基于模糊综合评判的电液伺服阀FMECA

针对电液伺服阀FMECA(Failure Medes,Effect and Criticality Analysis)中对整体危害度分析欠缺及无法对危害度、发生概率和检测难易度进行权重分配的缺点,用模糊综合评判的方法对电液伺服阀FMECA进行了改进.通过建立因素集、评价集和权重集等的步骤,实施模糊综合评判,得到评判结果,给出电液伺服阀各故障模式对整个伺服阀系统的危害度等级.根据评判的结果,可以确定各故障模式之间的相对危害度大小并进行排序,同时可以通过二级评判得到伺服阀故障的危害度等级,对进一步提高可靠性和保障性水平有积极的意义.      

计算机辐射测量的内容,方法和意义

为了防止计算机辐射的危害,深入分析了计算机辐射的成因、危害、限额值、测量方法等问题。指出:这一研究作为电磁兼容学的一个分支,国内外正加强重视并扩大研究规模。文末指出了当前进一步研究的方向。     

电源的噪扰及其抑制技术

本文简要地介绍电源的噪扰及其对现代电子设备的危害。文中还介绍了抑制噪扰的一些新技术。     

整机产品失效机理危害度定量分析方法

针对整机产品失效机理多而复杂、失效数据少、主失效机理分析为定性方法的现状,提出了一种基于Bayes的失效机理危害度定量分析方法.首先利用Dirichlet分布描述产品的先验信息,结合现场失效数据确定失效频率的Bayes后验分布函数,然后通过Slice抽样方法获得失效频率的满条件分布,进而利用Gibbs抽样得到其Bayes估计,从而实现了各失效机理的定量分析.最后在某型光纤连接器失效机理已分析清楚的前提下,分别用FMMEA(Failure Modes,Mechanisms and Effects Analysis)及Bayes方法确定了其主失效机理,结果表明基于Bayes的失效机理危害度定量分析方法考虑了现场未出现的失效机理危害度,其确定的主失效机理比FMMEA结果更具有可信度.     

计算机电磁泄漏测试及防护措施

论述了计算机电磁泄漏的危害及测试的意义,介绍了测试系统的组成,对某国产微型计算机进行了测试,并对其测试数据进行了分析,提出了行之有效的防护措施。     

基于MEMS陀螺的转台超速保护装置的研制

转台作为一种常用的测试设备,一旦发生失控超速的“飞车”现象,将会带来比较严重的后果。介绍了一种基于MEMS陀螺的转台超速保护装置,指出了转台超速所带来的危害,描述了该保护装置的具体组成及原理,并通过Matlab仿真验证了该装置的可行性。在实践中应用该装置,取得了良好的效果。     

基于MEMS陀螺的转台超速保护装置的研制

转台作为一种常用的测试设备,一旦发生失控超速的“飞车”现象,将会带来比较严重的后果。介绍了一种基于MEMS陀螺的转台超速保护装置,指出了转台超速所带来的危害,描述了该保护装置的具体组成及原理,并通过Matlab仿真验证了该装置的可行性。在实践中应用该装置,取得了良好的效果。     

风机地面涡的生成、危害及消除

本文主要讨论了风机水平放置并靠近地面工作时,产生地面涡的必要条件;对地面涡的生成机理及其旋转方向做了分析,提出了一个理论流动模型;文中还对地面涡的危害做了分析并提出了消除它的方法。     

基于分布式专家系统的运载火箭故障诊断技术

针对运载火箭结构庞大,各分系统纵横交错、相互耦合的特点,基于分布式专家系统思想,提出了一种分布式运载火箭故障诊断技术方案.该方案采用产生式知识表达技术,将专家知识通过由测点表、征兆表、规则表和结论表组成的4表结构来表示,具有表述清晰、易于扩展和移植的特点.推理机制采用分布式推理和分级推理相结合的方式.分布式推理将运载火箭的系统级故障与各分系统级故障分别同时进行诊断,可有效提高诊断速度.分级推理将危害级别高的故障优先进行诊断,因此运载火箭一旦有危害程度大的故障发生时,可以及时发现、及时处置,从而使故障对系统的影响降至最低.      

