中国航天软实力与世界航天强国建设（上）

党的十八大胜利闭幕后，我国航天科技工业部门科学地总结了中国航天事业发展的阶段性特征，：肾航天梦与强军梦、中国梦紧密地结合起来，果断提出了建设世界航天强国的宏伟目标，开始打造中国航天事业升级版。2013年1月，中国航天科技集团公司发布《关于加快推动我国成为世界航天强国行动纲领（2013～2020）》，从企业层面明确提出未来一个时期集团公司的战略使命、奋斗目标及推动航天强国建设的指导思想、行动方针、战略举措及行动计划，为后续发展指明了方向。     

中国航天发展的新纪元——纪念《中国的航天》白皮书发表一周年

２０００年１１月２２日，国务院新闻办公室发表了《中国的航天》白皮书，这是中国航天史上一件意义重大、影响深远的事情。《中国的航天》白皮书揭示了我国２１世纪的航天特点，对于巩固和加强中国航天的国际影响和政治地位，对于促进中国航天全面协调发展，加快产业化进程，对于加强全民族的太空意识，增强民族凝聚力，都具有重大而深远的意义。一、空间技术、空间应用、空间科学三位一体长期以来，我国空间技术、空间应用和空间科学一直处于由航天科技工业部门、广大应用部门和空间科学研究部门分别规划、分割管理的局面。航天白皮书首次…     

航天三领域刍议——兼论空间技术优先

介绍了我国航天活动领域三种不同的分类方式,指出了按人造卫星、载人航天和深空探测老三领域分类具有的优缺点,给出了空间技术,空间应用和空间科学新三领域的定义、内涵及三者之间的关系,最后简述了在新三领域中应以空间技术为重点的理由。     

美国航天发展的障碍与对策

美国总统布什2004年1月宣布美国新的太空探索愿景后，美国人文与科学学院邀请本文作者对美国的航天现状、计划和政策进行分析、评估，并对美国的航天发展提出建议，形成了《美国航天政策——挑战与机遇》的分析报告。该报告明确了美国航天计划所面临的挑战和机遇，对现行政策的客观后果给予了特别关注，指明了美国空间科学和探测进程中存在的障碍，并为消除这些障碍、促进美国航天发展提出了建议。本刊摘登此报告的主要内容，供参考。[编者按]     

标准化与空间科学探测

介绍空间科学探测活动的特点与标准化工作情况,提出我国在空间科学探测领域实施标准化工作的思路和顶层构架。     

空间应用项目管理的问题分析与初步思考

正空间站应用领域的重大突破有助于提升我国载人航天事业的影响力,赋予载人航天事业持续发展的不竭动力。本研究在继承载人航天前期优秀做法的基础上,分析了新形势下空间站应用项目管理存在的问题,主动开展应对研究,制定与我国大国地位相适应的,与空间站工程相匹配的科学及应用研究发展目标和管理举措,推动我国空间科学与应用的跨越式发展,服务于国家航天强国发展战略。     

恪守科研诚信准则 推动良好学风建设——致中国航天青年科技工作者倡议书

正弘扬新时代科学家精神,恪守科研诚信准则,推动良好学风建设,是国家创新发展战略的重要组成部分,是建设航天强国的重要基础。为贯彻落实习近平总书记关于突出抓好科学诚信建设重要指示精神,聚力推动"十四五"时期航天学术与科研生态环境建设迈上新台阶,激励和引导广大航天青年科技工作者追求真理、勇攀高峰,加快培育促进航天科技事业健康发展的强大精神动力,中国宇航学会向广大会员和航天青年科技工作者发出如下倡议:一、坚持正确方向,弘扬航天精神,做科研诚信的坚定传承者坚持正确的政治方向、科研导向、价值取向,坚定科技报国,不忘初心、牢记使命,     

《中国航天》2006年1-12期合订本

开展空间科学研究和探测活动是建立创新型国家的重要推动力．对我国航天技术的整体发展具有深远影响和重大意义。为此，国防科学技术工业委员会近日发布了我国《“十一五”空间科学发展规划》。在这份中国政府首次公布的未来空间科学发展蓝图中，载人航天和月球探测工程的实施、实践10号返回式空间科学实验卫星的发射等空间技术项目．因其将为我国空间科学的起飞奠定坚实的基础．而成为引人关注的焦点。     

欧美航天合作

欧美科技合作源远流长,但航天领域内的合作则起于本世纪60年代。首先是欧洲的工业强国,如英国、法国、联邦德国和意大利各自与美国NASA建立了联系,其后发展成为美国与整个欧洲之间的航天合作。欧美航天合作是使欧洲具备空间科学和技术能力并在相当短的时间内获得成果的最有效办法。另一方面,NASA开展国际合作也有其科技,经济和政治目的。其科技目的是为     

