀系数低，满足空间环境条件下面内热膨胀系数绝对值低于 1×10 -7 /℃的高稳定设计需求。     

一种新型滑撬用针刺C/C复合材料制备与性能研究

研制一种新型滑撬用低成本“铺层-针刺”C/C复合材料,分析了其力学性能、热学性能和微观结构,并与现有国外滑撬用C/C复合材料进行了比较。结果表明,研制的C/C复合材料的力学性能、热性能优良,其层间剪切强度、压缩强度和冲击强度分别达到26.98 MPa、255.8 MPa和361.06 J/m,与国外同类材料相比,分别高96.4%、80.1%和262.2%,热导率提高约50%,线胀系数降低约60%以上,有效提高了抗热震性能和高温工作的可靠性。     

循环吸湿对炭纤维复合材料界面性能的影响

通过对炭纤维增强复合材料进行70、85、100℃下的循环水浸吸湿试验,研究了复合材料在不同水浸温度下的吸湿-脱湿行为规律。同时,对循环吸湿-脱湿过程中的试样进行层间剪切强度测试和动态力学性能测试,并结合扫描电镜观察循环吸湿各个阶段的纤维基体结合状态。结果表明,水浸温度越高,水分的扩散速率越快,饱和吸湿率越大。经过循环吸湿后复合材料的吸湿行为仍满足Fick第二定律,吸湿后层间剪切强度下降,湿热循环次数越多下降的越明显。脱湿后层间剪切强度有所恢复,水浸温度越高造成的不可逆破坏越大,层间剪切强度恢复的越少。干态时的玻璃化转变温度为231℃,吸湿后下降了37℃。     

PMI泡沫材料在航天器结构中 应用的可行性研究

文章通过试验研究了两个牌号的PMI泡沫材料的物理及力学性能,着重研究了它们的吸湿性能、压缩蠕变率及在热真空环境下的放气性能,并与航天器结构常用的铝蜂窝芯材作了相应比较。研究表明,优良的介电性能、低热导率、易于加工复杂外形、可设计性等特性使得PMI泡沫材料有望应用于航天器的多功能结构,变截面结构,杆、梁结构,天线结构等,而PMI泡沫材料采取一定的增强措施后也可作为航天器的承力结构。     

Venus surface power and cooling systems

A mission to the surface of Venus would have high scientific value, but most electronic devices and sensors cannot operate at the 450 °C ambient surface temperature of Venus. Power and cooling systems were analyzed for Venus surface operation. A radioisotope power and cooling system was designed to provide electrical power for a probe operating on the surface of Venus. For a mission duration of substantial length, the use of thermal mass to maintain an operable temperature range is likely impractical, and active refrigeration may be required to keep components at a temperature below ambient. Due to the high thermal convection of the high-density atmosphere, the heat rejection temperature was assumed to be at a 500 °C radiator temperature, 50 °C above ambient. The radioisotope Stirling power converter designed produces a thermodynamic power output capacity of 478.1 W, with a cooling power of 100 W. The overall efficiency is calculated to be 23.36%. The mass of the power converter is estimated at approximately 21.6 kg.     

Space optical payloads, new application area for high temperature composites

High temperature composites have been extensively developed in order to produce thermal protection systems of reusable re-entry vehicles and launchers. This development effort covers all aspects including sizing, design, manufacturing processes characterization, non destructive inspection, and all industrial facilities which have also been installed. Strong interest recently appeared for these materials to meet requirements for different space applications. In particularly, for more stringent optical payloads, new materials with high performance requirements have appeared. In the field of high dimensionally stable structures for telescopes, materials have to meet severe requirements, such as low coefficients of thermal expansion, good specific modulus, long-term stability (moisture and chemical insensitivity), etc. Carbon/carbon (C/C) composites can meet these specifications. To demonstrate this capability a structure has been designed, manufactured and will be submitted for complete testing (work supported by ESA/ESTEC). The main available results (part feasibility, characterizations, analysis and stability performance budgets) are presented. For future telescope mirrors, silicon carbide is already known as a good candidate. However, an innovative concept based on silicon carbide sandwich honeycomb technology, which allows optimized design, has been developed. The first characterization results and manufacturing capabilities are presented.     