结合FMECA可靠性预计法

任何元器件的故障是以一定的故障模式表现出来的。当一个元器件以不同的故障模式发生故障时,设备产生的后果是不同的。结合FMECA(故障模式、影响及危害度分析)深入分析了故障模式的影响及其危害度,以提高可靠性预计的精度。 建立了结合FMECA可靠性预计模型。可预计产品的任务可靠度和致命故障间隔的任务时间。为便于推广,编制了相应的计算机程序并进行了实例运算。还对结合FMECA可靠性预计法和常规可靠性预计法进行了比较。     

Sensing snow height and surface temperature variations in Greenland from GPS reflected signals

The in situ measurements of snow surface temperature (SST) and snow height (SH) are very difficult with high costs, particularly in Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Since the snow depth variations coupling with surface temperature are related to GPS multipath, it is possible to estimate the snow depth and surface air temperature variations by incorporating GPS-Reflectometry (GPS-R). In this paper, the reflected signals from ground GPS receivers are used to sense the SST and SH variations based on the thermophysical behavior and variations of snow layer from April to June 2010 at SMM1 site and from March to December 2010 at MARG site in Greenland. The results show that the mean daily changes in the ionospheric geometrical-free linear combination (GPS-L4) of dual-frequency GPS signals are related to daily SST and SH variations. The nonparametric bootstrapping model in direct (forward) and inverse models are developed and applied to estimate the SST and SH variations. The mean biases of SST and SH estimates are 0.18 °C and 0.23 m at SMM1 site, respectively, and 3.8 °C and 0.13 m at MARG site, respectively.     

Mathematical modeling of plasma drifts over equatorial low latitude regions

This paper presents a mathematical model to simulate ionospheric plasma drifts at equatorial low latitude regions by coupling of E- and F-regions. The governing non-linear differential equations (of elliptic and parabolic nature) are solved numerically through finite-difference schemes and obtained neutral winds and electric fields. The temperature and electron density profiles are generated utilizing MSIS-86 atmospheric model. The continuity equation is employed to obtain night-time E-region density profile using measured ionograms at Trivandrum (India). The computed vertical and zonal plasma drifts are comparable with measured Jacamarca plasma drifts with little variations during noon and evening times. The plasma drifts at Trivandrum (8.5° N, 76.5° E, dip 0.5° N) are compared with those of Jicamarca (12° S, 76.9° W, dip 2° N). Neutral wind simulations of present model agree well with those of horizontal wind model (HWM-93). The post-sunset enhancement and its reversal are also discussed.     

Storm time spatial variations in TEC during moderate geomagnetic storms in extremely low solar activity conditions (2007–2009) over Indian region

The total electron content (TEC) measurements from a network of GPS receivers were analyzed to investigate the storm time spatial response of ionosphere over the Indian longitude sector. The GPS receivers from the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) network which are uniquely located around the ∼77°E longitude are used in the present study so as to get the complete latitudinal coverage from the magnetic equator to low mid-latitude region. We have selected the most intense storms but of moderate intensity (−100 nT < Dst < −50 nT) which occurred during the unusually extremely low solar activity conditions in 2007–2009. Though the storms are of moderate intensity, their effects on equatorial to low mid-latitude ionosphere are found to be very severe as TEC deviations are more than 100% during all the storms studied. Interesting results in terms of spatial distribution of positive/negative effects during the main/early recovery phase of storms are noticed. The maximum effect was observed at crest region during two storms whereas another two storms had maximum effect near the low mid-latitude region. The associated mechanisms like equatorial electrodynamics and neutral dynamics are segregated and explained using the TIMED/GUVI and EEJ data during these storms. The TEC maps are generated to investigate the storm time development/inhibition of equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA).     

