GEM-TEPC调研分析及原理研究

为对现有组织等效正比计数器进行改进,使其满足高注量率辐射场测量要求,本实验室拟研制一套基于气体电子倍增技术的宽量程TEPC。对GEM-TEPC工作原理进行研究,并对其国际发展现状进行调研,在传统的TEPC灵敏体积内引入GEM膜取代阳极丝是切实可行的,可降低微型TEPC探测器的加工难度,提高其性能。通过调研总结GEM-TEPC设计关键技术,为本实验室GEM-TEPC的研制奠定了一定基础。     

GEM-TEPC电场模拟及增益分析方法研究

为对现有组织等效正比计数器(TEPC)进行改进,使其满足高注量率辐射场测量,本实验室研制一套基于气体电子倍增技术(GEM)的宽量程TEPC。对GEM-TEPC来说,探测器的增益是其关键指标,施加在GEM电极上的电压、漂移区场强、收集区场强、灵敏区充入气体的成分、气压均影响探测器的有效增益。本工作通过ANSYS程序对GEM-TEPC的电场进行模拟计算,并对利用Garfield程序对其增益特性进行模拟的方法以及增益测量方法进行研究。     

美国即插即用卫星应用对小卫星综合电子发展的启示

随着技术的发展,航空及宇航电子系统已经逐渐告别了长研制周期、长生产周期的模式。经过调研,美国已经开展了即插即用卫星的研制计划。2006年,美国空军研究实验室（AFRL）发起了“即插即用卫星”(PnPSat)计划,旨在研制一个基于即插即用模块化的快速响应卫星平台。即插即用卫星可以快速建造,通过按钮工具流根据任务需求自动生成部件清单,快速甚至自动生产。     

图解世界载人航天发展史(十七)

<正>短期载人空间实验室航天飞机太空实验室短期运行的太空实验室,均是依附在航天飞机轨道器货舱中,借助于轨道器的飞行条件、生活条件、能源条件等实现其太空实验功能的航天器。图为欧洲研制的太空实验室,实验室前边是与轨道器气闸舱和轨道器中舱相通的直径1米的通道,实验室后边安装的是暴露于太空的实验设备。欧洲太空实验室呈圆柱形,长度为6.9米和4.2米两种,依据任务需要进行选配。实验室分核心段和实验段两部分,核心段安装有全部操     

中国载人空间站工程进展

载人航天技术已成为衡量一个国家经济、技术和军事力量以及综合国力的重要标志。2010年,中国载人空间站工程研制工作正式启动。中国将在2020年前后建成和运营近地载人空间站。1中国载人空间站建设总体构想中国载人空间站工程所属航天员系统负责选拔训练航天员乘组;空间实验室系统负责研制天宫-2空间实验室,为空间站研制进行先期技术验证;空间     

图片新闻

JP宇航公司为美国空军空间作战实验室研制的“近太空机动飞行器”（NSMV），详情请见正文。     

复杂产品研制项目标准化效益评估模型

旨在量化计算标准化工作的效益,凸显标准化工作的重要作用.通过分析复杂产品研制项目标准化工作的特点,确定标准化工作权重计算方法,建立了复杂产品研制项目标准化工作项目体系及效益指标体系.深入研究复杂产品研制项目标准化效益评估模型的构建方法,编制总效益调研问卷,收集有关型号标准化工作效果数据,构建了复杂产品研制项目标准化效益评估模型.运用本方法建立了航空领域复杂产品研制项目标准化效益评估模型,并以某型飞机研制项目的真实数据验证了模型的准确度.     

基于石墨烯的量子化霍尔电阻研究综述

电阻作为重要的元器件在电气电子及其他非电领域得到了广泛应用,对其阻值进行准确溯源和量值传递至关重要。相较于实物电阻计量标准,量子化霍尔电阻标准稳定性和准确性更高。目前我国国家/国防量子化霍尔电阻计量基准是基于砷化镓-铝砷化镓异质材料制成的,其对环境温度和外磁场要求高,普通计量实验室难以复现。石墨烯材料的出现为新型量子化霍尔电阻基准/标准的研制提供了可能。本文简述了石墨烯材料的制备方法及其量子化霍尔效应,介绍了石墨烯量子化霍尔效应的国外研究现状,分析了基于石墨烯材料的量子化霍尔电阻标准在研制过程中存在的问题,旨在为我国新型量子化霍尔电阻标准的研制提供参考。     

火箭实验室公司将发顶尖公司卫星

正正在研制"电子"小型运载火箭的新西兰火箭实验室公司与旧金山的顶尖公司签订了为后者发射多颗小卫星的合同。根据合同,顶尖公司将用"电子"火箭从新西兰进行12次发射。发射拟在2016年底启动。要发射的卫星数量和合同额尚未透露。卫星在箭上的具体配置和数量仍有待确定。火箭实验室公司从去年开始在其网站上出售火箭上     

