高超声速边界层转捩的若干问题及工程应用研究进展综述

高超声速飞行器绕流存在着激波、边界层、流动分离、稀薄气体效应和高温气体效应等多种复杂流动现象的空气动力学问题,其中高超声速边界层转捩既是空气动力学的基础问题,也是高超声速流动研究的热点和难点。若能对边界层转捩进行准确预示及有效控制,则可以实现对飞行器气动力热特性的精细设计,改进飞行器性能,提高任务执行能力。文章针对工程中具有复杂外形飞行器存在的典型失稳特征进行了研究进展回顾,提出了工程实际中亟需解决的复杂边界层转捩问题,明确了高超声速边界层转捩研究的工程应用方向。文章最后还对高超声速边界层的流动控制进行了回顾,以期在今后高超声速飞行器设计中实现对边界层的流动控制,提高飞行器的飞行性能。     

立楔诱导的高超声速流动分离数值分析

高超声速飞行器进气道等关键部件引起的激波与边界层相互作用将导致流动分离,从而改变当地压力分布与局部受热情况,影响飞行稳定性与飞行安全,因此需要对高超声速流动的分离现象进行细致研究。采用高精度5阶特征型WENO格式与3阶TVD型Runge-Kutta方法,求解三维Navier-Stokes方程,对立楔诱导的高超声速激波与边界层相互作用引起的分离流动流场结构进行了细致的数值模拟与分析。结果表明,5阶特征型WENO格式分辨率远高于类TVD格式;Ma=6时得到清晰的激波结构、分离涡结构及其演化过程和壁面极限流线的拓扑结构,证明了WENO格式应用于高超声速分离流动的可行性与高分辨率;对不同来流Mach数的对比证明Mach数的增大抑制流动分离,导致分离涡减小。     

高超声速激波/边界层干扰流动数值模拟研究

在基于Roe格式的全Navier-Stokes方程计算流体力学(CFD)代码中,发展了一种局部熵修正方法,克服了传统熵修正方法在边界层流动模拟中耗散过大的缺点,可用于更加准确的模拟激波/边界层干扰的复杂高超声速流动。对典型高超声速双锥边界层分离与激波干扰的复杂流动进行了模拟,研究了网格密度和熵修正方法耗散性对计算结果的影响。研究表明:高超声速双锥边界层分离与激波干扰流动的数值模拟结果对网格具有很强的敏感性,过稀的网格将产生严重的分离流动预测偏差;低耗散性的局部熵修正方法能更加准确地模拟复杂的高超声速激波与边界层分离流动干扰现象。     

激波/边界层干扰及微型涡流发生器控制研究进展

激波/边界层干扰是一种发生在超声速/高超声速流动中的普遍现象。该现象将引起分离、流场结构振荡、局部高热通量和压力载荷。主要总结了近十年来激波/边界层干扰特性与微型涡流发生器及其组合体在流动控制中的最新进展。微型涡流发生器是目前研究最多、应用最广泛的控制方法,其流动机理和控制特性被大量挖掘。为了适应来流条件的变化、满足实际工况的需要,应开发定量评估和参数化设计方法。同时,应探索微型涡流发生器与其他控制方法的组合,实现更大程度、更广范围流场的控制。     

圆管内高超声速流的发展和激波形态的实验研究

本文的研究目的是了解沿圆管内发展的高超声速流的结构。实验是在加拿大多伦多大学的高超声速炮风洞内完成的，风洞的自由射流马赫数Ｍ＿∞＝８．３０，总温Ｔ＿（ｔ∞）＝１０００Ｋ，总压Ｐ＿（ｔ∞）＝２６．５ＭＰａ单位雷诺数Ｒ＿ｅ＝３．２×ｌ０￣７。壁面静压以及内流中的若干截面内的皮托压力和静压测量结果揭示，管内产生的激波主要是斜激波形态，而且存在着较强的激波与边界层的相互干扰。实验发现，近管中心线的高超声速流动有不稳定现象；壁面的边界层，基本上是湍流边界层，特别是干扰区的下游；圆管出口的周向内壁面的顶壁面静压对管的攻角异常敏感。本文提供的结果，可以指导高超声速流的计算流体力学的方法和进展。     

