镍基单晶高温合金热机械疲劳行为与寿命建模

通过DD6单晶薄壁管试样机械应变控制热机械疲劳(TMF)试验,获取温度交变、相位角以及载荷控制方式对单晶应力应变响应与疲劳寿命的影响规律。结果表明:温度交变会引起明显的应力不对称性并造成额外损伤,导致TMF寿命明显低于最高循环温度的等温疲劳(IF)寿命,并且反相(OP)循环寿命普遍要低于同等载荷的同相(IP)循环,这种寿命变化趋势与应力控制存在明显差异。采用Walker本构模型进行单晶材料在不同TMF循环下的滑移系黏塑性分析,构建单晶TMF损伤与滑移系细观应力应变参量的关联。在此基础上,选取最大Schmid应力、最大滑移剪应变率、滑移剪应变范围、循环Schmid应力比作为损伤参量,建立基于细观参量的TMF寿命模型,其对不同相位、不同载荷控制方式的TMF寿命预测精度均在2倍分散带内。      

小孔对DD6单晶热机械疲劳的影响

通过开展同相（IP）和反相（OP）循环下DD6单晶带孔试样与光滑试样的机械应变控制热机械疲劳（TMF）试验,研究孔边应力集中与温度-应变相位角对裂纹萌生寿命的影响。结果表明:带孔试样裂纹萌生于孔边最大主应力位置,其寿命比相同名义载荷的光滑试样低约一个数量级;带孔试样的OP寿命均短于IP,这与光滑试样寿命趋势一致。结合基于滑移系的黏塑性数值模拟,获取不同试验条件下的单晶应力应变分布特征及其演化规律,并构建单晶TMF损伤与宏细观参量的关联。在此基础上,建立一种能够综合考虑应力集中与相位角影响的单晶TMF寿命模型,对光滑试样与带孔试样IP、OP TMF寿命预测结果基本落在试验寿命的2倍分散带内。      

DD6单晶合金的高温蠕变/疲劳损伤研究

利用高频感应加热的方法对DD6单晶合金的高温蠕变／疲劳损伤性能损伤统一本构方程对其各向异性特点和损伤发展规律进行了有限元数值计算。研究发现，DD6单晶合金的高温蠕变／疲劳性能存在明显的方向性，同时在高温条件下蠕变损伤对试件破坏起重要作用，蠕变与疲劳的交互作用会大大缩短材料的循环寿命。     

一种单晶涡轮叶片热机械疲劳寿命评估方法

针对单晶涡轮叶片热机械疲劳(TMF)问题,围绕单晶涡轮叶片TMF试验,结合单晶变形、损伤理论及数值模拟,建立了一套单晶涡轮叶片TMF寿命评估方法.利用空心气冷涡轮叶片TMF试验系统,对单晶涡轮片考核截面在服役条件下所产生的交变应力场和交变温度场进行模拟,确定了裂纹萌生部位及其TMF寿命.考虑单晶涡轮叶片变形和损伤行为的特征,分别建立了基于滑移系的Walker黏塑性本构模型和基于临界平面的循环损伤累积(CDA)模型.利用上述本构和寿命模型,完成了单晶涡轮叶片TMF试验的数值模拟.结果表明:叶片理论危险点与试验结果一致,且计算寿命基本落在试验寿命的3倍分散带内.      

DD6单晶合金循环蠕变性能研究

采用含与不含气膜孔平板试样,研究了[001]、[011]和[111]晶体取向在980℃不同保载时间和应力条件下的镍基单晶合金DD6的循环蠕变性能。研究发现,DD6单晶合金的高温蠕变疲劳性能存在明显的方向性,试样形状及表面状态是影响单晶合金寿命的重要因素,特别是气膜孔的存在显著地降低了材料的循环蠕变寿命;不含气膜孔平板试样蠕变损伤起主要作用,含气膜孔平板试样疲劳损伤起主要作用。同时,在高温条件下,不同保载时间的蠕变和疲劳损伤对试件的破坏起重要作用,蠕变与疲劳的交互作用会大大缩短材料的使用寿命。     

