恒压式气体微流量计的测量误差分析

恒压式气体微流量计（ＣＰＦＭ）被多个国家级实验室选作为计量学设备,用来校准真空规和真空漏孔。该文从理论上对ＣＰＦＭ和带参考室的ＣＰＦＭ的流量测量误差进行了分析。测量过程中温度波动和压力波动对ＣＰＦＭ的流量测量误差作用较大。为ＣＰＦＭ增加一个适当的参考室,可以减小测量过程中变容室温度变化对ＣＰＦＭ的流量测量误差的贡献。     

火焰稳定器截面燃油浓度分布的测量

本文研究了用电保温取样感头和连续取样的燃气分析方法在高速气流中测量火焰稳定器截面燃油浓度分布的试验技术。测定了稳定器截面气流速度与方向,修正了气流方向对取样精度的影响。确定了测量稳定器截面燃油浓度分布的等流动取样方法。取样总误差为±5％的量级。     

基于通用测控信号的多频点同波束干涉测量

提出利用两个深空航天器的通用测控信号进行多频点同波束干涉测量,实现两航天器的高精度相对测量。对差分相位时延进行理论推导,提出了一种针对两航天器测控信号主载波存在频差情况下的差分时延观测量误差的模型修正方法,并对月球轨道上两航天器间同波束干涉测量地面跟踪测量条件进行了分析。仿真结果表明,利用两航天器的通用测控信号进行多频点同波束干涉测量,经误差模型修正后获取了误差小于皮秒量级的差分相位时延,能为深空航天器间相对导航定位提供高精度的观测量信息。     

飞机燃油质量特性计算的截面自适应分割法

针对飞机燃油系统方案设计阶段截面连续变化的飞机油箱，提出了具有截面自适应性的燃油质量特性计算方法。首先根据飞行姿态和过载计算油面法向量，确定最低油面位置；然后根据等效燃油实体确定分割步长进行首次分割，并根据截面面积的变化情况，通过后续分割对误差进行补偿，直至分割精度达到预设精度阈值要求；最后对分割后的燃油实体进行燃油质量特性测量和计算。针对某型无人机燃油系统中多种不同类型的截面连续变化油箱进行仿真验证，表明该方法具有截面自适应性，且相比共轭梯度寻优算法，能够在保证计算精度的情况下，计算效率提升71.43%~92.31%，适用于飞机燃油系统方案设计阶段通过燃油质量特性计算快速准确地判断设计方案在重心方面的可行性。      

基于失配修正的变频损耗测量技术研究

变频损耗是表征混频器(变频器)传输特性的主要测量参数之一。提出了一种基于矢量网络分析仪频偏模块的混频器变频损耗测量方法。经分析和测量结果表明,测量端面失配项对测量结果影响较大。提出了失配项修正模型,并对测量结果进行了修正;采用功率校准的方法提高了矢量网络分析仪的电平测量准确度,减小了测量装置及测量过程复杂度,减小了测量误差,提高了测量重复性。     

二氧化碳探测仪瞬态热分析模型修正

为实现碳卫星载荷在轨温度的准确预测,对其试验状态瞬态热分析模型的修正进行研究。先比较热分析计算结果与热平衡试验结果,求出两者对应温度监控点的温差;再利用蒙特卡洛法对二氧化碳探测仪热分析模型参数进行灵敏性分类,将模型参数分为整体灵敏、局部灵敏与不灵敏参数。然后根据热平衡试验数据,用拉丁超立方和单纯形法的混合法对模型各个参数进行分层修正,得到满足目标函数各个灵敏性参数的最优值。最后将参数最优值代入热分析模型计算验证该修正方法正确性,并进行残差分析。结果显示修正后各温度监控点热分析计算与热试验温差δ_a小于±0.5℃,残差修正率θ高于80%,修正后多数温差比修正前减少了一个数量级。结果表明修正取得的效果明显,修正方法合理可行。     