激波/湍流边界层干扰的流动控制技术

激波/湍流边界层干扰(STBLI)是航空航天领域中广泛存在的一种复杂流动现象，形成条件涵盖跨声速到高超声速，形成环境复杂多样，给飞行器的气动性能和结构安全性带来重大的影响。结合STBLI的典型流动图像介绍了干扰区的重要物理特征；总结了一些有代表性的STBLI流动控制技术的现状，分析了包括涡流发生器、电磁激励等控制技术的原理、效果及不足；探讨了STBLI流动控制研究中有待于进一步深入研究的问题和方向，为发展实用、高效、针对高超声速条件下的STBLI流动控制技术提供了理论支撑和技术储备。     

信息动态

高超声速飞行器是国际上研究的热点,也是我国着力发展的重要武器装备之一.高超声速流动问题,作为高超声速飞行器研制过程当中的关键技术问题,已经受到国内外的高度重视.2008年,美国国防部组织实施的国家高超声速基础研究计划(NHFRP计划)中,将“超声速燃烧、边界层物理、激波控制流动、非平衡流动、环境与材料耦合作用、高温材料和结构”等列为六大基础科学问题,其中前四项均属于高超声速流动问题的范畴.我国为了推动高超声速飞行器的发展,相继启动了多项研究计划、科技工程和专项工程,国家自然科学基金委员会也启动了“空天飞行器的若干重大基础司题”、“近空间飞行器的关键基础科学问题”等研究计划.这些工程与计划充分体现了高超声速流动的重要性,以及基础研究和工程应用相结合对高超声速飞行器发展的重要意义.     

激波风洞边界层转捩测量技术及应用

高超声速边界层转捩对摩阻、传热等有重要影响。在高超声速飞行器研制中，迫切希望能精确预测和控制边界层转捩。激波风洞作为高超声速气动热环境试验的主要地面模拟设备，是研究高超声速边界层转捩的重要设备。但激波风洞原有测量技术适用于工程型号试验，需要依据高超声速边界层转捩特点进行适应性改造和升级。依据高超声速边界层转捩过程中的热流、压力、密度等物理参数变化，发展了薄膜热流传感器测热技术、温敏热图测量技术、高频脉动压力测量技术、高清晰度纹影显示技术等适用于激波风洞的边界层转捩测量技术。并针对头部钝度0.05 mm的半锥角7°尖锥模型，在中国空气动力研究与发展中心Ø2 m激波风洞（FD-14A）马赫数10、单位雷诺数1.2×10⁷/m的流场条件下开展了边界层转捩试验。采用多种转捩测量技术同时进行测量，获得尖锥模型表面边界层转捩情况、边界层脉动压力频谱特征、边界层内清晰的第2模态波和湍流斑纹影图像，不同测量技术获取的试验结果可相互印证，线性稳定性理论分析结果与试验结果相吻合。     

SST湍流模型的激波与可压缩效应改进

由于缺乏对某些重要流动特征的考虑,针对不可压流发展的标准SST湍流模型在描述超声速流场时存在明显的局限性。为改善SST模型在吸气式高超声速推进系统内流等复杂超声速流场中的预测精度,基于流动特征结构定向开展了激波和可压缩效应改进。通过激波/湍流边界层判别函数和可压缩效应判别函数定位标准SST模型参数或建模假设失效的区域,针对性地改进湍流模型。采用超声速平板边界层流动、超声速压缩拐角分离流动、超声速隔离段复杂激波串流动以及HIFiRE-2超声速内流等算例进行了测试,结果表明改进模型具有与标准SST模型一致的边界层预测能力,但显著提高了对激波干扰流动及逆压分离流的预测精度。     

应用γ-Reθ湍流模型和PSE方法研究高超声速流动

采用考虑转捩的γ-Reθ湍流模型研究了高超声速复杂流动,结合PSE(parabolic stability equa-tion)稳定性分析方法和e-N方法,通过给出边界层最不稳定点的参数,用以控制γ-Reθ的转捩经验关联式,减少对经验参数的依赖.计算了锥体高超声速流场,得到的壁面换热量和边界层转捩位置与实验吻合较好.计算了平板激波/边界层干扰和高超声速拐角压缩流场,得到了准确的波系结构、压力分布和分离区的大小.结果表明,该方法与传统湍流模型相比具有较大的优越性.     

