基于模式分集的星地激光通信技术研究

针对星地激光通信的大气湍流导致信号光损伤这一问题，实验搭建了一种能够补偿大气湍流的空间激光通信系统，采用模式分集接收结合最大比合并方法对大气湍流进行补偿，采用相干探测技术对高阶调制信号进行光电探测。在不同湍流强度下进行了传输实验，结果表明：模式分集空间激光通信系统的性能相比较于单模光纤接收系统有较大提升，随着湍流强度的增加，性能提升更加显著。在弱、中、强三种湍流强度以及相同目标误码率情况下，模式分集系统相比单模光纤接收系统分别降低了约4.2 dB、5.1 dB 和 5.5 dB的链路损耗。在弱、中、强三种湍流强度以及相同目标中断概率下，模式分集接收系统相比单模光纤接收系统分别降低了约3 dB、5.9 dB 和 4.3 dB的链路损耗。     

脉冲展宽对深空激光通信的影响与补偿研究

深空激光通信系统下行链路的脉冲位置调制PPM（Pulse Position Modulation）信号在经过大气信道传输和单光子探测器接收时,将出现脉冲展宽效应,引起通信系统性能下降。分析了大气信道中的淡积云云层散射、大气湍流与气溶胶散射和单光子探测器的抖动特性所引起的脉冲展宽效应。在此基础上,仿真分析了淡积云云层物理厚度对不同PPM调制阶数下通信速率的影响,并研究了单光子探测器引起的脉冲展宽产生的抖动损失。为补偿脉冲展宽的影响,提出了一种基于时隙似然比解调的补偿方法,通过仿真验证了该方法能够有效降低深空PPM激光通信链路中脉冲展宽对通信误码率的影响。该研究对分析和提升深空PPM激光通信系统的链路性能具有一定的参考意义。     

空间激光通信系统中的信道纠错编码技术

由于空间激光通信系统的信道状态和链路捕获跟踪的不确定性,多种形式的信道纠错编码技术正被广泛发展研究。结合空间激光通信链路中误码性能的主要影响因素,分别选择合适的编码方案进行分析。通过仿真实验可知,对于在大气结构参数为1.5×10~(-14) m~(-2/3)、风速为20 m/s的空地激光链路的环境下,在系统数据速率为2 Gbit/s、要求误码率为10~(-6)时,LDPC码结合交织码相对未编码系统有3 dB的等效编码增益,LT码相对未编码系统有3.8 dB的等效编码增益。提供了一种能快速生成、扩展和校验的编码和交织实现方法,以抵抗大气湍流的快速变化对系统性能产生的影响。     

深度学习技术在空间激光通信中的应用

与射频通信相比，空间激光通信具有传输速率高、保密性能强、终端功耗低等优点，目前已成为当前通信领域的一个研究热点。同时，空间激光通信也面临着一些严峻的技术挑战，如大气湍流导致空间激光通信的信道情况十分复杂，复杂的信道会引发信号光强度起伏剧烈，信标光跟踪与瞄准困难，接收端的信号光场波前畸变严重等。为了提升空间激光通信在复杂信道环境中的性能，学者们将深度学习技术引入到空间激光通信系统中。多项研究表明，深度学习在空间激光通信的诸多方面表现出了优越的信息处理能力。对近年来深度学习技术在空间激光通信信号处理与检测，信标光捕获与跟踪以及波前畸变探测与校正等方面的应用做一全面梳理，并对用于空间激光通信的深度学习技术的前景进行展望。     

M湍流信道下副载波BPSK调制系统的误码率分析

将FSO激光通信应用于遥测系统已成为技术发展趋势。讨论FSO激光通信中BPSK调制的误码率问题,提出一个复合信道模型。该模型考虑了大气衰减、M大气湍流模型和非零瞄准指向误差的共同影响,并利用Weibull分布拟合得到一个近似模型。基于这个近似信道模型,利用广义Gauss-Lagueree展开式,推导出误码率闭合表达式,并分析FSO激光通信副载波BPSK调制系统的误码率性能。数值仿真结果表明,推导的误码率理论值与仿真值十分接近。该研究有助于未来将激光通信应用于遥测系统的设计。     

大气湍流信道中的激光束传输到达角起伏计算及实验

到达角起伏是影响近地大气激光通信链路性能的最主要因素之一。文章对近地大气湍流信道中的激光束传输到达角起伏进行了计算和实验研究。研究结果表明,在大气折射率结构常数为10^-13～10^-16量级的范围内,根据Kolmogorov湍流理论,当大气信道满足局地均匀各向同性条件下,由理论分析和实验数据计算出到达角起伏的值,进而计算出的大气折射率结构常数值,与实验测得的大气折射率结构常数值是基本一致的。     

Turbo码在慢衰落信道中的性能分析及应用

针对慢衰落信道的特点,提出了在衰落信道中Turbo码的构造方法;分析了慢衰落信道特性及其对Turbo码性能的影响;仿真结果表明,Turbo码在这种信道中可以获得接近极限的性能,适于在慢衰落信道中的应用.     