等离子体对燃气在补燃室中燃烧特性的影响

为研究等离子体对多组分燃气在发动机补燃室中的助燃特性,建立了多组分燃气供给系统以及扩散燃烧实验模型。测量了等离子体炬的发射光谱,得到了等离子体炬的主要激发态粒子;拍摄了多组分燃气在补燃室的扩散火焰照片,得到了等离子体对多组分燃气的扩散火焰形貌的影响;测量了补燃室4个不同截面上的静压和总压,分析了等离子体对多组分燃气在发动机中燃烧效率的影响。实验结果表明:等离子体炬主要产生氮气和氧气的激发态粒子;加入等离子体后,喷出冲压尾喷管的火焰长度得到进一步缩短,说明等离子体可以在更短的燃烧室长度内使得多组分燃气得到更加充分的燃烧;加入等离子体时,补燃室不同截面的静压和总压都会出现突升台阶,说明等离子体可以加快燃气的化学反应速率,提高多组分燃气在发动机中的燃烧效率,且等离子体功率越高,燃气燃烧效率的增长率越高。     

基于电光调制技术的脉冲场强校准方法

研究脉冲场强的校准方法，分析S频段脉冲场强产生原理和校准装置组成。通过基于电光调制技术的铌酸锂光波导传感器法对脉冲功率产生的峰值场强进行测量，峰值场强(1～3)kV/m,脉宽(10～100)μs,占空比1%～10%,上升/下降时间小于100 ns,场强幅值测量偏差小于1 dB。通过分析不确定度来源对测量不确定度进行了评定，扩展不确定度1.7 dB。最后采用接收天线法对光波导传感器法的脉冲场强校准结果进行了验证。     

示波器上升时间测量的误差分析

对示波器上升时间的误差估计进行了分析。结果表明,使用方和根公式进行误差修正将导致测量结果不确定度的增大。因此,尽管该方和根公式给出了误差估计的上限,但此公式不能用于测试结果的误差修正。     

气体微流量标准装置的测控系统和实验研究

气体微流量标准装置的测控系统在计算机控制下,采用电容薄膜规、光栅尺、铂电阻温度计等高精度传感器测出变容室内气体的压力、体积变化、温度等参量;并在流量测量的动态过程中将变客室内气体的压力波动控制在±０．０１％之内;工作软件实现了对气体微流量标准装置的计算机自动化控制和管理。气体激流量标准装置可以标准１７．１～１．２２×１０－５ＰａＬ／ｓ范围内的气体流量,校准不确定度小于１．９３％;目前它已用于标准漏孔的标定和实用型气体流量计的校准工作中。     

正压漏孔校准装置定容室容积测量方法研究

提出了一种正压漏可孔校准装置的定容室容积测量方法,通过在定容室上外接一个容器,并在其内部放置一个体积可以精确计量的金属棒,利用两次膨胀,计算出定容室的容积。该方法的优点是,不需要测量外接容器的容积,也不需要对压力测量值进行绝对校准,测量不确定度小,尤其适合小容积的精确测量。采用这种方法对一台恒压式正压漏孔校准装置的定容室容积进行了测量,分析了测量不确定度,实验结果表明,定容室的容积为9.85 mL,标准不确定度为0.81%,满足了装置的测量要求。     

变速变姿态下飞机燃油体积解算技术

为准确测量飞机不规则油箱内的燃油体积,在传统的查表插值法基础上,提出了基于等效传感器的自适应步长切割法（ASCM）,用于建立燃油质量特性数据库,通过引入等效传感器概念,实现了不同姿态下多传感器的信息融合;该方法根据切片截面积的变化率调整切割步长,从而减小了燃油体积解算时的插值误差;利用多传感器的输出值实现了燃油平面的最小二乘（LMS）拟合,当有效传感器较少时,再结合等效燃油平面姿态角拟合燃油平面,消除了加速度对燃油平面的影响;对传统的三维查表插值法进行改进,减小了由于燃油平面姿态角插值引起的误差。基于UG二次开发,设计了燃油体积解算平台。实际油箱CAD仿真验证结果表明:该方法所建的数据库数据规模小,燃油解算速度快,实现了加速度和姿态误差修正,并减小了差值误差,进一步提高了燃油的测量精度。      

