大气对遥感卫星图像品质的影响分析

影响遥感卫星图像品质的因素很多,其中包括成像条件中的大气辐射.文章根据遥感成像理论分析了大气辐射对遥感卫星图像品质的影响,计算了大气背景及大气对图像层次和图像对比度的影响.最后,结合遥感相机的特点,给出了减少大气影响、提高图像品质的建议.     

镜像综合孔径微波辐射成像原理验证实验研究

为验证镜像综合孔径微波辐射成像的原理,设计了V波段镜像综合孔径辐射成像原理实验系统(MAS-V),介绍了系统组成及原理并进行了电暖器辐射成像及空间分辨率实验,电暖器热辐射部分清晰可见,且轮廓与光学图像结果一致。实验结果表明:镜像综合孔径微波辐射成像的原理正确。对于相同的天线阵列,镜像综合孔径的空间分辨率优于常规综合孔径,约为其2倍。若增大反射板与天线阵列的距离,镜像综合孔径的空间分辨率将进一步提高。研究结果为镜像综合孔径微波辐射成像方法应用于静止轨道大气遥感提供了参考。     

红外成像制导及其目标背景特性分析

结合对目标和背景的红外特性研究,阐述了在复杂背景条件下防空导弹对目标的红外成像寻的制导的组成和原理。详细分析了地面杂散背景的辐射和散射特征。综合分析了军用飞机被防空导弹攻击时的红外辐射特性。其分析结果对研究防空导弹红外成像导引头如何从复杂背景中将目标的典型特征信息提取出来并进行有效的识别具有重要的参考意义。     

FY-3卫星应用和发展

回顾了风云三号(FY-3)卫星的应用和发展历程。介绍了FY-3卫星装载的成像、大气探测、辐射收支探测、大气成分监测和空间环境监测器5类仪器包,可实现从紫外、可见光、近红外、中红外、热红外到微波的多种电磁波谱段的遥感和探测。给出了地面应用系统生成的大气、陆地、海洋和空间天气等科学和应用领域的卫星遥感信息产品及其分辨率与精度。列举了部分典型的FY-3卫星数据在数值天气预报、臭氧和二氧化碳等大气成分和气候监测、生态环境和灾害监测等领域的应用结果。展望了未来FY-3卫星的发展,其中包含的4颗卫星,按晨昏、上午、下午近极地太阳同步轨道卫星3颗和倾斜轨道降水测量卫星1颗布局安排,组网完整的FY-3业务卫星的综合观测能力将有极大的提高,带动我国气象卫星应用进入成熟发展阶段。     

DQ-1宽幅成像光谱仪发射前载荷定标技术

大气环境监测卫星作为国家民用空间基础设施规划中的科研卫星,其遥感应用需求对其载荷的定量化精度要求越来越重要。宽幅成像光谱仪作为大气环境监测卫星中的主要载荷,可获取光谱范围从可见光至长波红外(0.415~12.000 μm)的陆表和大气多光谱信息。采用45°扫描镜配合消旋系统的扫描方式,光路结构采用同轴望远镜系统,实现3个探测器焦面上21个谱段的同时对地的超宽幅高空间分辨率成像。为了准确地获取能量和仪器响应之间的定量关系,在卫星发射前开展宽幅成像光谱仪全光路、全口径辐射定标试验,分别介绍了可见到短波谱段积分球定标技术和中长波谱段热真空红外定标技术,为用户定量应用提供了良好的保障,并对定标过程中传递路径下的误差来源及精度进行分析评估。     

傅里叶变换成像光谱仪CCD像元响应非均匀性校正

根据一般成像系统CCD像元响应非均匀性校正的原理与算法,通过对星载可见光干涉成像光谱仪CCD像元响应非均匀性校正的相对辐射定标原理及所获定标数据的深入分析,研究出了一种适于对可见光及红外干涉成像光谱仪系统CCD像元响应非均匀性进行校正的方法,有效解决了干涉成像光谱仪系统探测器阵列非均匀性校正这一工程技术难题,它对今后该方面的科研和技术工作具有积极的指导意义。     