Numerical simulations of shock/boundary layer interactions using time-dependent modeling techniques: A survey of recent results

Supersonic or hypersonic flows within and around flight vehicles inevitably involve interactions of strong shock waves with boundary layers. Flows within inlet/isolator configurations, and flows induced by control surface deflections are some examples. Such interactions are time dependent in nature and are often subject to low-frequency, large-scale motion that induces local pressure and heating loads. With recent increases in available computer power, it has now become possible to simulate such interactions at experimentally relevant Reynolds numbers using time-dependent techniques, such as direct numerical simulation (DNS), large-eddy simulation (LES), and hybrid large-eddy simulation/Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (LES–RANS) methods. This paper will survey some recent work in this area and will describe insights in shock/boundary layer interaction physics gained by using these high-fidelity methods. Attention will be focused on studies that compare directly with experimental data at the same (or nearly the same) Reynolds number. Challenges in the application of these techniques to even more complicated high-speed flow fields are also outlined.     

Transitional wave configurations between Type III and Type IV oblique-shock/bow-shock interactions

The interactions of oblique/bow shock waves are the key flow phenomena restricting the design and aerothermodynamic performance of high-speed vehicles. Type III and Type IV Shock/Shock Interactions(SSIs) have been extensively investigated, as such interactions can induce abnormal aerodynamic heating problems in hypersonic flows of vehicles. The transition process between these two distinct types of shock/shock interactions remains unclear. In the present study, a subclass of shock/shock interaction configuration is revealed and defined as Type IIIa. Type IIIa interaction can induce much more severe aerodynamic heating than a Type IV interaction which was ever reported to be the most serious in literature. The intense aerodynamic heating observed in this configuration highlights a new design point for the thermal protection system of hypersonic vehicles. A secondary Mach interaction between shock waves in the supersonic flow path of a Type III configuration is demonstrated to be the primary mechanism for such a subclass of shock/shock interaction configuration.     

高超声速下表面凸起干扰气动热实验研究

 对高超声速飞行器表面凸起附近的气流流动和气动加热开展了实验研究和分析。实验在高超声速炮风洞中进行,来流马赫数为8.2、单位雷诺数为9.35×10⁶ m^-1。利用薄膜传热测量方法进行了凸起几何形状和边界层状态对干扰流动加热的影响评估。利用流油图谱和纹影摄像法得到了凸起周围的流动特征:若凸起上游边界层未分离,最大峰值热流发生在凸起侧方附近处;若凸起上游边界层完全分离,最大峰值热流通常发生在凸起的上游表面。实验发现最大峰值热流和来流边界层状态关系不大,原因是流动干扰区表现出较强的三维扰动特性,使得来流层流边界层在干扰区内会转变成过渡甚至完全湍流状态。     

Numerical simulation of compression corner flows at Mach number 9

A hypersonic vehicle encounters a wide range of conditions during its complete flight regime. These flight conditions may vary from low to high Mach numbers with varying angles of attack. The near-wall viscous dissipation associated with flows at combined high Mach and Reynolds numbers leads to significant wall heat transfer rates and shear stresses. The shock wave/boundary-layer interaction results in a flow separation region, which commonly augments total pressure losses in the flow and lowers the efficiency of aerodynamic control surfaces such as fins installed on a vehicle. The standard turbulence models, when used to resolve such flows, result in incorrect separation bubble size for large separated flows. Therefore, it results in an inaccurate aerodynamic load, such as the wall pressures, skin friction distribution, and heat transfer rate. In previous studies, the application of the shock-unsteadiness correction to the standard two-equation k-ω turbulence model improved the separation bubble size leading to an accurate pressure prediction and shock definition with the assumption of constant Prandtl number. In the present work, the new shock-unsteadiness modification to the k-ω turbulence model is applied to the hypersonic compression corner flows. This new model with variable Prandtl number is based on the model parameter, which depends upon the local density ratio. The computed wall pressures, heat flux and flow field are compared to the experimental data. A parametric study is carried out by varying compression deflection angles, free stream Reynolds number and wall temperatures to compute the flow field and wall data accurately, particularly in the shock boundary layer interaction region. The new shock-unsteadiness modified k-ω model with variable Prandtl number shows an accurate prediction of initial pressure rise location, pressure distribution in the plateau region and heat flux in comparison to the standard k-ω model.     