一种可收拢展开的X截面伸杆设计及力学性能分析

对比分析了不同截面形式管状伸杆的力学性能，发现TRAC截面比STEM和CTM截面具有更大的截面惯性矩与收拢高度之比，但其截面厚度较大，且弯心与形心不重合，导致局部弯扭组合屈曲.提出了一种管状伸杆的新型截面形式XTEM，其具有两个对称轴，弯心与形心重合；设计并建立了四种截面形式的伸杆有限元模型，分析得到了四个截面的截面惯性矩.结果表明，在同样的收拢高度下，XTEM截面伸杆在厚度增加较小的情况下，两个轴向的截面惯性矩比CTM截面分别增加了77%和35%，比STEM截面分别增加了30倍和6.7倍.      

丙烯环路热管补偿器的可视化实验研究

通过采用石英补偿器和高速摄像机实现了对丙烯环路热管补偿器的可视化实验研究，重点研究了补偿器内工质的状态随充装量和传热量的变化及充装量对环路热管传热性能的影响。研究发现，容积为51.4 mL的环路热管最佳充装量约为19.7 g。充装量小于最佳充装量的各工况下，能观察到对应补偿器内工质液面高度低于引流管，蒸发器和补偿器之间相变换热强烈，引流管外壁面明显有工质的冷凝及流动，且工质冷凝和流动的速度随着传热量的增加而加快；随着充装量增加，环路热管传热热阻减小，280 K工作温度以下的传热量增大。最佳充装量对应的补偿器内液面高度浸没引流管而接近蒸发器核心通道顶端，得到280 K以下最大传热量为40 W，对应的最优传热热阻为2 K/W。充装量大于最佳充装量的工况下，补偿器内液面高度超过蒸发器核心顶端，随着充装量增加，环路热管传热热阻增大，280 K以下的传热量减小。补偿器和蒸发器核心通道内的工质分布能影响蒸发器向补偿器的漏热量，这是充装量影响环路热管性能的重要原因。      

Biosphere 2 Test Module: a ground-based sunlight-driven prototype of a closed ecological life support system.

Constructed in 1986, the Biosphere 2 Test Module has been used since the end of that year for closed ecological systems experiments. It is the largest closed ecological facility ever built, with a sealed variable volume of some 480 cubic meters. It is built with a skin of steel spaceframes with double-laminated glass panels admitting about 65 percent Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR). The floor is of welded steel and there is an underground atmospheric connection via an air duct to a variable volume chamber ("lung") permitting expansion and contraction of the Test Module's air volume caused by changes in temperature and barometric pressure, which causes a slight positive pressure from inside the closed system to the outside thereby insuring that the very small leakage rate is outward. Several series of closed ecological system investigations have been carried out in this facility. One series of experiments investigated the dynamics of higher plants and associated soils with the atmosphere under varying light and temperature conditions. Another series of experiments included one human in the closed system for three, five and twenty-one days. During these experiments the Test Module had subsystems which completely recycled its water and atmosphere; all the human dietary needs were produced within the facility, and all wastes were recycled using a marsh plant/microbe system. Other experiments have examined the capability of individual component systems used, such as the soil bed reactors, to eliminate experimentally introduced trace gases. Analytic systems developed for these experiments include continuous monitors of eleven atmospheric gases in addition to the complete gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) examinations of potable, waste system and irrigation water quality.     

Carbon dioxide exchange of lettuce plants under hypobaric conditions.