小型氢激射器的性能

小型氢激射器虽已制成,然而研制工作仍在几个研究机构里继续进行。美国喷气推进实验室(JPL)设有专门实验室,致力于新型频率标准的检验、测定、改进和维修等工作。本文发表了两种不同类型的小型氢激射器的一系列测试结果。这些测试工作是由JPL的频率标准实验室完成的。在这些小型激射器中,有一台是样机,是加州Malibu的休斯(Hughes)研究实验室专为美国海军研究实验室研制的。这种激射器用增强Q的办法激起腔体振荡,并备有腔体调谐伺服系统;该伺服系统是由科罗拉多州波尔德的美国国家标准局研制的。本文给出了如下一些数据:输出频率与某些环境参数的关系、阿仑方差和漂移。休斯研究实验室所研制的激射器,是美国海军研究实验室(NRL)资助的。NBS研制的无源激射器。则由美国国家航空与宇宙航行局(NASA)及NRL共同资助。     

A model for predicting the radiation exposure for mission planning aboard the international space station

The International Space Station Cosmic Radiation Exposure Model (ISSCREM) has been developed as a possible tool for use in radiation mission planning as based on operational data collected with a tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) aboard the ISS since 2000. It is able to reproduce the observed trapped radiation and galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) contributions to the total dose equivalent to within ±20% and ±10%, respectively, as would be measured by the onboard TEPC at the Zvezda Service Module panel 327 (SM-327). Furthermore, when these contributions are combined, the total dose equivalent that would be measured at this location is estimated to within ±10%. The models incorporated into ISSCREM correlate the GCR dose equivalent rate to the cutoff rigidity magnetic shielding parameter and the trapped radiation dose equivalent rate to atmospheric density inside the South Atlantic Anomaly. The GCR dose equivalent rate is found to vary minimally with altitude and TEPC module location however, due to the statistics and data available, the trapped radiation model could only be developed for the TEPC located at SM-327. Evidence of the variation in trapped radiation dose with detector orientation and the East–West asymmetry were observed at this location.     

An analytical model for the prediction of a micro-dosimeter response function

A rapid analytical procedure for the prediction of a micro-dosimeter response function in low Earth orbit (LEO), correlated with the Space Transportation System (STS, shuttle) Tissue Equivalent Proportional Counter (TEPC) measurements is presented. The analytical model takes into consideration the energy loss straggling and chord length distribution of the detector, and is capable of predicting energy deposition fluctuations in a cylindrical micro-volume of arbitrary aspect ratio (height/diameter) by incoming ions through both direct and indirect (δ ray) events. At any designated (ray traced) target point within the vehicle, the model accepts the differential flux spectrum of Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and/or trapped protons at LEO as input. On a desktop PC, the response function of TEPC for each ion in the GCR/trapped field is computed at the average rate of 30 s/ion. The ionizing radiation environment at LEO is represented by O’Neill’s GCR model (2004), covering charged particles in the 1 ? Z ? 28 range. O’Neill’s free space GCR model is coupled with the Langley Research Center (LaRC) angular dependent geomagnetic cutoff model to compute the transmission coefficient in LEO. The trapped proton environment is represented by a LaRC developed time dependent procedure which couples the AP8MIN/AP8MAX, Deep River Neutron Monitor (DRNM) and F10.7 solar radio frequency measurements. The albedo neutron environment is represented by the extrapolation of the Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation (AIR) measurements. The charged particle transport calculations correlated with STS 51 and 114 flights are accomplished by using the most recent version (2005) of the LaRC deterministic High charge (Z) and Energy TRaNsport (HZETRN) code. We present the correlations between the TEPC model predictions (response function) and TEPC measured differential/integral spectra in the lineal energy (y) domain for both GCR and trapped protons, with the conclusion that the model correctly accounts for the increase in flux at low y values where energetic ions are the primary contributor. We further discuss that, even with the incorporation of angular dependency in the cutoffs, comparison of the GCR differential/integral flux between STS 51 and 114 TEPC measured data and current calculations indicates that there still exists an underestimation by the simulations at low to mid range y values. This underestimation is partly related the exclusion of the secondary pion particle production from the current version of HZETRN.     