镍基单晶高温合金DD6气膜孔热机械疲劳试验

涡轮冷却叶片气膜孔边存在大应力梯度，且服役时承受交变的机械载荷和热载荷，热机械疲劳（TMF）是其主要失效模式。通过开展带气膜孔和不带气膜孔的薄壁圆管试件TMF试验研究了气膜孔对镍基单晶高温合金TMF寿命的影响。结果表明最大循环应力在300~500 MPa应力范围内，循环应力幅值与镍基单晶高温合金TMF寿命呈现良好的对数线性关系，且气膜孔导致镍基单晶高温合金TMF寿命下降可达82.5%。继而完成了横向取向分别为〈010〉、〈110〉方向的气膜孔模拟件试验，结果表明气膜孔取向为〈110〉时寿命最短，仅为〈010〉取向的40.0%。最后开展了不同制孔工艺下的气膜孔模拟件试验，结果表明激光制孔气膜孔模拟试件寿命仅为电液束制孔气膜孔模拟试件的54.0%。气膜孔模拟件断口分析表明:TMF裂纹均萌生于气膜孔边，源区氧化严重；裂纹沿着大致与气膜孔边垂直的方向扩展。      

TMF本构和寿命模型:从光棒到涡轮叶片

针对空心涡轮叶片，发展了考虑瞬态变温效应的热机械疲劳（TMF）本构模型和寿命预测方法。第一，以某涡轮叶片用定向凝固合金DZ125为对象，开展了光棒、缺口TMF试验，结合已有的高温疲劳试验数据，获得了相位、温度范围、应力集中等因素对TMF寿命影响规律；第二，利用材料微观组织分析手段，揭示了导致光棒和缺口TMF失效的疲劳裂纹萌生机理；第三，借助于Chaboche本构模型，进行了各向异性、变温、蠕变损伤修正，建立了考虑变温效应的循环-蠕变本构模型，实现了DZ125合金拉伸、等温循环、蠕变、疲劳-蠕变以及TMF应力应变响应的统一建模和预测；第四，发展了疲劳-蠕变-氧化损伤累积的TMF寿命模型，利用简单纯疲劳和蠕变基础数据获得了寿命模型参数，并进一步发展了名义应力法预测了缺口模拟件的TMF寿命；最后，以某涡轮叶片为对象，进行了模拟飞行载荷谱条件下的瞬态变形响应计算和叶片TMF寿命预测。     

一种镍基单晶和定向结晶合金的疲劳寿命模型

针对镍基单晶和定向结晶合金的高温低循环疲劳/蠕变寿命预测问题,用晶向函数修正总应变范围以考虑疲劳寿命的各向异性,并综合考虑了最大应力、平均应力、应力范围以及峰值保持等载荷因素对寿命的贡献,在循环损伤累积思想的基础上发展了一种低循环疲劳/蠕变寿命预测方法.利用定向结晶合金DZ125、单晶合金DD3和DD6在不同温度、不同取样方向和不同保载形式作用下的试验结果,对方法进行了验证,预测与试验寿命相比基本落在2倍分散带内,表明该方法能更好地适应叶片材料各向异性与低循环疲劳/蠕变载荷的情况.      

DD6单晶涡轮叶片热机综合疲劳试验研究

针对涡轮叶片考核部位的寿命问题,介绍了DD6单晶涡轮叶片热机疲劳试验方法。通过设计感应线圈进行高频感应加热,实现某一工作状态下涡轮叶片考核截面温度场模拟,同时使用U型铁氧体精细调节温差;通过设计的二位移调节机构控制拉伸载荷,实现涡轮叶片考核截面由离心载荷和气动载荷引起的应力场模拟。在保证内冷空气流量的条件下,进行了DD6单晶涡轮叶片热机疲劳试验,实现了涡轮叶片寿命预测方法的试验验证,同时为工程设计提供了试验依据。     

单晶高温疲劳损伤参量的选取与寿命建模

高温疲劳损伤是引起单晶涡轮叶片破坏的主要因素之一。利用不同试验条件下DD6标准试件的低周疲劳和蠕变-疲劳试验结果,结合基于滑移系的黏塑性应力-应变分析,分别研究了晶体取向、应变范围、平均应变以及保载时间等对单晶高温疲劳损伤的影响机制。进而采用滑移剪应变最大的滑移系作为临界滑移系,选取临界滑移系上的最大Schmid应力、最大滑移剪应变率、循环Schmid应力比以及滑移剪应变范围等细观参量作为损伤参量,建立了一种新的基于临界平面的循环损伤累积（CDA）模型。结果表明,该模型对于DD6高温疲劳寿命预测精度基本在3倍分散带内。     

保持时间对涡轮盘材料GH4133合金热机械疲劳性能的影响

通过在热机械循环最高温度处进入不同保持时间, 研究了保持时间对涡轮盘材料GH4133合金热机械疲劳性能及其寿命的影响. 结果表明, 对于不同保持时间,无论是同相位热机械疲劳还是反相位热机械疲劳,材料在温度升高的过程中均呈现循环软化特性,并且随着应变量的增大循环软化速率加快,在温度降低的过程中无明显的循环硬化或循环软化;而保持时间对同相位热机械疲劳寿命影响较为显著, 而对反相位热机械疲劳寿命几乎没有影响.     