Scaling of interaction lengths for hypersonic shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interactions

The interaction length induced by Shock Wave/Turbulent Boundary-Layer Interactions (SWTBLIs) in the hypersonic flow was investigated using a scaling analysis, in which the interaction length normalized by the displacement thickness of boundary layer was correlated with a corrected non-dimensional separation criterion across the interaction after accounting for the wall temperature effects. A large number of hypersonic SWTBLIs were compiled to examine the scaling analysis over a wide range of Mach numbers, Reynolds numbers, and wall temperatures. The results indicate that the hypersonic SWTBLIs with low Reynolds numbers collapse on the supersonic SWTBLIs, while the hypersonic cases with high Reynolds numbers show a more rapid growth of the interaction length than that with low Reynolds numbers. Thus, two scaling relationships are identified according to different Reynolds numbers for the hypersonic SWTBLIs. The scaling analysis provides valuable guidelines for engineering prediction of the interaction length, and thus, enriches the knowledge of hypersonic SWTBLIs.     

等离子体激励控制激波与边界层干扰流动分离数值研究

针对高超声速进气道激波与边界层干扰流动分离控制问题,提出了一种低功率重频非定常激励方式,并基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,从唯象学的角度出发,将等离子激励简化为功率密度源项,对比研究了定常与低功率重频非定常等离子体气动激励的作用机理与控制效果。结果表明:定常激励的能量沉积作用对于激波控制非常有效,并可诱导出斜激波,但是对于流动分离控制而言,其能量沉积显然过于强大,反而会使流动分离更加严重,无法满足控制要求;当采用低功率重频非定常激励方式时,对于不同功率密度的情况均存在最佳激励时长与频率,当功率密度为5.0×109W/m3时,最大射流速度可以达到895m/s,并且可以在一定程度上减弱激波与边界层干扰流动分离。      

Experimental study on the PRE-X vehicle focusing on the transitional shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions

This article is devoted to the experimental works carried out in the R2Ch blow-down wind tunnel in the framework of the atmospheric re-entry PRE-X demonstrator program and to the fundamental studies performed on a hollow cylinder-flare relative to crucial problem of the transitional shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction.Shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions in hypersonic flows may have major consequences on thermal loads, especially if the shock is strong enough to induce separation. The heat-flux density levels in the interaction region strongly depend on the nature, laminar or turbulent of the boundary-layer. Special attention should be paid to transitional interactions, which are likely to exist at altitude where the Mach number is high and the density low.The wide Reynolds number range achievable in the R2Ch facility and reliable heat-flux measurements by infrared thermography have allowed to investigate the viscous interaction on the deflected flaps of the demonstrator model and to point out the laminar-to-turbulent boundary-layer natural and forced transition, in the light of the in-depth analysis of results obtained from the hollow cylinder-flare study.     

Numerical study of unsteady starting characteristics of a hypersonic inlet

The impulse and self starting characteristics of a mixed-compression hypersonic inlet designed at Mach number of 6.5 are studied by applying the unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The full Navier-Stokes equations are solved with the assumption of viscous perfect gas model, and the shear-stress transport (SST) k-x two-equation Reynolds averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) model is used for turbulence modeling. Results indicate that during impulse starting, the flow field is divided into three zones with different aerodynamic parameters by primary shock and upstream-facing shock. The separation bubble on the shoulder of ramp undergoes a generating, growing, swallowing and disappearing process in sequence. But a separation bubble at the entrance of inlet exists until the freestream velocity is accelerated to the starting Mach number during self starting. The mass flux distribution of flow field is non-uniform because of the interaction between shock and boundary layer, so that the mass flow rate at throat is unsteady during impulse starting. The duration of impulse starting process increases almost linearly with the decrease of freestream Mach number but rises abruptly when the freestream Mach number approaches the starting Mach number. The accelerating performance of booster almost has no influence on the self starting ability of hypersonic inlet.     

钝缘舵高超音速湍流分离特性

给出由半圆柱前缘舵诱导的高超音速湍流分离的实验结果。实验气流Ｍａｃｈ数为７．８,单位长度Ｒｅ数为３．５×１０７ｍ－１。结果表明：钝缘舵诱导的湍流分离极不稳定,分离激波出现大尺度低频振荡,使壁面压力和热流率无量纲标准偏差在主分离线附近达最大值。Ｍａｃｈ数愈高,最大无量纲标准偏差值越大。在前缘区前缘直径是控制分离流场尺度和平均壁面压力、热流率分布的主要参数