空-地激光通信链路地面站选址大气信道传输因素研究

对影响空-地激光通信链路地面站选址的大气信道传输因素进行了理论及数值模拟分析、研究。研究表明：(1)大气信道对不同波长激光传输的影响程度不同；(2)能见度越好，大气衰减效应对激光传输的影响越小；(3)激光传输在海拔较高的大气分层中受到的衰减比海拔低的层段小；(4)0．53μm、0．8μm、1．06μm波段激光传输受气溶胶衰减的影响比分子吸收和散射更严重；(5)大气湍流效应会降低直接探测系统的信噪比，恶化传输光束的空间相干性，降低相干探测系统的信噪比。结合部分我国气象统计分析资料及地理分布特点，建议我国空-地激光通信链路地面站选址可多考虑大气衰减及湍流效应影响相对较弱的高海拔、少雾、多晴的西部乡村地区。     

正交频分复用技术卫星应用研究

研究了用"均方误差(MSE)准则"将星载放大器的非线性和正交频分复用(OFDM)信号的高峰值平均功率比(峰均比,PAPR)结合在一起,代替仅以PAPR作为衡量准则的传统方法,仿真结果表明,"MSE准则"可以有效改善OFDM卫星通信系统性能,在信道条件差改善信号的非线性畸变度的同时,能够对抗多径衰落,MSE准则的选择性映射法比PAPR准则的选择性映射法性能改善2dB。信道条件好时,单载波频分多址接入(SC-FDMA)系统性能要比OFDM系统好约0.4dB。OFDM技术的卫星应用为星地融合通信提供了技术途径。     

水下激光通信中偏振技术研究

由于水下激光通信系统中,信号受信道水体的吸收、反射和散射影响较大,因此对系统接收端信号的码判决能力和信号能量大小提出了很苛刻的要求。这些因素对系统的通信质量和通信距离都有较大的影响。利用偏振光的水下偏振特性和水下传输特性,从理论上分析如何使水下数字光通信系统的误码率得到降低。并且在试验中应用偏振光作通信载波,证明了利用偏振光作通信载波可以降低系统的误码率。从而找到了提高水下激光通信系统通信质量的方法。     

基于多天线中继的卫星-地面混合无线通信系统上行链路性能分析

研究了Rayleigh Rician非对称衰落信道下,以基站作为固定增益放大转发(AF)中继的卫星-地面混合无线通信系统上行链路性能。首先利用信道状态信息(CSI)得到中继配置多天线时系统的最大输出等效信噪比(SNR)。基于特殊函数推导出系统中断概率(OP)和概率密度函数(PDF)的解析表达式,并进一步得到各种调制方式下系统平均误符号率(ASER)的理论计算公式。最后通过无穷级数展开推导出高信噪比时平均误符号率的渐近闭合表达式,分析系统能获得的分集增益和阵列增益。计算机仿真表明所提出的性能分析方法的正确性,分析了天线数量和信道参数对卫星-地面混合无线通信系统性能的影响,为实际系统设计提供了参考和依据。     

Multipath fading analysis of telemetry signals power fluctuations from Universitetsky microsatellite