Out of phase thermal mechanical fatigue investigation of a directionally solidified superalloy DZ125

Out of phase(OP) thermal mechanical fatigue(TMF) behavior of a directionally solidified(DS) superalloy DZ125 was experimentally and numerically studied. Two different temperature conditions, which are 500–1000 °C and 400–900 °C, were considered in the present research.Stress and strain responses as well as fatigue life results were presented and discussed. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) and metallographic analysis were used to study the damage mechanism. An oxidation assisted crack initiation and propagation phenomenon were found to explain the shorted life under TMF cycles. In order to characterize the stress and strain deformations under TMF loadings, a modified Chaboche's constitutive model was applied. Additionally, the TMF life of the material was modeled and predicted by Neu–Sehitoglu damage law with high accuracy.     

Stress-controlled LCF experiments and ratcheting behaviour simulation of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy with [001] orientation

Uniaxial ratcheting behaviour and low cycle fatigue (LCF) failure mechanism of nickel-based single crystal superalloy DD6 with [001] orientation are investigated through the stress-controlled LCF tests with stress ratio of −1. Then the deformation behaviour during the whole-lifetime from the beginning of the experiment to the fracture of the specimen, as well as the fractographic/metallographic morphology, are compared with the strain-controlled LCF experimental results. Through the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, it is shown that the failure characteristics under stress-controlled LCF loading are similar with those under strain-controlled loading. Nevertheless, unlike strain-controlled LCF loading, even under fully reversed cycle loading for stress-controlled LCF, DD6 shows significant ratcheting behaviour due to the tension-compression asymmetry. In addition, the LCF lifetimes under stress control are significantly shorter than the LCF lifetimes under strain control, and the culprit might be the detrimental effect of ratcheting strain on LCF lifetime. Based on these phenomena, an improved crystal plasticity constitutive model on the basis of slip-based Walker constitutive model is developed through modifying the kinematic hardening rule in order to overcome the inaccurate prediction of decelerating stage and stable stage of ratcheting behaviour. Furthermore, combining the continuum damage mechanics, a damage-coupled crystal plasticity constitutive model is proposed to reflect the damage behaviour of DD6 and the accelerating stage of ratcheting behaviour. The simulation results for the stress-controlled LCF deformation behaviour including the whole-lifetime ratcheting behaviour show good agreement with the experimental data.     

In-phase thermal-mechanical fatigue investigation on hollow single crystal turbine blades

Thermal-mechanical fatigue（TMF）is the primary cause of failure of nickel-based single crystal turbine blades.TMF experiments have been performed on the critical section which is subjected to the most serious damage and determined by numerical calculation combined with service failure experience.An experimental system including the loading,heating,air cooling,water cooling,and control subsystems,is constructed to satisfy the TMF experimental requirements.This experimental system can simulate the stress feld,temperature feld,air cooling process,and TMF spectrum on the critical section under service conditions in a laboratory environment.A metal loading device and a new induction coil are developed to achieve the required stress and temperature distributions on the critical section,respectively.TMF experimental results have indicated that cracks initiated at the trailing edge of the suction surface on the critical section.Based on these experiments,life prediction and failure analysis of hollow single crystal turbine blades can be investigated.     

单晶涡轮叶片热机械疲劳试验技术

针对单晶空心气冷涡轮转子叶片的热机械疲劳(TMF)试验要求,建立了涡轮叶片热机械疲劳试验系统,包括加载、加热、气冷、水冷和控制等5个子系统.试验结果表明:该系统能够同时模拟服役条件下单晶涡轮叶片考核截面的应力场、温度场、气冷过程以及应力/温度谱等.利用该试验系统进行了单晶涡轮叶片考核截面的热机械疲劳试验,试验结果再现了涡轮叶片在服役状态下的失效模式.基于上述试验结果可以进行涡轮叶片的寿命预测和失效分析.