一种民用液化气瓶表面损伤容限的估计

本文对薄壁容器的表面损伤,给出了一个有用的部分穿透的长裂纹模型,进而提供了损伤气瓶的归一化爆破压力P~f/P_s与归一化气瓶材料性能、缺口尺寸等参数的函数关系。用一组退火不足的实验气瓶经人工损伤后所得的试验数据,标定了函数中的归一化部分穿透裂纹鼓胀因子M_p/M_t=f(d/t),从而可在适当范围内给出一种民用液化气瓶的表面损伤容限。     

卫星高压气瓶的超高速撞击试验

微流星体及空间碎片超高速撞击对在轨航天器构成了严重威胁,星上压力容器受空间碎片撞击后所产生的威胁是十分严重的,可能导致航天器发生灾难性失效,过早结束其使命。文章通过星上常用气瓶的超高速撞击试验,获取了不同弹丸撞击参数下气瓶器壁的通孔孔径,得到了在弹丸撞击速度为(6.5±0.3)km/s、无防护情况下气瓶器壁的弹道极限,并分析了导致充压气瓶灾难性失效的弹丸直径范围;通过对试验数据拟合,初步建立了弹丸正撞击速度为(6.5±0.3)km/s、无防护情况下气瓶器壁的通孔孔径预测公式,为航天器遭遇空间碎片撞击的风险评估及防护措施制定提供依据。     

小推力空间发动机系统优化分析

基于空间发动机系统质量模型和质心漂移模型，进行了燃烧室压强及气瓶形状优化分析。研究结果表明：①燃烧室压强最佳值为１ＭＰａ，此时发动机系统质量最小；②采用环形气瓶具有优势，发动机系统质量较小，没有质心漂移。     

多源多出复杂压缩空气管网建模及能效分析

针对多源多出的复杂压缩空气管网, 通过分析管网的拓扑结构、压缩空气的压力损失规律以及压力与流量的联动特点,建立了管网矩阵模型,并基于所建数学模型,确定了管网中压缩空气压力和流量间的对应关系.能够根据管网中用气点的流量或压力波动,快速预测出管网中可能出现的压力或流量波动,为准确地用气预测提供了一种解决思路,同时为管网的能效分析奠定了基础.     

利用并联氙气瓶温差补偿航天器质心偏移的可行性研究

在以往航天器研制中,一般通过增加配重的方式对航天器质心偏移进行补偿.这种质心补偿方式占用了运载火箭承载能力资源,降低了航天器的有效承载能力.针对常规质心补偿方式的弱点,利用电推进航天器上氙气高密度填充的特点,提出了一种通过氙气瓶温度控制对航天器质心偏移进行补偿的方法,减少了航天器配重的使用需求.氙气瓶温差对航天器质心偏...     

发动机气瓶热防护产品绝热性能评定研究

通过批抽检热真空试验,能够评定发动机气瓶热防护产品的绝热性能,由于试验设备和试验工艺过程对产品温升会产生巨大影响,依据绝热材料导热系数测试方法,在试验方法不变的条件下,提出新的试验评定要求:稳态过程中产品温升速率。新的产品测试评定要求,能够客观准确的评定产品的隔热性能,排除设备和工艺过程对评定结果的影响。此评定方法也可用于形状不规则、厚度不一致的整件产品绝热性能评定。     

印度的地球资源卫星

说电视摄像管是法国汤姆逊公司为印度专门研制的;星上太阳电池和钛壳氮气瓶是苏联提供的;所有的铝或镁合金材料也是进口的。     

全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜压缩空气除湿性能研究

利用全氟磺酸树脂制备了中空纤维膜,研究了其在真空模式和反吹模式下的压缩空气除湿性能。结果表明,全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜在两种工作模式下都具有良好的除湿性能,工作压力、进气流量、反吹比例、真空度会影响除湿性能。在工作压力0.4MPa、进气流量1L/min真空度5kPa时,产气露点可以达到-39.4℃。     

压缩空气中悬浮油检测采样方法研究

设计了一套压缩空气中悬浮油检测的采样方法,并对该方法的采样时间、采样流量、采样吸收效率等进行了定量化试验和论证,确认了该方法的适用性。     

全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜压缩空气除湿性能研究

利用全氟磺酸树脂制备了中空纤维膜，研究了其在真空模式和反吹模式下的压缩空气除湿性能。结果表明，全氟磺酸树脂中空纤维膜在两种工作模式下都具有良好的除湿性能，工作压力、进气流量、反吹比例、真空度会影响除湿性能。在工作压力0.4MPa、进气流量1L/min真空度5kPa时，产气露点可以达到-39.4℃。     