地球与大气反射光对空间光学传感器探测能力的影响仿真研究

现有辐射计算模型不考虑地表的各向异性特征,导致计算结果存在较大误差。针对这一问题,提出一种新的地球与大气反射光对传感器照度贡献的计算模型,考虑了地表反射、大气散射和辐射传输三方面的影响因素;在此基础上提出一种启发式蒙特卡罗重点光线采样方法,该方法根据给定的传感器参数和空间几何参数高效解算地球与大气反射光对空间光学传感器探测能力的影响程度。     

基于有源编码转发器的SAR辐射定标精度研究

在基于移相器的有源编码转发器设计方案基础上,重点对由移相器精度导致的方位信号编码误差进行了深入研究.提出了方位信号最大频率偏移误差的成对回波计算方法,确定了SAR辐射定标精度和移相器精度二者之间的关系.在不同成对回波信杂比条件下,进行了SAR有源编码转发信号的辐射定标成像处理和辐射定标精度测量的仿真实验,得到了有源编码转发器中移相器精度与SAR辐射定标精度间的定量关系.     

环境气象条件对光学探测器性能的影响研究

环境气象条件对光学探测器的性能影响很大。针对南、北方的典型气象条件计算了两个波段下的大气透过率和天空辐射亮度,给出了大气环境条件对探测器探测能力的影响分析。     

积分球在实验室内用于空间遥感器的辐射定标

文中介绍了国外可见光实时传输型航天遥感器在发射前使用积分球对其进行大气条件下辐射定标的技术，得出的定标系数Ａ用于图像的辐射校正。阐述了积分球的设计原理与方法。计算了内壁涂料光谱反射率，光源功率，光源分布色温以及安放位置对积分球出射窗口输出辐亮度的影响。     

Polarization Studies of Contribution of Aerosol Scattering to the Glow of Twilight Sky

The paper is devoted to studies and a quantitative estimation of the influence of scattering of direct solar radiation by particles of tropospheric aerosols in the period of light twilight, close to sunrise and sunset. Polarization measurements of the twilight sky in two broad spectral bands lying near the standard bands V and R form the basis of these studies. The measurements were carried out in 2002 and 2003 at the Southern Laboratory (Crimea) of the Sternberg Astronomical Institute. The twilight period during which the single aerosol scattering becomes significant is isolated. The character of its influence on the intensity and polarization of the twilight sky is demonstrated. A method is suggested to evaluate polarization of the single aerosol scattering and its contribution to the general brightness of the twilight sky background. The method is based on differential characteristics of the background near the zenith and on their correlations with each other.     

Multicolor Polarimetry of the Twilight Sky: The Role of Multiple Light Scattering as a Function of Wavelength

This paper is devoted to the investigation of the role of multiply scattered light of different wavelengths in clear twilight, as well as to the influence of multiple scattering and scattering by atmospheric aerosol particles on the polarization of the twilight sky background during this period. The work is based on wide-angle polarimetric CCD-observations of the twilight sky near zenith in the U, B, V, and R bands, which were carried out in summer 2000 at the South Laboratory of the Moscow Shternberg Astronomical Institute. Based on the data obtained, we have determined the fraction of single-scattered light in clear twilight in the zenith for the U, B, and V bands and have estimated the lower limit of this value for the R band. The analysis of color and polarimetric evolution of the sky background was made taking into account single and multiple scattering properties. The characteristic height of the upper boundary of the tropospheric aerosol layer in the Earth's atmosphere was also obtained.     

Detection of Molecular Scattering Field from a Polarization Analysis of the Sky Background during Transitive Twilight and Temperature Measurements near the Stratopause

The simplest version of the method of detecting the single molecular scattering field based on the polarization measurements of the twilight sky background by all-sky cameras has been considered. The method can be used during transitive twilight (with solar zenith angles of 94°–98°), when effective single scattering occurs in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. The long-term measurements conducted using this method in the Moscow region and Apatity make it possible to determine the temperature of these atmospheric layers and estimate the contribution and properties of multiple scattering during the transitive twilight.     