载人空间站空间科学应用研究

对苏/俄“礼炮号”系列空间实验室/空间站、和平号空间站、美国天空实验室、欧洲空间实验室和国际空间站上开展的空间科学应用情况进行了论述和分析,并重点对空间科学应用实验设备所需的安装空间资源进行了详细分析。同时结合我国科学发展需求,借鉴国外空间站空间科学应用开展情况,提出了将来我国空间站开展空间科学应用应优先发展的方向和需要解决的问题,并给出了我国空间站实验支持结构设计的建议。     

我国航天运输系统60年发展回顾

航天运输系统包括一次性运载火箭、重复使用运载器、轨道转移运载器3个领域,目前一次性运载火箭仍是我国满足进入空间需求的主体。我国运载火箭起步于20世纪60年代,经过半个世纪的发展,共研制了17种运载火箭、9种上面级,具备发射低、中、高不同轨道和不同有效载荷的能力。对我国航天运输系统60年发展历程和主要成就与不足进行了总结。     

The National Space Biomedical Research Institute's education and public outreach program: Working toward a global 21st century space exploration society

Space Exploration educators worldwide are confronting challenges and embracing opportunities to prepare students for the global 21st century workforce. The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), established in 1997 through a NASA competition, is a 12-university consortium dedicated to space life science research and education. NSBRI's Education and Public Outreach Program (EPOP) is advancing the Institute's mission by responding to global educational challenges through activities that: provide teacher professional development; develop curricula that teach students to communicate with their peers across the globe; provide women and minority US populations with greater access to, and awareness of science careers; and promote international science education partnerships.A recent National Research Council (NRC) Space Studies Board Report, America's Future in Space: Aligning the Civil Program with National Needs, acknowledges that “a capable workforce for the 21st century is a key strategic objective for the US space program… (and that) US problems requiring best efforts to understand and resolve…are global in nature and must be addressed through mutual worldwide action”. [1] This sentiment has gained new momentum through a recent National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) report, which recommends that the life of the International Space Station be extended beyond the planned 2016 termination. [2] The two principles of globalization and ISS utility have elevated NSBRI EPOP efforts to design and disseminate science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) educational materials that prepare students for full participation in a globalized, high technology society; promote and provide teacher professional development; create research opportunities for women and underserved populations; and build international educational partnerships.This paper describes select EPOP projects and makes the case for using innovative, emerging information technologies to transfer space exploration knowledge to students, engage educators from across the globe in discourse about science curricula, and foster multimedia collaborations that inform citizens about the benefits of space exploration for life on Earth. Special references are made to educational activities conducted at professional meetings in Austria, Canada, France, China, Greece, Italy, Russia, Scotland and Spain.     

空间天气科学与有效和平利用空间

空间天气科学是一门新兴的前沿交叉科学。文章首先从发展历程、发展现状和发展态势角度对空间天气科学进行了系统介绍,并指出空间天气科学是经济社会发展的"助推器"、助力科技革命的"加速器"和关系空间安全的"倍增器";接着对空间天气科学与有效和平利用空间的关系进行了阐述;最后对我国空间天气科学的发展和对人类的服务前景进行了展望,并给出了制定和实施"国家空间天气十年计划"和"空间天气科学服务和平利用空间国家专项"建议的初步构想。     

烃类推进剂航天动力技术进展与展望未来

为研究烃类推进剂航天动力技术在中国的后续发展和未来应用方向,对比分析煤油、甲烷和丙烷等典型烃类推进剂的物理化学性质和应用特性,简要介绍烃类推进剂航天动力在一次性运载火箭、可重复使用运载器、高性能上面级推进、无毒空间推进和吸气式推进领域的发展动态及应用状况。当前国内外航天动力系统的发展和应用情况表明,以液氧煤油发动机和液氧甲烷发动机为代表的烃类推进剂航天动力将引领未来高性能低成本航天推进系统的发展趋势,依照中国液氧/烃火箭发动机的研制进展和技术水平,以其为核心的新型动力体系在中国未来的天地往返、载人登月和深空探测等多任务适应性方面具有良好应用前景。     

Space activities in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

This paper summarizes the establishment and current development of space activities in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Space activities in Venezuela are focused on the areas of telecommunications, Earth observation and research on the physical properties of the Earth, and have as a primary goal the satisfaction of social needs. Current development of space activities started in 1999 when the new National Constitution recognized the value of outer space as the common heritage of mankind, and the key role of science and technology in promoting human welfare. The Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities (ABAE) was created in 2007. Its legal framework recognizes three key elements that drive its policy: the participation of society, capacity building and human training, and international cooperation. Indeed ongoing international cooperation with partners such as China, India, Brazil and Uruguay has already expanded Venezuelan space capabilities, allowing the country to launch its first telecommunications satellite, Venesat-1 in 2008, to plan the infrastructure development for the design of small satellites, and to train 1195 local professionals in space science, technology and applications. Our analysis shows that Venezuela has the potential to become a space leadership country, promoting the social welfare, integration, and sustainable development of Latin American countries.     