Bolometric luminosities and brightness temperatures of BL Lac Objects and FR I radio galaxies

To understand the connection among the subclasses of BL Lac Objects, FR I radio galaxies and Flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), here the correlations of the bolometric luminosities with redshifts and brightness temperatures of these objects are studied. The bolometric luminosities vary linearly with redshifts, but few objects are scattered at high redshift. The bolometric luminosity versus brightness temperature distribution shows a correlation between these two components, except a few scattered objects, mostly RBLs. The bolometric luminosities and brightness temperatures of FR I radio galaxies with low redshift (<0.1) and low spectral index (α_rx < 0.75) are comparable to those of XBLs and those characteristics of FR I radio galaxies, with relatively high redshift (>0.2) and high spectral index, can be comparable with RBLs with low redshift (z < 0.5) and low bolometric luminosity. Those scattered RBLs with high redshifts (z > 0.5) are believed to be in complex environment with companion galaxies, most of these RBLs are still unresolved. The bolometric luminosity and brightness temperature of these scattered RBLs are comparable to those of quasars. The FSRQs are at high redshifts and bolometric luminosities and the brightness temperatures are also high relative to BL Lac Objects. These results support the FRI/BL Lac unification scheme. It suggests that, the FR I radio galaxies may be the parent populations of the BL Lac Objects, but it needs more investigation to confirm the unification of FR I radio galaxies, XBLs and RBLs.     

A numerical model characterizing internal gravity wave propagation into the upper atmosphere

A new two-dimensional, time-dependent and fully nonlinear model is developed to numerically simulate plane wave motions for internal gravity waves in a non-isothermal and windy atmosphere that accounts for the dissipation due to eddy and molecular processes. The atmosphere has been treated as a well mixed total gas with a constant mean molecular weight. The effects of Rayleigh friction and Newtonian cooling are applied near the upper boundary of the model to simulate the radiation conditions as well as to act as a sponge layer; lateral boundaries are periodic over a horizontal wavelength to simulate a horizontally infinite domain. The thermal excitation to initiate upward propagating waves is spatially localized in the troposphere and is a Gaussian function of time. A time-splitting technique is applied to the finite difference equations that are derived from the Navier–Stokes equations. The time integration for these highly coupled equations is performed using an explicit second order Lax–Wendroff scheme and an implicit Newton–Raphson scheme. The wave solutions derived from the model are found to be broadly agreeable with those derived from a Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin theory.     

Ion dynamics associated with Alfven wave in the near-Earth magnetotail: Two-dimensional global hybrid simulation

Ion dynamics in the near-Earth magnetotail region is examined during periods of fast Earthward flow with a two-dimensional (2-D) global-scale hybrid simulation. The simulation shows that shear Alfven waves are generated at x ∼ −10R_E, where the strong earthward flow is arrested by the dipole field, and propagate along field lines from the equator to both southern and northern polar ionosphere. Non-gyrotropic ion velocity distributions occur where the large-amplitude Alfven waves are dominant. The simulation indicates that the Alfven waves are generated by interaction of the fast earthward flow with the stationary near-Earth plasma. Beam ions are found to be pitch-angle scattered and trapped in the wave field, leading to the non-gyrotropic ion distributions in the high-latitude plasma sheet boundary. In addition, significant particle heating and acceleration are found to occur behind the dipolarization front due to the effect of wave turbulence.     