两相流乳化型细水雾喷嘴雾化特性研究

为了研究消防领域细水雾灭火系统的关键部件--细水雾喷嘴的雾化结构形式,以空气和水为介质,利用马尔文激光粒度分析仪对两相流乳化型细水雾喷嘴的雾化特性进行了详细的研究.分析了该型喷嘴的工作特点,研究了不同供水压力、供气压力及气液比对喷嘴雾化特性的影响,为细水雾灭火系统及其喷嘴的设计方法和检验标准提供了依据.试验结果表明:该结构喷嘴的雾化性能完全满足细水雾灭火系统的性能要求.     

Ground performance of air conditioning and water recycle system for a Space Plant Box.

Researchers from 5 Japanese universities have developed a plant growth facility (Space Plant Box) for seed to seed experiments under microgravity. The breadboard model of the Space Plant Box was fabricated by assembling subsystems developed for microgravity. The subsystems include air conditioning and water recycle system, air circulation system, water and nutrient delivery system, lighting system and plant monitoring system. The air conditioning and water recycle system is simply composed of a single heat exchanger, two fans and hydrophilic fibrous strings. The strings allow water movement from the cooler fin in the Cooling Box to root supporting materials in the Plant Growth Chamber driven by water potential deficit. Relative humidity in the Plant Growth Chamber can be changed over a wide range by controlling the ratio of latent heat exchange to sensible heat exchange on the cooling fin of the heat exchanger. The transpiration rate was successfully measured by circulating air inside the Plant Growth Chamber only. Most water was recycled and a small amount of water needed to be added from the outside. The simple, air conditioning and water recycle system for the Space Plant Box showed good performance through a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growth experiment.     

Water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity

A plant growth system for crop production under microgravity is part of a life supporting system designed for long-duration space missions. A plant growth in soil in space requires the understanding of water movement in soil void spaces under microgravity. Under 1G-force condition, on earth, water movement in porous media is driven by gradients of matric and gravitational potentials. Under microgravity condition, water movement in porous media is supposed to be driven only by a matric potential gradient, but it is still not well understood. We hypothesized that under microgravity water in void spaces of porous media hardly moved comparing in void spaces without obstacles because the concave surfaces of the porous media hindered water movement. The objective of this study was to investigate water movement on the convex surfaces of porous media under microgravity. We conducted parabolic flight experiments that provided 20–25?s of microgravity at the top of a parabolic flight. We observed water movement in void spaces in soil-like porous media made by glass beads and glass spheres (round-bottomed glass flasks) in the different conditions of water injection under microgravity. Without water injection, water did not move much in neither glass beads nor glass spheres. When water was injected during microgravity, water accumulated in contacts between the particles, and the water made thick fluid films on the particles surface. When the water injection was stopped under microgravity, water was held in the contacts between the particles. This study showed that water did not move upward in the void spaces with or without the water injection. In addition, our results suggested that the difficulty of water movement on the convex (i.e. particle surfaces) might result in slower water move in porous media under microgravity than at 1G-force.     

卫星图像零树编码及其效果分析

采用嵌套零树小波编码 (EZW)算法的核心——零树概念和连续逼近量化的思想设计了一个编码器 ,对卫星图像 (小波分解后 )进行压缩实验 ;分析了卫星图像 (小波分解后 )进行零树编码的压缩效果。设计的编码器采用六符号的零树符号集 ,从而把 EZW算法的主过程和副过程合并在一起 ,使得算法流程易于实现。对零树符号流进行无损编码时 ,对比了多种编码方案且未采用适应性算术编码 ,并依据实验结果推荐了较好的无损编码方法。     

Effect of vapor condensation on ascending performance of stratospheric airship

This paper reports a numerical investigation on the effects of water vapor condensing inside the air bag of a stratospheric airship on its ascending performance. The kinetic and thermal model considering vapor condensation was established, based on which a computer program was written in Fortran. The simulation results show that the vapor condensation remarkably affects the kinetic and thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship in the ascent process. During the ascent process below 11 km, a large amount of latent heat is released when the water vapor in the air inside the air bag of the stratospheric airship condenses, which results in the increase of the temperature and the reduction of the weight of the air in the air bag, causing the airship to speed up, the accelerated expansion of the helium, and the decrease of the helium temperature in the helium bag. When the flight altitude is higher than 11 km, the effect of vapor condensation on the kinetic and thermal characteristics of the stratospheric airship is negligible because vapor is virtually nonexistent in the air.     

