新一代星敏感器遮光罩—— 碳纳米管遮光罩技术研究

针对目前星敏感器遮光罩普遍存在的尺寸和质量较大、杂光消除能力受限等问题,从提高吸光涂层吸光率入手,提出碳纳米管遮光罩新概念,研制一套钛合金基底生长碳纳米管涂层的新技术,使得涂层吸光率达到99%以上,并成功制作出可等效替代现有飞行产品遮光罩的碳纳米管遮光罩.通过真空原子氧、紫外辐照、高能粒子辐照、热真空、力学环境等各项空间环境实验,证明其空间环境适用性.与现有星敏感器遮光罩产品的杂光比对试验结果表明,使用碳纳米管遮光罩的星敏感器杂光灰度降低了56%,显示出杂光消除性能的优势.本文创新成果突破了碳纳米管技术在杂光消除领域实际应用的瓶颈技术,对促进星敏感器技术的提高具有重要的工程价值.     

空间杂光对交会对接光学成像敏感器影响分析

CCD光学成像敏感器是交会对接最后靠拢段的关键测量敏感器,其在轨工作时,太阳和地球杂光可能会进入相机视场,影响敏感器的正常测量.提出通过杂光建模分析和地面杂光试验验证相结合的方法,评估和验证空间杂光对光学成像敏感器测量的影响,确定相机遮光罩设计指标要求,给出理论分析、地面及飞行试验结果.     

星敏感器杂散光抑制方法及仿真分析

星敏感器的探测目标是深黑空间中的恒星,属于暗目标探测系统,对杂散光的干扰非常敏感,因此,星敏感器杂散光抑制能力是其观测能力的重要影响因素。以点源透过率（PST）为评价指标,计算观测目标7.5等星时星敏感器需要达到的杂散光抑制指标,并以此为基础,提出一种有效的杂散光抑制方法,包括外遮光罩设计、消杂散光光阑设计,以及内部机械结构的关键表面的消杂散光处理。采用Lighttools软件对设计结果进行仿真,设计与分析结果表明,该杂散光抑制方法能够有效抑制星敏感器的杂散光,实现观测7.5等星的目标。      

星敏感器遮光罩消光比定量测试及数据处理方法

面向星敏感器在轨工作时的杂光抑制需求，开展星敏感器遮光罩消光比定量测试及数据处理方法研究。基于高灵敏度弱光探测组件、高精度电控转台以及太阳模拟器搭建杂光集成测试平台，在电控转台步进电机的驱动下实现不同光照角度时遮光罩消光比测量数据的实时获取。根据构建的数据处理模型计算获得遮光罩的消光比，并基于A类不确定度评定方法完成消光比测量的不确定度分析。从测量结果可以看到，在光照入射天顶角达到保护角30度时，消光比测量值达到10-6量级，在光照入射天顶角为54度时，消光比测量值达到10-7量级，且多次测量数据的变化规律基本一致。测量结果表明了测量方案的合理性和可行性，可为星敏感器系统方案设计、测试与评估提供重要的技术支持。     

交会对接光学成像敏感器遮光罩设计

遮光罩是交会对接光学成像敏感器中杂光抑制的重要组件,对有效提取目标点信息、保证敏感器定姿精度有重要作用.着重阐述了基于蒙特卡洛法的交会对接光学成像敏感器遮光罩设计,借助光学仿真软件进行仿真验证,并通过与试验结果进行对比,验证了遮光罩设计的有效性.     

弹载捷联星敏感器强光规避策略及算法

星敏感器光学系统及成像阵列易受太阳和月亮强光干扰.针对弹载捷联星敏感器提出一种规避强光的解析几何方法.通过天文公式解算出观星时刻太阳、月亮矢量,将其转换到当地地理坐标系下;将太阳、月亮方位、地心指向和星敏感器圆视场的几何分布关系划分为3种类型,并结合星敏感器遮光罩太阳月亮规避角参数,分别建立矢量公式求解星敏感器光轴的指令指向;利用STK仿真软件进行算法验证,选择任意时间段并设定星敏感器光轴指向,经本算法解算的光轴指令指向均可成功规避太阳月亮和地平.该算法可实现星敏感器光学系统的自主保护、观星窗口的选择,可以通过姿态机动实现太阳和月亮的规避和有效星光观测.     

基于Bipod结构的星敏感器遮光罩安装结构优化设计

星敏感器是航天器中常用的姿态确定仪器,其测量精度较高,且受外界环境因素、尤其是温度因素影响显著.星敏感器的热稳定性对其精度有着重要的影响,为改善星敏感器的热稳定性,提出一种基于Bipod结构的星敏感器遮光罩安装结构优化设计.通过仿真分析,此设计极大的改善了星敏感器结构的热稳定性,提高了星敏感器在轨工作时光轴指向精度的稳定性,且星敏感器的强度与刚度条件均能满足安全设计要求.     

展开式薄膜遮光罩设计及重复展开精度研究

针对星敏感器的杂光抑制需求，设计了一种可以实现轴向展开的圆柱状展开式薄膜遮光罩，包括充气支撑管、薄膜蒙皮和挡光环，并完成了各构件的结构和材料设计。建立了薄膜蒙皮的运动学模型，分析了构型随着二面角的变化情况，验证了薄膜蒙皮采用hexagonal折纸样式可以完全折叠和展开。通过试验研究了遮光罩的重复展开精度，包括轴向和径向展开精度等。研制了遮光罩原理样机，并开展了地面展开试验，表明在充气支撑管的驱动下能够顺利展开，为大尺寸遮光罩的工程应用提供了新的技术方案。     

高精度星敏感器遮光罩柔性支撑结构设计与分析

根据柔性单元的应用特点及高精度星敏感器遮光罩组件的构型特点,选用叶簧结构作为遮光罩柔性支撑结构的主体形式.通过分析支撑结构长度、宽度和厚度尺寸对弯曲刚度的影响,确定主要变量并展开优化设计.通过仿真验证设计结果在刚度和强度上均满足要求,法兰结构在遮光罩采用柔性支撑设计条件下产生的形变是刚性支撑设计的2. 14%.结果表明遮光罩柔性支撑结构设计合理有效,满足空间应用要求,可作为高精度星敏感器热稳定性设计优化的重要方法.     

APS星敏感器太阳照射影响分析及试验验证

针对APS星敏感器在轨过程中太阳照射问题进行了研究,分析了太阳照射对星敏感器功能和性能的影响,设计了太阳照射相关的试验及验证方案,最后给出了相关试验过程和试验验证结果,明确了分析及试验结论.通过分析和试验结果表明:紫外辐照试验对光学系统透过率无明显影响,且影响在APS星敏感器灵敏度余量范围内;在轨太阳照射对APS星敏感器探测器及整机的功能和性能无影响.相关分析和试验数据可作为星敏感器后续改进设计的依据和参考.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.