高硅氧纤维/酚醛泡沫复合材料的结构与性能

以高硅氧短切纤维毡为增强体,分别以酚醛树脂和酚醛泡沫为基体,制备了高硅氧/酚醛与高硅氧/酚醛泡沫两种复合材料,采用红外光谱分析、扫描电镜分析、热失重分析等方法对其结构和性能进行了表征。结果表明,两种材料具有相似的基体化学结构和相近的固化反应温度,均具有良好的耐热性能,性能测试结果表明,复合材料中基体由酚醛树脂变成酚醛泡沫后,力学性能明显降低,同时,密度由1.65 g/cm3降低至0.5 g/cm3,热导率由0.5 W/(m·K)降低至0.09 W/(m·K)。     

碳化温度对C/C复合材料微观结构及热性能的影响

采用CVI PIC工艺制备了四种碳毡增强碳基复合材料(C/C), 其中对三种样品A、B、C在2 500℃进行了一次石墨化处理,样品D未进行石墨化处理。为与900℃碳化对比,研究了1 500℃碳化对复合材料微观结构及热性能的影响。结果表明:碳化温度由900℃提高到1 500℃后,样品A的开孔率下降11. 6% ~13. 5%, 1 000℃的xy向线膨胀系数由1. 75×10-6 /K增大到2. 17×10-6 /K; xy向和z向的800℃热导率分别由65. 07W/(m·K)、45. 98W/(m·K)增大到75. 44W/(m·K)、54. 86W/(m·K);xy向和z向的比热容分别由1. 70kJ/(kg·K)、1. 43kJ/(kg·K)增大到1. 79kJ/(kg·K)、2. 19kJ/(kg·K)。样品B和样品C也表现出基本相同的趋势;随着碳化温度由900℃提高到1 500℃,样品D中微晶尺寸由2nm增大到4nm。     

隔热瓦/SiO2气凝胶复合材料的制备与性能

以莫来石纤维和玄武岩纤维为主要成分,以硅溶胶为黏接剂制备的隔热瓦作为增强体,真空浸渍SiO_2溶胶后经过凝胶、老化和超临界干燥工艺制备隔热瓦/SiO_2气凝胶复合材料,并对材料的微观结构、热稳定性和隔热性能进行了表征。结果表明:由于玄武岩纤维具有更细的直径和含有一定量的红外辐射抑制成分,随着隔热瓦中玄武岩纤维质量分数的增加,复合材料的室温热导率从63 mW/(m·K)降至47 mW/(m·K),在热面600℃持续15 min条件下的背面温度从200℃降至117℃,有效地提高了复合材料的隔热性能;但因玄武岩纤维的使用温度显著低于莫来石纤维,复合材料的高温线收缩率增大,热稳定性有所下降。     

湿热、盐雾和霉菌对氧化铝纳米隔热材料的性能影响

以氧化铝纳米隔热材料为研究对象,开展了湿热、盐雾和霉菌对材料的性能影响研究。结果表明:湿热环境下,密度为0.45 g/cm3的材料室温下热导率由0.031 W/(m·K)增加到0.047 W/(m·K);盐雾环境下,热导率由0.031 W/(m·K)显著增加到0.136 W/(m·K);霉菌环境下,热导率基本保持不变为0.031 W/(m·K)。分析了材料表面与上述环境的相互作用,发展了材料表面防潮技术。经防潮后的氧化铝纳米隔热材料疏水性显著提高,接触角均超过90°。再经贮存环境试验考核,发现材料基本不受湿热、盐雾和霉菌的影响。     

酚醛树脂基泡沫碳材料的烧蚀与隔热性能

为考察纳米孔径的酚醛树脂基泡沫碳材料的烧蚀与隔热性能,以酚醛树脂为碳源,环戊烷为发泡剂,吐温80为表面活性剂,对甲苯磺酸为固化剂,采用发泡固化碳化工艺制备了低密度泡沫碳材料。所制备的泡沫碳材料密度为0. 3 g/cm^3,压缩强度达到了11. 7 MPa。采用LFA457激光导热仪考察了泡沫碳材料在不同温度下(25、200、400、600℃)的导热性能,25℃下热导率为0. 141 W/(m·K),600℃下热导率为0. 344 W/(m·K);通过氧乙炔试验(30 s/60 s)对泡沫碳材料与C/C复合材料在同样的气流条件下隔热性能进行了比较,在材料正面烧蚀峰值温度泡沫碳材料比C/C复合材料高出约400℃的情况下,背面峰值温度比C/C复合材料仍低出150℃;通过氧乙炔试验考察泡沫碳材料的抗烧蚀性能,氧乙炔烧蚀60 s的线烧蚀率为0. 031 mm/s。试验结果证明低密度的泡沫碳材料同时具备优异的隔热与高温抗烧蚀性能。     

