控制超临界翼型边界层分离的微型涡流发生器数值模拟

本文基于任意曲线坐标系下的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和Spalart-Allmaras一方程湍流模型,采用对接拼接网格技术和多重网格加速收敛技术,对安装有叶片式微型涡流发生器的超临界机翼翼身组合体进行了数值模拟,研究了微型涡流发生器的高度和弦向安装位置对超临界机翼附面层流动控制的机理以及对超临界机翼气动性能的影响规律。     

增升减阻流动控制技术的数值模拟研究

针对微型涡流发生器、实体鼓包这两种被动流动控制技术和零净质量射流这种主动流动控制技术进行了数值模拟。研究了微型涡流发生器的高度和弦向安装位置对超临界机翼增升减阻的影响规律,高度合适的微型涡流发生器对机翼上表面的流动分离控制起着有利作用;微型涡流发生器最佳气动效率的取得与其弦向安装位置有关。研究了实体鼓包的高度对超临界翼型减少激波阻力和增加升阻比的影响规律,在激波的波脚位置有效地使用实体鼓包,可以减小激波阻力;在中高升力系数情况下,使用实体鼓包可提高升阻比。还研究了零净质量射流的速度幅值和射流频率对翼型增加升力的影响规律,随着射流速度幅值的增加,翼型的平均升力系数和阻力系数都要增加;射流频率对升力的影响呈非线性。     

民用支线飞机失速特性优化中关于机翼上表面涡流发生器的研究

飞机在飞行过程中迎角超过临界值后,机翼上表面原本附着的气流开始发生大面积分离,此时升力系数随着迎角的增大反而下降,这种现象称作失速。当飞机失速时,操控会受到很大的影响,是一种危险的飞行状态。某民用支线飞机在试飞中发现失速特性主要受滚转失速的影响,在达到最大升力系数之前就出现了不可接受的失速特性,失速进入过程中,副翼操纵效率降低较快,快接近失速时飞机出现急剧的滚转。涡流发生器在民机中有广泛的应用,可以改善机翼的流动分离从而提高失速特性,并且有改动小、可行性高等优点。拟通过在机翼上表面安装涡流发生器的方法来改善某民用支线飞机的失速特性。利用数值计算等方法设计出涡流发生器的位置、高度、偏角以及数量等参数。通过低速高雷诺数风洞试验来验证涡流发生器的实际效果,最后得出几种效果可观的涡流发生器方案。     

大型飞机后体流动控制及减阻机理研究

通过数值模拟方法研究了大型飞机机身后体的流动特征和机理,并采用涡流发生器对机身后体流动分离进行控制,分析了其控制减阻的机理,讨论了不同参数对减阻效率的影响。计算结果表明:大型飞机机身后体流动分离是导致巡航阻力增加的一个重要因素;在后体底部附近安装涡流发生器,当来流迎角为负时减阻效果较明显,随着迎角的逐渐增大,减阻效果降低;涡流发生器的尺寸、周向距离、安装在机身后体上的前后位置、安装角度等参数对减阻效果具有显著影响。     

基于微型叶片式涡流发生器的前体压缩面低能流掺混机理

为了改善高超声速飞行器前体压缩面边界层速度型的饱满程度，降低进气道壁面流动分离的潜在风险，提出了基于阵列微型叶片式涡流发生器的前体压缩面低能流掺混方法。采用数值模拟方法研究了涡流发生器在来流马赫数7状态下的流动特性，揭示了主要流动控制机理，并分析了安装角对掺混效果的影响规律。研究结果表明：微型叶片式涡流发生器可对近壁气流产生一定扰动，形成局部大侧滑角、低压区域，掺混的主要机理在于叶片两侧分别形成扫掠激波、膨胀波，诱导近壁流体向叶片方向偏转，形成局部横向迁移，进而与主流产生掺混效应；负安装角的涡流发生器的扰动能力最强，但总压损失也最大；正安装角时涡流发生器的扰动能力随安装角的增大而增大；相比于无控制状态，所有叶片式涡流发生器均可降低边界层形状因子，安装角15°时的边界层形状因子最小，边界层速度型最为饱满，说明该状态下壁面流动具有较优的抗逆压分离能力。     

一种平尾涡流发生器设计和流动控制研究

平尾的气动特性直接影响飞机的飞行安全,基于改善飞机平尾在负攻角下流动特性的应用需求,设计一种涡流发生器,安装在平尾下表面。通过数值模拟方法研究平尾在不安装涡流发生器和安装涡流发生器两种构型下的流动特征和机理,分析飞机在负攻角下的俯仰力矩特性。结果表明：安装涡流发生器的平尾负失速迎角推迟了4°,负攻角下的俯仰力矩拐点推迟了4°左右,拓宽了飞机的飞行边界。     