细编穿刺C/C复合材料热导率数值模拟

根据细编穿刺复合材料的细观和微观结构,分别建立了纤维束和细编穿刺单胞有限元模型。采用周期性非绝热温度边界条件,计算了纤维束和材料整体的等效热导率。计算结果与经验公式比较,具有高度的一致性。在此基础上,进一步研究了纤维体积分数、基体和纤维热导率对材料热导率的影响。结果表明,随着纤维含量的增加,材料两个方向热导率均有不同程度的下降,且差异逐渐减小,且基体对热导率影响作用较大。文中采用的模型和周期性边界条件与理论预期符合较好,为材料热学和热力耦合问题的分析提供了有用参考。     

Thermomechanical behaviour of CFRP tubes for space structures

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) tubes, with the increasing dimensions and performances requested for space structures, are becoming a basic building element of boom-type structures for large precision reflectors, towers and payload support structures such as the Modular Payload Support Structure, the Shuttle Pallet Satellite or the European Retrievable Carrier. It is very important for such applications that the CFRP tubes have minimum thermal distortions and very high stiffness.An extensive test program was performed to characterise the CFRP tubes that are used for such applications. Measurements of coefficient of thermal expansions, thermal conductivity, thermal cycling, microstructure behaviour, as well as mechanical tests and outgassing tests were performed. The main purpose was to correlate the microcracking with the thermal cycling and the coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity.These types of activities for the CFRP tubes were performed for the first time in Europe and important results were found, especially in the area of microcracking generation and correlation with engineering parameters. The influence of the thermal cycling speed on the microcracking was also studied. Most of the tests were conducted at ESTEC (European Space Research & Technology Centre, Holland) by the European Space Agency in the frame of the technology research activities.     

卫星天线高低温热变形测量技术综述

卫星天线产品在进入轨道工作之前需要在地面进行模拟空间环境的高低温热变形测量。文章依据测量设备所处环境及测量方式将卫星天线高低温热变形测量划分为常压高低温测量和真空高低温测量，介绍了真空罐和常压高低温箱测量方式的工作模式及应用范围。此外，还对高低温热变形测量的特点、误差影响因素、现存的问题做了介绍和讨论。最后对卫星天线高低温热变形测量的未来重点研究方向给出建议。     

C-C扩张段材料性能设计

在相同的喷管结构中,通过正交试验和喷管结构有限元热应力分析,获得径向弹性模量、母线方向(环向)弹性模量、径向热导率、母线方向(环向)热导率、径向热膨胀系数、母线方向(环向)热膨胀系数、密度和比定压热容等八因素三水平情况下的母线方向拉应力极值、环向压应力极值和层间剪切应力极值。通过极差分析,初步获得优化的材料参数设计方案,然后对试验结果进行方差分析,得出母线方向弹性模量、径向热导率和母线方向热膨胀系数这3个因素是非常显著的;结合喷管扩张段C/C复合材料的应用环境和工艺条件,得出最终的材料优化设计方案,并进行有限元热应力分析,发现应力极值都远小于现有针刺C/C复合材料的许用应力。     

用直接模拟蒙特卡罗法求高温混合气体的热传导系数

本文在局域热平衡条件下，从传统现象产生的机出发，建立了气体热传导系数数值实验的物理模型。采用ＤＳＭＣ法，对高温混合气体热传导系数的实验过程进行数值模拟。考虑了真实气体的化学反应、内部自由度的激发等，对高温（２０００－１００００Ｋ）真实气体混合物的热传导系数的实体过程进行了数值模拟。获得了纯空气组元的真实热传导系数。经与热传导系数实测数据（４７３－１４７３Ｋ）和国外最新计算结果（２０００～１００００     