Some ionospheric storm effects at equatorial and low latitudes

In this paper, the response of the equatorial and low latitude ionosphere to three intense geomagnetic storms occurred in 2002 and 2003 is reported. For that, critical frequency of F2-layer foF2 and the peak height hmF2 hmF2 for the stations Jicamarca (11.9°S), Ascension Is (7.92°S) and Tucuman (26.9°S) are used. The results show a “smoothing” of the Equatorial Anomaly structure during the development of the storms. Noticeable features are the increases in foF2 before the storm sudden commencement (SC) at equatorial latitudes and the southern crest of the Equatorial Anomaly. In some cases nearly simultaneous increases in foF2 are observed in response to the storm, which are attributed to the prompt electric field. Also, positive effects observed at equatorial and low latitudes during the development of the storm seem to be caused by the disturbance dynamo electric field due to the storm-time circulation. Increases in foF2 above the equator and simultaneous decreases in foF2 at the south crest near to the end of a long-duration main phase are attributed to equatorward-directed meridional winds. Decreases in foF2 observed during the recovery phase of storms are believed to be caused by composition changes. The results indicate that the prompt penetration electric field on the EA is important but their effect is of short lived. More significant ionospheric effects are the produced by the disturbance dynamo electric field. The role of storm-time winds is important because they modify the “fountain effect” and transport the composition changes toward low latitudes.     

Sunspot numbers,interplanetary magnetic field,and cosmic ray intensity at earth: Nexus for the twentieth century

The pivotal role played by the interplanetary magnetic field (B) in modulating galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity in the heliosphere is described. We show that the inverse correlation observed by Forbush (1958) between GCRs and sunspot numbers (SSNs) is reflected in high correlation between SSNs and B (cc = 0.94). The SSN data are available since 1700 and the derived B data since 1835. The paleo-cosmic ray data are available for several millennia in the form of ¹⁰Be radionuclide sequestered in polar ice. The data of the ion chambers (ICs) at the Cheltenham–Fredericksburg–Yakutsk (CFY) sites are combined to create a data string for 1937–1988. In turn, these data are used to extend the measurements of the low energy GCR ions (>0.1 GeV) at balloon altitudes at high latitudes in Russia to 1937. These data are then correlated to B and the fit parameters are used to extend the low energy ion data to 1900, creating the instrumental era GCR time series for the twentieth century. The derived GCR time series is compared to ¹⁰Be measured at two sites in Greenland, namely Dye 3 and NGRIP for 1900–2000 to check the internal consistency of datasets for the long-term trend. We find that the annual mean rate (%) for 1965 at NGRIP is an outlier. We replace it with the mean of 1964 and 1965 rates and construct a new re-normalized time series at NGIP, improving the agreement with the derived instrumental era GCR time series for the twentieth century as well. This should encourage its use by heliophysics community for varied applications.     

Time constants in the ionosphere from neural network models

Neural network (NN) models for the low latitude and the polar ionosphere from the D- to the F-region were developed which are based on incoherent scatter radar data from Arecibo and EISCAT Svalbard, respectively. The various geophysical input parameters defining the NN are not only the ones that represent the time one wants to predict, but also the geophysical conditions prior to the time of the prediction. The optimum length of these preceding periods are derived for the two models are different, but a period of 60 days is a compromise acceptable for both latitudes. Furthermore from the Arecibo data time constants of electron density decay after sundown are derived which – arguably – are also relevant elsewhere, including the polar latitudes. Whereas at all altitudes the electron densities decay exponentially after sundown, below 300 km there is an additional variation with solar zenith angle.     

Perspective on space radiation for space flights in 2020–2040

The Sun undergoes several well known periodicities in activity, such as the Schwabe 11 year cycle, the Gleissberg 80–90 year cycle, the Suess 200–210 year cycle and the Halstatt 2200–2300 year cycle. In addition, there is evidence that the 20th century levels of solar activity are unusually high. The years 2020–2040 are expected to coincide with increased activity in human space flight beyond low Earth orbit. The solar cycles and the present level of solar activity are reviewed and their activities during the years 2020–2040 are discussed with a perspective on space radiation and the future program of space flight. It is prudent to prepare for continuing levels of high solar activity as well as for the low levels of the current deep minimum, which has corresponded to high galactic cosmic ray flux.