涡流发生器对轴流压气机叶顶流动不稳定性影响的实验研究

为了探究涡流发生器对轴流压气机叶顶流动不稳定性的影响,在一台低速轴流压气机转子上开展了实验研究。将梯形和半球形两种涡流发生器分别安装在转子叶顶上游机匣上,基于不同的安装角度共制定了五种控制方案。分析了气动性能的变化,并采用频谱分析和统计分析方法考察了壁面脉动压力特性的变化。实验结果表明：采用梯形涡流发生器后,除安装角为90°的方案外,其它方案在各工况下扩压能力均略有下降,失速时的流量也明显减小。在流场存在旋转不稳定性或失速的工况,-45°方案时涡流发生器增加了来流的正预旋,增加了气流动量,同时产生的诱导涡会径向迁移,进而抑制了叶顶区域的旋转不稳定性或旋转失速的强度。     

涡流发生器研制及其对边界层的影响研究

本文主要介绍了涡流发生器的机理和用途，涡流发生器研制和使用的一些重要参数，并进行了分析和验证。通过风洞试验段侧壁边界层和马赫数分布测量及半模型试验，证明该涡流发生器的研制是成功的。在风洞试验段侧壁安装涡流发生器情况下，在马赫数０．４至０．９范围，使涡流发生器下游８８０ｍｍ处侧壁上的边界层约减薄了７１％，而且对流场均匀度没有影响，并使半模试验有所改善。     

涡流发生器控制亚音速扩压器中分离流

 本文对涡流发生器在二元亚音扩压器分离流控制中的应用作了进一步的试验研究。通过精心地选择涡流发生器的结构参数,排列型式和安装位置、有效地控制了处于大瞬变失速流动状态的二元亚音扩压器内的流动分离,从而大大改善了扩压器的稳、动态性能。     

前置翼片式涡流发生器对燃烧室氢气燃料掺混特性的影响

超声速来流与燃料的充分掺混是超声速燃烧的关键技术，直接关系到吸气式高超声速推进系统的总体性能。本文通过在射流口前安装翼片式涡流发生器以促进燃料与空气的掺混。基于SST k-ω湍流模型的RANS方法，对带有翼片式涡流发生器的超燃冲压发动机燃烧室模型内氢气横向喷流冷流流场进行了数值模拟，对比分析涡流发生器高度和长度不同的条件下燃烧室内的流场结构、涡流强度、氢气与空气掺混特性、燃烧室总压损失的规律。结果表明，翼片式涡流发生器能够提高涡流强度并大幅提高燃烧室内的掺混性能。随着涡流发生器高度和长度的增加，流场结构间的干扰增强，导致涡流强度和穿透深度增加，从而提升掺混效率。与不安装涡流发生器情况相比，涡流发生器能提升氢燃料的穿透深度超过170%，减少燃料掺混距离70%以上。更加复杂的流场结构同时会增大燃烧室的总压损失，并随着涡流发生器高度和长度的增加而增大。相较于掺混性能的提升，总压损失的增大幅度相对小很多，说明通过合理的参数选择，翼片式涡流发生器能够有效提升燃烧室的掺混性能。     

叶片通道内涡流发生器变工况适应性

横向二次流是制约叶轮机气动负荷进一步提升的主要因素。在叶片通道内施加涡流发生器有抑制通道横向二次流的潜力，但涡流发生器的最优施加方案很难确定。基于涡流发生器经验统计模型(BAYC模型)和响应面方法建立了一种端壁涡流发生器的高效设计方法。基于这一方法，实施于NACA 65直列叶栅，得到了三种涡流发生器优化方案，并在设计工况下和非设计工况下讨论了涡流发生器对端壁横向二次流的控制机理，发现具有更大的涡流发生器高度和更多的涡流发生器数量的方案在面对大攻角下的强横向二次流情况时能够有更强的余力对横向二次流加以控制，大大扩展了叶栅的攻角适用范围。      

基于涡流发生器的风洞侧壁附面层控制

为降低风洞侧壁附面层对半模型数据的影响,在前期数值模拟的基础上,研制了一种适用于2.4m跨声速风洞半模型试验段侧壁的梯形涡流发生器,并进行了试验验证.结果表明:加装涡流发生器效果明显,亚声速范围内能够使附面层厚度降低20%~30%,对主气流均匀性影响可忽略;加装后半模型零升阻力系数降低,升力线斜率增大,压力中心向机身移动,体现了明显的附面层减薄效果,证明所研制的涡流发生器可应用于亚声速半模型试验中.      

埋入式涡流发生器在亚音扩压器分离流控制中的应用

本文介绍了在一个大宽高比大扩压角二元亚音扩压器中采用适当几何参数的凹型面埋入式涡流发生器有效地控制扩压壁和角落区域分离流的试验结果。并分析了该型式涡流发生器主要几何参数对扩压器性能的影响。还对该型式涡流发生器与常规翼型式涡流发生器进行了比较。      

S形进气道流动控制数值模拟研究

采用CFD技术,结合试飞数据,对某S形进气道进行了加涡流发生器的流动控制数值模拟研究.着重分析了三个不同位置加涡流发生器后,进气道内部二次流的发展;之后比较了不加涡流发生器及不同位置加涡流发生器时进气道出口总压恢复、畸变等情况.结果表明涡流发生器明显地影响着进气道内部二次流的发展变化,涡流发生器对进气道出口周向稳态总压畸变有较大程度改善,但是对于提高总压恢复效果不明显.     