一种空间可展开桁架结构杆件热膨胀系数的优化设计

文章就一种空间可展开平板天线支撑桁架结构的热膨胀系数设计,针对传统靠经验试凑的情况,提出了一种热膨胀系数优化设计方法。该方法首先通过分析计算各杆件轴的热膨胀系数对热变形的影响(即计算热变形对杆件轴向热膨胀系数的敏度),根据敏度绝对值的大小对杆件进行分组;其次,在给定最大热变形约束下,将敏感杆件组的热膨胀系数设为设计变量进行优化,计算杆件热膨胀系数极值,从而确定其所能允许的可行范围;最后对计算所得的热膨胀系数范围进行了校验和参数分配,经计算,在此范围内取值符合最大变形约束要求。     

复合材料在长焦距空间光学遥感器上的应用

对碳纤维增强聚合材料(CFRP)和碳化硅颗粒增强铝基(SiCp/Al)复合材料在空间光学遥感器的应用进行了介绍,并以某长焦距空间光学遥感器的主支撑结构为例,对应用不同材料时遥感器的质量、固有频率、热位移等进行了研究。研究结果表明:应用复合材料能够使主支撑结构质量降为278kg,从而降低发射成本;结构具有较大的刚度,固有频率为156.09Hz,满足设计指标;可以更加有效控制结构热变形引起的光学元件刚体位移,提高成像品质。文章对复合材料更好地应用于长焦距空间光学遥感器,具有一定的参考价值。     

空间机械臂的刚-柔耦合动力学研究

本文对作大范围运动的空间机械臂的刚-柔耦合动力学特性进行了研究，从连续介质力学理论出发，在变形位移中计及了耦合变形量，用Jourdain速度变分原理导出了作大范围运动的空间机械臂的动力学方程，分别用耦合模型和不计耦合变形量的零次近似模型计算了机械臂端点的变形位移，揭示了两种模型的动力学性质的差异。为了确定零次近似模型的适用范围，引入相关系数，仿真计算结果表明，零次近似模型仅适用于相关系灵敏的最大值小于0.1的情况。     

SiCw／Al复合材料的尺寸稳定性

本文研究了ＳｉＣｗ／Ａｌ复合材料（碳化硅晶须增强铝复合材料）的尺寸稳定性，结果表明：这种材料的微屈服强度、微蠕变抗力均明显高于其基体铝合金，其热膨胀系数明显低于基体铝合金，这种材料具有优异的尺稳定性。     

轴棒法编织C/C复合材料的热物理及烧蚀性能

采用轴棒法编织三维四向炭纤维预制体,经高压沥青浸渍炭化致密化工艺(HIPIC)制得高密度4D C/C复合材料,研究了材料轴向的热物理性能、抗烧蚀性能,并分析了材料的烧蚀机理.结果表明,轴棒法编织C/C复合材料轴向的热扩散率随着温度的升高而降低,比定压热容随温度的升高而增大,热导率随温度的升高缓慢下降,且材料的热物理性能...     

Thermal drilling in planetary ices: an analytic solution with application to planetary protection problems of radioisotope power sources

Abstract Thermal drilling has been applied to studies of glaciers on Earth and proposed for study of the martian ice caps and the crust of Europa. Additionally, inadvertent thermal drilling by radioisotope sources released from the breakup of a space vehicle is of astrobiological concern in that this process may form a downward-propagating "warm little pond" that could convey terrestrial biota to a habitable environment. A simple analytic solution to the asymptotic slow-speed case of thermal drilling is noted and used to show that the high thermal conductivity of the low-temperature ice on Europa and Titan makes thermal drilling qualitatively more difficult than at Mars. It is shown that an isolated General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) "brick" can drill effectively on Earth or Mars, whereas on Titan or Europa with ice at 100 K, the source would stall and become stuck in the ice with a surface temperature of <200 K. Key Words: Planetary protection-Planetary environments-Ice-Titan. Astrobiology 12, 799-802.