The article deals with the results of the fading fluctuations analysis for telemetry signals in the 2 m and 70 cm bands from the first Moscow State University microsatellite better known as “Universitetsky”. Radio telemetry signals were received from the microsatellite for around 2 years, collecting and recording the power signal data of almost 7500 satellite overpasses. The received signals from about 2300 satellite overpasses had a very low signal to noise ratio (SNR) that caused high transmission losses. The rest of the signals had a SNR high enough to complete the transmission without losses. The main objective of this paper was to find the fading fluctuations caused both by diffusion and by the presence of Gaussian and non Gaussian noise in telemetry signal power data. The purpose was both to characterize the communication channel as well as to elaborate solutions both to improve the communication quality as well as to identify no homogeneous zones in the ionosphere environment. The signal power analysis was based in the observation of statistical characteristics from different power signal components, in particular the components influenced by diffusion and non Gaussian noise. The employed methodology follows the next steps: removing the power signal envelope; taking away the Gaussian noise; obtaining the statistical characteristics from non Gaussian noise, Gaussian noise and envelope; finally identifying the LOS and NLOS signal fading components. For this purpose, the wavelet technique was used to perform the signal decomposition. In particular, the discrete wavelet transform DWT was utilized to carry out the signal de-noising. Then, the results were statistically treated in order to obtain a diffusion index for Rician fading, which are associated with fading in atmosphere and ionosphere layers. In this way the communications channel among satellite and ground station was characterized and a BER parameter was obtained for every satellite overpass, which means an outstanding result when considering that just few papers describe such results for satellite systems. The obtained results are valid not only for satellite communications systems but also for wireless communications systems. These results are the basis for future communications system design, which in our case pursues to reduce the BER parameter in the satellite link. The referred system will employ adaptive error coding schemes as well as channel analyzer algorithms based in the theory exposed in this paper.     

Scintillation model of laser beam propagation in satellite-to-ground bidirectional atmospheric channels

This paper discusses a scintillation model of laser beam propagation in satellite-to-ground bidirectional atmospheric channels. The frequency characteristics of the downlink were theoretically derived on the basis of measurements in low Earth orbit satellite-to-ground laser communication experiments. The speckle patterns were averaged and the frequency response of the received optical signal was filtered by a telescope aperture. The model parameters were obtained by fitting the results to the model. This paper introduces scaling factors for the uplink and extends the theory for the downlink to that for the uplink. The proposed model can generate time-varying optical signals based on the von Kármán spectrum for space-to-ground laser links. The scintillation index was estimated using the modified Hufnagel–Valley model, which was obtained from real measurements. The probability density function was fitted by the estimated scintillation index and compared to the gamma–gamma distribution under strong turbulence conditions. The scaling factor for the root mean square wind speed was newly introduced to fit the frequency spectra for the uplink. The simulation results are presented in this paper. The proposed scintillation model can contribute to improving the fading simulation of satellite-to-ground communication links as well as add to the future discussion of standards, like those proposed by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems.     

多径信道下OFDM信号和单载波信号的盲识别

针对非协作通信条件下OFDM(正交频分复用)信号和单载波调制信号的类间识别问题,提出一种在多径信道下基于信号循环自相关的调制识别算法。该算法不需要信号和噪声的先验知识,可以直接对中频信号进行处理,具有较强的实用性。通过对信号循环自相关函数进行分析,仅需进行时域的延时自相关运算和特定延时下的循环自相关运算,就可以从频域提取特征值来实现OFDM信号和单载波信号的盲识别。在估计OFDM信号周期时,提出一种基于极大值抽取的延时估计算法,能在多径衰落信道中不需要先验信息的情况下完成估计。仿真表明,本文提出算法的识别性能优于传统的四阶累积量算法。     

分层空时分组码结合OFDM系统在短波通信中的应用

MIMO技术利用多副收发天线对信息进行发送与接收,在无需增加频谱资源和天线发送 功率的情况下,可以利用MIMO信道提供的复用增益和分集增益提高信道传输的可靠性,降低 误码率。对于短波信道,将MIMO与OFDM有机结合,可以发挥两种技术各自的优点。MIMO各种 编码方案中STBC抗衰落性能强,LSTC频谱利用率高,而两者的结合L\|STBC是对两种编码方 案性能的折中。本文将L\|STBC与OFDM结合应用到短波通信中,所得系统抗衰落性能优于ST BC\|OFDM系统,传输性能优于LSTC\|OFDM系统,因此在设计短波通信系统时,可以根据信 道环境和要求来合理的选择通信系统方案。     

临近空间高速飞行器综合信道模型研究

针对临近空间飞行器在高速飞行时所经历的高动态多普勒和等离子鞘套等恶劣通信环境以及其通信中断问题,提出了临近空间高速飞行器的综合信道模型方案,在对综合信道内电波传输信道特性分析的基础上将其建模为频率选择性快衰落信道;同时建立了等离子鞘套信道的数学模型,利用传输矩阵法和FDTD算法计算了表征大尺度衰落的电波传输透射系数,并根据散射信道建模方法给出了小尺度衰落的仿真模型并对其参数的获取进行了分析.仿真计算和定性分析表明了该综合信道模型方案的可行性.