The eagle eyes the dragon in space—A critique

China's space policy and its purpose have become an increasingly contentious subject. This paper critically examines the claims, made by Ashley Tellis, among others, that China has a space strategy decided and coordinated by the Chinese military and dedicated to defeating superior US power locally in an asymmetrical war, and that it is this military space strategy that drives China's single-minded pursuit of space science and technology and the development of China's space programme. To do so, the paper conducts two investigations: into the declining role of the Chinese military in China's foreign and security policy making and its limited influence in formulating China's grand strategy; and the other into the contingent history of China's two space programs, Shenzhou and Chang'e, which have largely been driven by civilian scientist communities, rather than the military. In so doing, I argue that the claims of China's ‘military space strategy’ are over-imaginative and serve a particular political purpose. The social imaginary of a threatening China produced by the US strategic gaze at China in space, I further argue, has dangerous policy implications.     

European space research in support of international partnership

The envisaged future space research programmes, whether in the field of space exploration or Earth observation are becoming more and more technically complicated and so costly that a single nation can hardly afford to realize them. Major non-European space-faring nations, China and India will progressively play an important role besides US, Russia and Japan. The Space Advisory Group of the European Commission recommended that the European Commission supports within Horizon 2020 a comprehensive Robotic Mars-Exploration Programme under European leadership that should become an essential element of a coordinated international space research programme. The International Space Station (ISS) experience shows that cooperative space programmes build links between industries and laboratories from around the world, which then further develop in non-space related activities, with positive impact on the economy and scientific research. Strategies need to be developed to mitigate the gradual increasing risks incurred by climate change. In order to lower their entry barrier to engage in space emerging and developing space nations need to be included in cooperative space programmes. We present the recommendations of the Space Advisory Group of the European Commission concerning Europe's participation to global space endeavours.     

Space debris and the need for space traffic control

This report summarises the presentations which took place at the ‘Space Traffic Control – Is the Space Debris Problem Solvable?’ conference hosted by the Royal Aeronautical Society on the 2nd July 2013. The conference sought to promote discussion over methods to deal with the issue of space debris in particular and speakers included representatives from the European Space Agency, the United Kingdom Space Agency, practitioners and academia. Themes which emerged during the conference included the urgency of the problem of space debris, the need for short-term and long-term solutions, the necessity for the development and implementation of space debris remediation technologies to complement existing mitigation efforts and, last but not least, the wider applications of space traffic control. Regarding the sub-title of the conference, ‘is the space debris problem solvable?’, it would appear from the presentations that while there is the potential for future management of the issue through debris remediation and harmonised mitigation efforts, no comprehensive solutions exist at the time of writing.     

Global partnerships: Expanding the frontiers of space exploration education

Globalization is creating an interdependent space-faring world and new opportunities for international partnerships that strengthen space knowledge development and transfer. These opportunities have been codified in the Global Exploration Strategy, which endorses the “inspirational and educational value of space exploration” [1]. Also, during the 2010 Heads of Space Agencies Summit celebrating the International Academy of Astronautics’ (IAA) 50th Anniversary, space-faring nations from across the globe issued a collective call in support of robust international partnerships to expand the frontiers of space exploration and generate knowledge for improving life on Earth [2].Educators play a unique role in this mission, developing strategic partnerships and sharing best educational practices to (1) further global understanding of the benefits of space exploration for life on Earth and (2) prepare the next generation of scientists required for the 21st Century space workforce. Educational Outreach (EO) programs use evidence-based, measurable outcomes strategies and cutting edge information technologies to transfer space-based science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) knowledge to new audiences; create indigenous materials with cultural resonance for emerging space societies; support teacher professional development; and contribute to workforce development initiatives that inspire and prepare new cohorts of students for space exploration careers. The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM) have sustained a 13-year space science education partnership dedicated to these objectives.This paper briefly describes the design and achievements of NSBRI's educational programs, with special emphasis on those initiatives' involvement with IAA and the International Astronautical Congress (IAC). The IAA Commission 2 Draft Report, Space for Africa, is discussed as a model for developing sustainable partnerships and indigenous programs that support Africa's steady emergence as a global space-faring force. The IAC will provide timely: 2011 South Africa will provide timely feedback to refine that report's strategies for space life sciences education and public engagement in Africa and around the globe.     

Developments in space activities in Poland

Poland has a long-standing tradition in space activities. Polish institutions have participated as co-investigators in almost all European Space Agency (ESA) science projects, as well as on many other missions. However, the first Polish satellite (PW-SAT) was only launched in 2012. Poland was one of the first Eastern European countries to conclude a Cooperation Agreement with ESA in the peaceful use of outer space; it was signed in 1994 and followed by a second in January 2002. Negotiations on Polish membership in the ESA were started in autumn of 2011, and ended in April 2012. Following ratification of the agreement, Poland officially became the 20th Member State of ESA on 19 November 2012. This article examines how Poland is setting its way as a space nation. It describes recent developments in the Polish space programme, including the road to Poland's full membership in the European Space Agency.