超高温刚性隔热材料的制备及性能

针对新型航天飞行器高温隔热(约1 500℃)的迫切需求,开展了超高温刚性隔热材料的制备和性能研究。采用陶瓷纤维和无机粘结剂,经过湿法抽滤成型、高温热处理等工艺制备了刚性隔热材料。对材料的微观结构、热物理和力学性能进行了表征、测试。结果表明:纤维有效粘结在一起;通过改变纤维和粘结剂的比例,可以调节材料性能;热导率、力学性能与密度近似呈直线关系。材料在1 500℃经1 h处理后线收缩率<2%,密度为0.3～0.5 g/cm3,热导率为0.06～0.09 W/(m.K),压缩强度为0.6～1.2 MPa。     

PICA-X的制备及其炭化前后性能研究

采用不同浓度热塑性酚醛树脂溶液浸渍莫来石纤维毡,经过溶胶-凝胶反应和常压干燥后,制备出酚醛浸渍陶瓷烧蚀体(PICA-X,0.45~0.50 g/cm~3),后研究了其炭化前后微观形貌、力学、隔热及抗氧化性能。结果表明:PICA-X具有莫来石纤维增强酚醛气凝胶复合结构,其弯曲强度为26.7~34.0 MPa,热导率为36~40 m W/(m·K)。经过1 000℃炭化后,C-PICA-X的弯曲强度为13.9~14.5 MPa,热导率为41~45m W/(m·K);PICA-X炭化前后均表现出较好的抗氧化性能。     

具有三维网络结构的莫来石纤维多孔隔热材料的制备及性能研究

本文针对以模压法制备的莫来石纤维隔热材料内部莫来石纤维易形成层状排列的缺点,通过向浆料中引入聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)的方法来增加浆料的黏度,从而提高纤维的悬浮稳定性,进而制备出具有三维网络结构的莫来石纤维隔热材料。研究了CPAM浓度对莫来石纤维多孔隔热材料的显微结构以及各项物理性能的影响规律。试验结果表明,随着CPAM浓度的增加,试样内部纤维的三维搭接结构越发明显,试样的气孔率逐渐增大,密度和热导率随之减小。但样品的强度随着CPAM的加入呈先增大后减小趋势。当CPAM的浓度为质量分数0.62%时,所制备出的样品的密度为0.382g/cm3、热导率为0.069W/(m·K),且强度呈现最大值0.64MPa。     

高致密反应烧结SiC_f/SiC复合材料的微观结构与性能

SiC_f/SiC陶瓷基复合材料是航空发动机热结构部件的关键材料。基于国产KD-II碳化硅纤维,利用反应熔渗工艺制备了高致密的SiC_f/SiC复合材料,研究了其微观结构、常温/高温力学性能、热物理性能和高温长时氧化稳定性。反应熔渗制备的SiC_f/SiC显气孔率仅为1.6%,室温弯曲强度为(521±89)MPa,1200℃高温弯曲强度为(576±22)MPa,呈非脆性断裂特征,具有优异的高温力学稳定性。厚度方向常温热导率高达41.7W/(m·K),1300℃热导率为18.9W/(m·K)。SiC_f/SiC复合材料经1200℃氧化1000h仍保持非脆性断裂特征,弯曲强度为(360±54)MPa,仅下降19%,仍保持非脆性断裂特征。反应烧结制备的SiC_f/SiC复合材料具备优异的耐高温抗氧化性能,有望满足航空发动机热端部件对SiC_f/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的应用需求。     

柔性氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料的制备和性能

以正硅酸乙酯为原料,高硅氧纤维为增强体,采用氨水催化一步法制备了柔性的纤维增强氧化硅气凝胶隔热复合材料。当pH=7时,气凝胶的比表面积最大;水含量增大,比表面积降低;乙醇含量增大,比表面积增大,EtOH/TEOS(摩尔比)大于10以上,比表面积增加不明显,趋于稳定。以比表面积较大的气凝胶作为基体的柔性复合材料常温热导率为0.031 W/(m.K)[纯高硅氧纤维毡为0.044 W/(m.K)]。该柔性隔热材料安装方便,特别适用于大面积、不规则形状的包覆隔热。     

ν-gap度量及其在飞行控制律评估中的应用

 传统控制律评估方法主要用于单输入单输出（SISO）系统，且对模型参数摄动考虑不够全面,针对这些不足，研究了ν-gap度量方法。在介绍系统广义稳定裕度相关概念的基础上，给出了ν-gap度量的定义、特点和性质以及近似摄动模型的计算，提出ν-gap度量评估控制律的步骤。实例结果表明，该方法不仅克服了上述传统评估方法的缺陷，而且还有根据所求的各摄动影响情况忽略影响小的元素，以减少计算量及可以找到最坏情况下的参数摄动组合等优点。     

Integrated Entry Guidance for Reusable Launch Vehicle

A method for the implementation of integrated three-degree-of-freedom constrained entry guidance for reusable launch vehicle is presented. Given any feasible entry conditions, terminal area energy management interface conditions, and the reference trajectory generated onboard then, the method can generate a longitudinal guidance profile rapidly, featuring linear quadratic regular method and a proportional-integral-derivative tracking law with time-varying gains, which satisfies all the entry corridor constraints and meets the requirements with high precision. Afterwards, by utilizing special features of crossrange parameter, establishing bank-reversal corridor, and determining bank-reversals according to dynamically adjusted method, the algorithm enables the lateral entry guidance system to fly a wide range of missions and provides reliable and good performance in the presence of significant aerodynamic modeling uncertainty. Fast trajectory guidance profiles and simulations with a reusable launch vehicle model for various missions and aerodynamic uncertain-ties are presented to demonstrate the capacity and reliability of this method.     