Influence of land surface parameters on the spatio-seasonal land surface temperature regime in rural West Bengal,India

The magnitude and causes of changes in the land surface temperature of rural areas have not been extensively studied. The thermal band of Landsat imagery is taken to extract winter, summer, and monsoon season land surface temperature (LST) and relate it to surface parameters over a 30-year period. From the extracted parameters constructed a prospective surface temperature (PST) model using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines. The Chandrabhaga river basin in West Bengal of the lateritic Rarh Tract at the Chota Nagpur Plateau fringe was chosen as the study area because it is far from urban influences, to avoid the well-known heat island effect. Over the study period, summer and winter average LST increased linearly by 0.085?°C/y and 0.016?°C/y respectively. These results were validated with air temperature (RMSE?=?x and y, respectively). Over time more of the area is in the higher temperature zones, e.g., in April 2011, 4% area exceeded >32°, whereas in 2015 this proportion reached 52%. PST models of all the seasons were moderate to highly correlate (0.57–0.87) with actual LST, showing the value of this model. It also revealed the relative importance of the regional factors. Based on this information factor management is a scientific step to restrict or minimize the temperature rise effect.     

Radiation measured during ISS-Expedition 13 with different dosimeters

Radiation in low Earth orbit (LEO) is mainly composed of galactic cosmic rays (GCR), solar energetic particles and particles in SAA (South Atlantic Anomaly). The biological impact of space radiation to astronauts depends strongly on the particles’ linear energy transfer (LET) and is dominated by high LET radiation. It is important to measure the LET spectrum for the space radiation field and to investigate the influence of radiation on astronauts. At present, the preferred active dosimeters sensitive to all LET are the tissue equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) and the silicon detectors in various configurations; the preferred passive dosimeters are CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs) sensitive to high LET and thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) as well as optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) sensitive to low LET. The TEPC, CR-39 PNTDs, TLDs and OSLDs were used to investigate the radiation field for the ISS mission Expedition 13 (ISS-12S) in LEO. LET spectra and radiation quantities (fluence, absorbed dose, dose equivalent and quality factor) were measured for the space mission with different dosimeters. This paper introduces the role of high LET radiation in radiobiology, the operational principles for the different dosimeters, the LET spectrum method using CR-39 detectors, the method to combine the results measured with TLDs/OSLDs and CR-39 PNTDs, and presents the LET spectra and the radiation quantities measured and combined.     

光纤读出的微光机电振动传感器

针对采用半导体工艺加工的微机械结构对振动进行测量的问题,提出了基微光机电系统(MOEMS)结构并采用光纤读出的振动传感器的设计方案,分析了该传感器的基本测量原理并推导了数学模型.该传感器采用单光纤的读出方式,利用固定于探测器敏感头前端的微结构感受待测物体的振动,通过测量由微结构振动引起的反射光强度的变化,实现对振动的测量.单光纤结构的使用和微结构参数的合理设计,使得该系统与传统的光纤读出系统相比,具有灵敏度高、尺寸小、易于同光纤匹配的特点.应用该系统对压电陶瓷的振动情况进行测量,可探测到0.18nm的位移.      

基于GA-SVM的GNSS-IR土壤湿度反演方法

针对提高大范围土壤湿度测量精度的问题,研究了土壤湿度的全球卫星导航系统干涉测量法（GNSS-IR）,提出了一种基于支持向量机（SVM）的土壤湿度反演模型,利用遗传算法（GA）的自动寻优功能寻找SVM的最佳参数。结果表明,GA-SVM模型在测试集上得到的土壤湿度反演值与实测值的平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）仅为0.69%,最大相对误差（MRE）为1.22%,线性回归方程决定系数达到了0.956 9。进一步与统计回归、粒子群优化的SVM模型（PSO-SVM）及反向传播（BP）神经网络方法进行对比,结果说明:在样本数目有限的情况下,GA-SVM方法更适用于土壤湿度的GNSS-IR技术反演,且反演精度较高,泛化性能良好。      

支持MEMS的CAD/CAE系统结构研究

CAD/CAE技术在MEMS(Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)研究过程中具有非常重要的作用.本文首先介绍了用于MEMS的CAD/CAE技术特点,然后研究了MEMS CAD/CAE系统结构,给出了软件支持工具结构框图,指明了解决其中关键技术的途径.CAD/CAE技术的应用,将提高微型机电系统的设计质量,缩短研制周期,使之及早走向工业化.     

基于树拓扑结构的多联邦系统

多联邦系统的逻辑结构对系统的开发、运行、以及可扩展性有着重要的影响.提出了基于树形拓扑结构的多联邦系统,在此系统中联邦之间通过代理(proxy)相互连接,每个联邦只与上级和下级联邦存在直接的逻辑连接关系,避免了数据传输多通道问题和传输回路等问题.针对实时树拓扑结构分级多联邦系统,提出了利用运行时间框架(RTI,Run-Time Infrastructure)的时间管理机制对系统的时间推进进行同步的策略,通过合理设置时间主控联邦成员和受控联邦成员,源自根联邦的同步信号能够通过树拓扑结构传递到最底层的叶联邦,从而保证了整个系统在时间推进上的同步.最后分析了系统中同步信号的时间延迟,给出了计算时间延迟的公式.该公式显示,系统分级越多,同步信号的时间延迟越大.