Growth of plants in a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) may involve the use of hypobaric pressures enabling lower mass requirements for atmospheres and possible enhancement of crop productivity. A controlled environment plant growth chamber with hypobaric capability designed and built at Ames Research Center was used to determine if reduced pressures influence the rates of photosynthesis (Ps) and dark respiration (DR) of hydroponically grown lettuce plants. The chamber, referred to as a plant volatiles chamber (PVC), has a growing area of about 0.2 m2, a total gas volume of about 0.7 m3, and a leak rate at 50 kPa of <0.1%/day. When the pressure in the chamber was reduced from ambient to 51 kPa, the rate of net Ps increased by 25% and the rate of DR decreased by 40%. The rate of Ps increased linearly with decreasing pressure. There was a greater effect of reduced pressure at 41 Pa CO2 than at 81 Pa CO2. This is consistent with reports showing greater inhibition of photorespiration (Pr) in reduced O2 at low CO2 concentrations. When the partial pressure of O2 was held constant but the total pressure was varied between 51 and 101 kPa, the rate of CO2 uptake was nearly constant, suggesting that low pressure enhancement of Ps may be mainly attributable to lowered partial pressure of O2 and the accompanying reduction in Pr. The effects of lowered partial pressure of O2 on Ps and DR could result in substantial increases in the rates of biomass production, enabling rapid throughput of crops or allowing flexibility in the use of mass and energy resources for a CELSS.     

Carbon dioxide exchange of lettuce plants under hypobaric conditions.

Growth of plants in a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) may involve the use of hypobaric pressures enabling lower mass requirements for atmospheres and possible enhancement of crop productivity. A controlled environment plant growth chamber with hypobaric capability designed and built at Ames Research Center was used to determine if reduced pressures influence the rates of photosynthesis (Ps) and dark respiration (DR) of hydroponically grown lettuce plants. The chamber, referred to as a plant volatiles chamber (PVC), has a growing area of about 0.2 m2, a total gas volume of about 0.7 m3, and a leak rate at 50 kPa of <0.1%/day. When the pressure in the chamber was reduced from ambient to 51 kPa, the rate of net Ps increased by 25% and the rate of DR decreased by 40%. The rate of Ps increased linearly with decreasing pressure. There was a greater effect of reduced pressure at 41 Pa CO2 than at 81 Pa CO2. This is consistent with reports showing greater inhibition of photorespiration (Pr) in reduced O2 at low CO2 concentrations. When the partial pressure of O2 was held constant but the total pressure was varied between 51 and 101 kPa, the rate of CO2 uptake was nearly constant, suggesting that low pressure enhancement of Ps may be mainly attributable to lowered partial pressure of O2 and the accompanying reduction in Pr. The effects of lowered partial pressure of O2 on Ps and DR could result in substantial increases in the rates of biomass production, enabling rapid throughput of crops or allowing flexibility in the use of mass and energy resources for a CELSS.     

Microgravity experiment system utilizing a balloon

A system for microgravity experiments by using a stratospheric balloon has been planned and developed in ISAS since 1978. A rocket-shaped chamber mounting the experiment apparatus is released from the balloon around 30 km altitude. The microgravity duration is from the release to opening of parachute, controlled by an on-board sequential timer. Test flights were performed in 1980 and in 1981. In September 1983 the first scientific experiment, observing behaviors and brain activities of fishes in the microgravity circumstance, have been successfully carried out. The chamber is specially equipped with movie cameras and subtransmitters, and its release altitude is about 32 km. The microgravity observed inside the chamber is less than 2.9 × 10^?3 G during 10 sec. Engineering aspects of the system used in the 1983 experiment are presented.     

嫦娥一号CCD立体相机数据光度校正

为更加精确拟合相函数系数, 得到较为准确的光度校正结果, 针对嫦娥一号CCD立体相机数据的特点, 对改进的Lommel-Seeliger模型中的Lommel-Seeliger因子进行修订, 使去除太阳入射角和传感器观测角影响的遥感图像数据能够更好地契合相位角的变化; 利用加入修订后Lommel-Seeliger因子的模型对嫦娥一号CCD立体相机数据进行逐像素光度校正; 选取同一轨道不同纬度和同一区域不同视角两组数据来验证算法的有效性和适用性. 实验结果表明, 该方法能够有效校正由于几何观测条件变化而引起的目标光谱特性的不一致性, 对于较亮和较暗区域的光度校正效果更为有效.