基于飞机油箱模型形状特征油量测量切片步长选择方法研究

 在分析飞机数字式油量测量过程中目前广泛使用的切片法油量测量原理的基础上,针对现有的定步长切片法无法得到准确、可靠的燃油质量特性数据库的缺陷,结合对飞机油箱模型形状特征的分析,提出了基于飞机油箱模型形状特征的油量测量切片步长选择方法。此方法包括切片步长整体和局部选择两个过程,整体选择以实现相邻两切片平面所夹油箱模型体积近似相等为目的来确定切片步长,以体现油箱模型截面整体变化规律;局部选择以设计切片平面与截面突变平面重合或尽可能接近的方式,突出油箱截面的局部变化特征。实验结果表明：该切片步长选择方法较定步长方法能够建立更为合理、可靠的燃油质量特性数据库,从而提高了油量测量精度。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

二维翼段颤振的μ控制

 采用超声电机作为作动器来实现含控制面的翼段颤振鲁棒抑制。针对作者设计的二维翼段颤振主动抑制系统，通过理论与实验相结合的方法，建立了考虑沉浮方向阻尼和作动器模型参数不确定性的控制系统模型，设计了μ控制器，并对控制器做了降阶处理。数值仿真和风洞试验表明，μ控制器可有效地抑制颤振的发生，将颤振临界速度提高23.4%。相对于H_∞控制器，μ控制器的控制效果和鲁棒性更好。     

航空发动机管路测量数据分割方法

 为了提高航空发动机管路测量数据的反求建模效率,提出了一种区域增长分割算法。该方法主要是利用管路表面在曲面索引系数映射、主曲率映射、高斯映射上的特性,并基于均值漂移算法和遗传算法提出了区域分割算法中种子区域的选择策略。然后利用区域增长分割方法实现了对管路测量数据的分割。经过仿真和实测数据验证,所提管路分割算法具有较好的分割质量和效率。     

Abnormal Shape Mould Winding

为解决网格化芯模的缠绕问题,本文提出了复合材料面片缠绕机理;接着详细分析了面片缠绕过程中的芯模凹曲面上纤维滑线和架空现象,应用微分几何曲面理论和空间几何理论,提出判据及其解决方案;最后,针对飞机发动机进气道的缠绕成型,编制缠绕控制程序并进行相应的实验,验证了面片缠绕方法的可行性。     

Interfacial Properties Modification of Carbon Fiber/ Polyarylacetylene Composites

This work was dedicated to performing surface oxidation and coating treatments on carbon fibers (CF) and investigating the changes of fiber surface properties after these treatments, including surface composition, relative volume of functional groups, and sur- face topography with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atom force microscopy (AFM) technology. The results show that, after oxidation treatments, interfacial properties between CF and non-polar polyarylacetylene (PAA) resin are remarkably modified by removing weak surface layers and increasing fiber surface roughness. Coating treatment by high char phenolic resin solution after oxida- tion makes interface of CF/PAA composites to be upgraded and the interfacial properties further bettered.     

Thermal Stresses and Cracks During the Growth of Large-sized Sapphire with SAPMAC Method

本文利用有限元法对冷心放肩微量提拉法(SAPMAC)生长大尺寸蓝宝石单晶过程中的热应力进行了模拟计算,应用临界缺陷理论解释了裂纹的萌生与扩展机理。研究表明,晶体内的热应力主要与晶体生长速率,环境温度和结晶取向有关;较大热应力多出现在结晶界面,放肩、收尾以及直径急剧变化等位置;最大热应力总是出现在籽晶与新生晶体的界面附近。裂纹将在临界缺陷位置产生,并在应力作用下沿a或m面扩展。计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,通过晶体生长系统和生长工艺的改进,对晶体的开裂问题得到了有效的抑制。     

Optimization Design System for Composite Structures Based on Grid Technology

To solve the topology optimization of complicated multi-objective continuous/discrete design variables in aircmit structure design, a Parallel Pareto Genetic Algorithm （PPGA） is presented based on grid platform in this paper. In the algorithm, the commercial finite element analysis （FEA） software is integrated as the calculating tool for analyzing the objective functions and the filter of Pareto solution set based on weight information is introduced to deal with the relationships among all objectives. Grid technology is utilized in PPGA to realize the distributed computations and the user interface is developed to realize the job submission and job management locally/remotely. Taking the aero-elastic tailoring of a composite wing for optimization as an example, a set of Pareto solutions are obtained for the decision-maker. The numerical results show that the aileron reversal problem can be solved by adding the limited skin weight in this system. The algorithm can be used to solve complicated topology optimization for composite structures in engineering and the computation efficiency can be improved greatly by using the grid platform that aggregates numerous idle resources.