涡发生器控制平板边界层分离的大涡模拟

为了研究涡发生器(VGs)间距λ对控制边界层分离效果的影响,选取了4种涡发生器间距,λ/H(H为涡发生器高度)分别为5,7,9,11.采用大涡模拟(LES)方法对带逆压梯度的平板边界层分离流动及VGs控制分离流动进行了数值模拟.分析了有无VGs控制时,湍流场中大尺度相干结构及其演化规律,分别从旋涡间距、边界层内流体动能、压差损失等方面考察了VGs间距对控制流动分离效果的影响.研究结果表明当λ/H为5时,VGs间距过小抑制了旋涡的展向发展,λ/H为9,11时,VGs间距过大边界层内流体动能偏低,当间距λ/H为7时流动控制效果更优,此时计算域压差损失最小,相比较无VGs控制时,压差损失降低了30.95%.      

三角形埋入式涡流发生器几何参数对其涡的影响

试验研究了三角形埋入式涡流发生器几何参数对其涡各参数的影响，发展了半片式三角形埋入式涡流发生器。试验中采用小型五孔探针获得涡流发生器后不同轴向截面处的速度矢量图，用高斯涡核模型及非线性拟牛顿最小二乘法拟合涡量、涡核半径、涡心高度等参数，分析了这些参数沿程变化趋势。     

Review of research on low-profile vortex generators to control boundary-layer separation

An in-depth review of boundary-layer flow-separation control by a passive method using low-profile vortex generators is presented. The generators are defined as those with a device height between 10% and 50% of the boundary-layer thickness. Key results are presented for several research efforts, all of which were performed within the past decade and a half where the majority of these works emphasize experimentation with some recent efforts on numerical simulations. Topics of discussion consist of both basic fluid dynamics and applied aerodynamics research. The fluid dynamics research includes comparative studies on separation control effectiveness as well as device-induced vortex characterization and correlation. The comparative studies cover the controlling of low-speed separated flows in adverse pressure gradient and supersonic shock-induced separation. The aerodynamics research includes several applications for aircraft performance enhancement and covers a wide range of speeds. Significant performance improvements are achieved through increased lift and/or reduced drag for various airfoils—low-Reynolds number, high-lift, and transonic—as well as highly swept wings. Performance enhancements for non-airfoil applications include aircraft interior noise reduction, inlet flow distortion alleviation inside compact ducts, and a more efficient overwing fairing. The low-profile vortex generators are best for being applied to applications where flow-separation locations are relatively fixed and the generators can be placed reasonably close upstream of the separation. Using the approach of minimal near-wall protuberances through substantially reduced device height, these devices can produce streamwise vortices just strong enough to overcome the separation without unnecessarily persisting within the boundary layer once the flow-control objective is achieved. Practical advantages of low-profile vortex generators, such as their inherent simplicity and low device drag, are demonstrated to be critically important for many applications as well.     

Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 3: Optimization of round jets vortex generators

In the previous two parts of this study [G. Godard, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 1: Optimization of passive vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (3) (2006) 181–191; G. Godard, J.M. Foucaut, M. Stanislas, Control of a decelerating boundary layer. Part 2: Optimization of slotted jets vortex generators, Aerospace Sci. Technol. 10 (5) (2006) 394–400], two different types of vortex generators were characterized and optimized in an adverse pressure gradient boundary layer. The model used was a bump in a boundary layer wind tunnel, which mimics the adverse pressure gradient on the suction side of an airfoil at the verge of separation. The present contribution describes the results of a test campaign performed in the same facility to optimize round jets devices with continuous blowing. The optimization was done as previously with hot film shear stress probes. The results show that the optimized jet devices give performances comparable to standard passive vortex generators in terms of skin friction. They also allow a quantitative comparison between three different types of vortex generators: passive devices, slotted and round jets. This comparison is performed in both co- and counter-rotating configurations.     

Streamwise vortex generation by the rod

The technology development related to aerodynamics is leading to ever increasing loads of wings, airfoils and turbine and compressor blades. The increase in aerodynamic forces is often leading to flow separation and depreciation of the aerodynamic performance of flying objects or propulsion systems. Flow control methods are required to avoid these negative effects. In the recent two decades the flow control by means of air-jet vortex generators has been also intensively investigated. In this method a streamwise vortex is introduced by an oblique jet. The necessity to supply air by a pipe system may be considered a disadvantage. In order to eliminate this feature, it has been proposed to put out a rod instead of a jet. It has been shown that the application of a rod can introduce the same effect as a jet, as long as the streamwise vortex generation is concerned and appropriate dimensions are used. The present paper focuses on the influence of rod vortex generators on a flow pattern downstream. The results presented here concern experimental and numerical investigations and provide guidelines for the design of a new flow control method dedicated mainly to external flows.