Analysis of the direction of the twilight sky background polarization as a tool for selecting single scattering

The direction of the twilight sky background polarization on the celestial sphere far from the solar vertical depends on the ratio of single and multiple scattering contributions. Variations in the polarization direction during twilight reflect the evolution of the properties and background emission components and can be used to control the procedure of selecting single scattering. This makes it possible to specify the temperature measurements according to the molecular scattering of solar emission and the contribution of dust scattering in the upper mesosphere. The results of the temperature measurements during the observations in 2011–2015 have been presented.     

燃烧室内燃烧模型对尾焰流场及其辐射的影响

基于压力隐式算子分裂(PISO)算法,通过求解Navier-Stokes方程,对燃烧室内一步反应和两步反应模型、无燃烧室三种情形下尾焰流场进行了数值仿真;采用结构和非结构网格并分别用TTM方法和Delaunay三角形方法来生成;利用高温气体高分辨率光谱参数数据库HITEMP对辐射传输方程进行求解,得到三种情形下尾焰中CO2和H2O的光谱辐射亮度分布。仿真结果表明:不同的燃烧模型影响尾焰流场及其辐射,无燃烧室时尾焰辐射较弱。     

Study of the mesosphere using wide-field twilight polarization measurements: Early results beyond the polar circle

This paper discusses the results of early measurements of temperature and dust in the mesosphere on the basis of wide-field twilight sky polarimetry, which began in 2015 in Apatity (North of Russia, 67.6° N, 33.4° E) using the original entire-sky camera. These measurements have been performed for the first time beyond the Polar Circle in the winter and early spring period. The general polarization properties of the twilight sky and the procedure for identifying single scattering are described. The key results of the study include the Boltzmann temperature values at altitudes higher than 70 km and the conclusion on a weak effect of dust on scattering properties of the mesosphere during this period.     

HJ-1A卫星CCD相机入射光谱辐射亮度的分析

文章介绍了HJ - 1A卫星CCD相机的任务需求 ,分析了影响CCD相机入射光谱辐射亮度的主要因素 ,通过“6S”软件得到在不同条件下CCD相机入射光谱辐射亮度 ,并依据CCD相机各波段的观测能力与地物的光谱特点 ,最终确定了CCD相机各波段不同增益对应的最大入射光谱辐射亮度。     

Investigations of the Background Stratospheric Aerosol Using Multicolor Wide-Angle Measurements of the Twilight Glow Background

The first results of multiwave measurements of twilight background and the all-sky camera with a color (RGB) CCD matrix conducted in the spring and summer of 2016 in Central Russia (55.2° N, 37.5° E) have been discussed. The observations reveal the effect of aerosol scattering at heights of up to 35 km, which is substantially enhanced in the long-wave part of the spectrum (R band with an effective wavelength of 624 nm). An analysis of the behavior of the sky color during light period of twilight with allowance for the absorption by ozone in the Chappuis bands make it possible to restore the angular dependences of the intensity of the aerosol scattering of the light. This is used to determine the parameters of the lognormal distribution of aerosol particles over their sizes with a mean radius of 0.08 μm and a width of 1.5–1.6 for the stratospheric height interval.     

Remote sensing of natural formations from measurements of radiance coefficients

This paper is devoted to the consideration of some problems of remote sensing of natural formations using radiance coefficients in the narrow spectral invervals. The techniques for the determination of the most informative spectral intervals, as developed by the authors of the paper, are given and the results obtained are presented. The technique for obtaining the training sample of spectral radiance coefficients, with the help of a four-objective camera applied by the authors, is described. Some problems regarding the construction of a “universal” alphabet for classes of natural formations are discussed.     

积分球太阳辐照模拟源的研制

文章主要从积分球、聚光系统、线性减光系统和光谱测量等方面,介绍了积分球太阳辐照模拟源的研制过程。太阳辐照模拟源采用氙灯和溴钨灯的双光源方式,滤光片对氙灯、溴钨灯的光谱进行截止和校正后,合成太阳光谱,并且通过能量计算确定了两只灯的功率大小。线性减光系统使积分球出射口的辐亮度从最大值按照10％递减,线性输出10档辐亮度值。该积分球太阳辐照模拟源用于卫星遥感器的辐射定标。