不同粒径组合对植物栽培基质容重及孔性和水吸力的影响

研究粒径对栽培基质容重、孔性和水吸力的影响，以便为空间植物培养提供栽培基质。采用4种基质，即Profile基质（P）、黑陶粒（B）、白陶粒（W）和蛭石（V），各基质按照不同粒径（< 1 mm，1~2 mm，2~3 mm）组成设置了10种组合（体积百分比），研究测试不同粒径组合基质的基本理化特性、容重、孔性和水吸力。P和B基质的容重约0.70 g·cm–3。P基质含有较多矿质养分离子；增加小粒径基质颗粒占比，不同组合基质的容重、总孔隙度和持水孔隙度均显著增加，但通气孔隙度下降；在10种不同基质组合中，P7（40-60-0）、B8（10-70-20）和W4（10-60-30）分别具有最高的总孔隙度，P8（10-70-20），B1（20-50-30）和W8（10-70-20）具有最高的气水比，P3（50-50-0），B3（50-50-0）和W3（50-50-0）具有最高吸附水量；4种基质的平均总孔隙度和吸水量大小顺序为V>P>B>W。因此，P3（50-50-0）基质和B7（40-60-0）基质具有适中的容重、良好的孔性和较高的水吸力，适用于空间植物栽培。      

微重力水电解槽两相热流动与水量分配数值模拟

建立了固体聚合物电解槽单体的三维两相流动模型和电解槽系统供水过程模型，对电解槽的供水、两相流动和温度场特性进行模拟仿真，分析放置方式和微重力环境等因素对其工作性能的影响.电解槽单体的数值模拟结果表明，在微重力条件下或者水平放置时，其内部速度场和温度场都分布均匀.但是采用竖直放置且水平供水方式时，电解生成的氧气在电解槽上部聚集，出现局部缺水现象.对电解槽系统供水过程的数值模拟结果表明，无论在地面还是微重力条件下，电解槽系统的水量分配都是不均匀的.水平放置时，电解槽系统内的电解槽单体进出口水量从底部至顶部先减少后增加；在竖直放置或微重力条件下，水量从其底部至顶部持续增加.      

Water vapor in the stratosphere: Preliminary results of the LIMS experiment aboard NiMBUS 7

The validation status of the LIMS (Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere) measurements in the water vapor channel is presented in a brief form. The agreement with other water vapor data taken in correlative balloon underflights is encouraging for this stage of the processing. Future efforts will be made to resolve remaining discrepancies so that operational reduction can begin. Preliminary maps for atmospheric layers between 50 mb and 1 mb show a fairly smooth water vapor field in the summer hemisphere.     

Time dependent charging of layer clouds in the global electric circuit

There is much observational data consistent with the hypothesis that the ionosphere-earth current density (J_z) in the global electric circuit, which is modulated by both solar activity and thunderstorm activity, affects atmospheric dynamics and cloud cover. One candidate mechanism involves J_z causing the accumulation of space charge on droplets and aerosol particles, that affects the rate of scavenging of the latter, notably those of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) and Ice Forming Nuclei (IFN) (  and ). Space charge is the difference, per unit volume, between total positive and total negative electrical charge that is on droplets, aerosol particles (including the CCN and IFN) and air ions. The cumulative effects of the scavenging in stratiform clouds and aerosol layers in an air mass over the lifetime of the aerosol particles of 1–10 days affects the concentration and size distribution of the CCN, so that in subsequent episodes of cloud formation (including deep convective clouds) there can be effects on droplet size distribution, coagulation, precipitation processes, and even storm dynamics.     

开放空腔壳体入水流场结构及流体动力特征研究

基于混合介质雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,对开放空腔壳体垂直入水运动过程开展了数值研究,得到了压力场、速度场分布,空泡波动、闭合特征,空腔气体涨缩规律,以及流体动力变化规律,并分析了空腔结构在入水运动过程中对流场结构和流体动力的影响。结果表明:液体随气体涨缩同步进出开放端;开放端局部形成波动的压力源和周期性的压力场、速度场分布;入水空泡呈现波动形态,其扩展程度与开放端液体流速相关;空泡内形成气体漩涡,随空腔涨缩往返进出空泡,对空泡闭合具有抑制作用;流体动力呈波动变化规律,频率与气体涨缩频率一致,幅值与气体涨缩程度成正比。开放空腔结构在入水过程中空腔内气体发生涨缩运动,对流场结构和流体动力产生周期性扰动作用,在一定程度上可以减缓冲击、维持空泡及运动的稳定性。