空间尘埃的充电过程及与等离子体参数的关系

考虑了地球附近的彗星、行星环、行星际介质等空间尘埃等离子体环境中尘埃颗粒的充电问题．应用典型的空间尘埃等离子体参数，计算了不同种类的尘埃颗粒，以及不同等离子体成分下等离子体中尘粒的平衡电势，得到了尘埃颗粒的平衡电势与尘埃等离子体成分、温度，及其他等离子体参数之间的相互关系．     

彗星环境中尘埃等离子体的电荷涨落和静电波动

本文分析了尘埃等离子体中尘埃颗粒的带电过程，给出了一套自洽的工流体方程组．运用这组方程研究了尘埃电荷的起伏涨落，得到了非磁化均匀尘埃等离子体中静电波动的色散关系．针对彗星空间环境中尘埃等离子体的特点，讨论了尘埃电荷的涨落对各种静电波动的影响．     

星尘号飞越星尘

在彗星物质所形成的巨大“尘暴”中，美国航宇局的星尘号彗星探测器于北京时间2004年1月3日凌晨3时许近距离飞过“怀尔德—2”彗星，成功收集到彗星喷射出来的尘埃。现在星尘号已经在返回地球的途中了。它将把彗星物质带回地球供科学家进行深入的分析。     

白矮星周围的彗星尘埃

斯皮策空间望远镜最近在一颗名为G29—38的白矮星周围，发现了疑似彗星尘埃的物质，而这颗白矮星早在大约5亿年前就已经死亡了。     

彗星经天

彗星,或称扫帚星,是一种天体,由太阳系外围行星形成后所剩余的物质(如冰冻的气体、冰块、尘埃)组成。彗星质量很小,只有地球质量的几千亿分之一,通常沿着扁平的轨道围绕太阳运行,绕行一周所需的时间由几年至几百万年不等。     

探测彗星与拯救人类（上）

彗星的发现彗星是在扁长的轨道上绕太阳运行的密度很小(大约为空气密度的2×10-17)而呈云雾状的天体,一般由彗核、彗发、彗尾三部分组成。它的外貌和亮度随着它离太阳的远近而发生显著的变化。彗核是由石质和铁质的物体、冰和尘埃质点等物质构成的,它是彗星的实体部分,整个彗星的质量几乎都集中在这里。彗核周围环绕着的云雾状物质称为“彗发”,主要由气体和尘埃组成,能反射太阳的光辉。彗尾由极稀薄的气体和尘埃组成,形状像扫帚,是彗星接近太阳时,在太阳热力和太阳风的作用下形成的。彗星从何而来?有的人认为彗星是某些行星及卫星上的火山…     

海尔—波谱彗星离子尾的间断和波动

给出海尔－波普彗星近日点附近大尺度观测的结果，提出：１９９７年２月１６，１７和１８日海尔－波普彗星等离子尾部分有断尾事件发生。观测时刻的离子尾内物质运动速度约为５０ｋｍ／ｓ；离子尾射线向主层主轴的并扰速度约为０．０８０’／ｓ。１９９７年３月３日海尔－波普彗星离子尾有波动现象发生。波动发生在距离彗星密度中心约１３０＊１０＾４ｋｍ，偏离主轴３０°处，振幅约２０＊１０＾４ｋｍ，其离子束宽度为８＊１０＾４     

探访彗星内部的"深入撞击"探测器

人类对太阳系形成和演化的探索从很早就开始了,特别是对彗星的考察,使人类有望揭开太阳系形成的秘密,因为从彗星上能够找到太阳系形成和演化的线索。彗星由冰、气体和尘埃构成,这些物质来自约45亿年前太阳系形成早期的原始残骸。继美国航宇局(NASA)的“星尘”彗星探测器于2004年1月成功追上怀尔德-2彗星,并拍摄照片和收集其彗尾物质后,     

观看彗星50年

从1947n的大彗星到1997年看到明亮的海尔—波普彗星,我看彗星已经整整50年了。 1947年我到紫金山天文台工作时,那年共发现了14颗彗星,而n彗星是最亮的,可惜北半球很难看到。第二年,19481大彗星出现了,是许多年来,北半球肉眼可见的最亮彗星之一,也是我亲眼看到的第一颗彗星。     

简讯

欧洲空间局批准乔托航天器延续计划欧洲空间局(ESA)最近批准了“乔托航天器延续计划”(GEM),即在1992年乔托航天器将探测“格里格·斯克吉勒鲁普”彗星。今年7月,乔托航天器将擦过地球,借助地球引力,朝格里格彗星飞去,1992年7月10日到达该星。 ESA说,乔托航天器将对格里格彗星进行尘埃分布、尘埃测量和彗星等离子体科学方面的探测。因乔托航天器在1986年3月与哈雷彗星交会时,星上的彩色相机可能因猛烈碰撞而受到严重损坏,所以,无法发回关于格里格彗星的彩色照片。     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.