Effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of brush-labyrinth seals at various operating conditions

Over the last few decades, the research on the effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of the brush-labyrinth seals is not sufficient. To this end, two kinds of brush-labyrinth seals for the bristle pack element installed upstream of the labyrinth teeth named BSU and installed downstream of the labyrinth teeth called BSD were used to investigate the effect of bristle pack position on the rotordynamic characteristics of the brush-labyrinth seals. Using the numerical model combining the porous medium model and the whirling rotor method, the rotordynamic characteristics of the BSU and BSD at various operating conditions including four kinds of pressure ratios, five kinds of inlet preswirl speeds and four kinds of rotor spinning speeds were conducted. The obtained results show that the effects of operating conditions on rotordynamic coefficients for the different seal configurations are different. The direct stiffness, cross-coupled stiffness and direct damping of the BSU are lower than those of the BSD. The rotordynamic coefficients of the BSU are more insensitive to the operating conditions variation. From the perspective of the seal stability, the BSU is a better brush-labyrinth seal configuration at high pressure ratio, high positive preswirl or high rotor spinning speed conditions. While in the case of low pressure ratio, low positive preswirl or low rotor spinning speed conditions, the BSD is a better choice.     

涡轮机械转子/密封稳定性研究综述

介绍了流体密封对转子稳定性的影响。阐述了基于体积流模型和流场计算的稳定性分析方法，及利用密封结构设计对转子动态特性进行主动控制的方法，指出了转子／密封稳定性研究的发展趋势：一是发展适应性强的流体流动和转子动力特性分析的数值计算技术，在转子设计阶段进行流体诱导稳定性分析；二是利用密封刚度阻尼特性。改善转子动态特性。     

Effects of tooth bending damage on the leakage performance and rotordynamic coefficients of labyrinth seals

Tooth bending damage resulting from an intense impact by the rotor sometimes occurs in the transient operation. To investigate the influence of after-damage clearance and tooth bending length on the leakage performance and rotordynamic coefficients of labyrinth seals, three tooth bending damages were taken into consideration, including the unbent tooth damage (abbreviated as Unbent), the partial tooth bending damage (abbreviated as Pbent) and the complete tooth bending damage (abbreviated as Cbent). The transient CFD solution was utilized to calculate the leakage flow rates and rotordynamic coefficients of labyrinth seals with clearances of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mm for three tooth bending damages. The obtained result shows that the Unbent tooth damage leaks least while the Pbent tooth bending damage leaks most, and an increase of 6.1% for Cbent tooth bending damage and an increase of 19.4% for Pbent tooth bending damage are discovered at the tooth clearance of 0.6 mm in comparison with the Unbent tooth damage. Compared to the Unbent tooth damage, the effective damping for Pbent tooth bending damage and Cbent tooth bending damage is lower and drops by 9.7%–33.6% and 8.5%–22.6% respectively at the tooth clearance of 0.6 mm, suggesting that Pbent tooth bending damage or Cbent tooth bending damage tends to weaken the seal stability when compared to the Unbent tooth damage.     

Numerical investigation on leakage and rotordynamic performance of the honeycomb seal with swirl-reverse rings

Honeycomb seals are a crucial component to restrict the leakage flow and improve system stability for the turbomachines and aero-engines. In this work, the leakage and rotordynamic performance of honeycomb seals with the Swirl-Reverse Ring(SRR) is predicted by employing the approach of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) and the multifrequency whirling model theory.Numerical results show that the positive preswirl flow and circumferential velocity can be effectively weakened for the honeycomb seal...     

复杂旋翼流场的耦合欧拉-拉格朗日数值方法

针对影响旋翼流场求解精度的关键因素“桨叶复杂近体流动”和“尾迹涡畸变”,结合计算流体力学(CFD)方法和黏性涡方法,发展了一套适合于复杂旋翼涡流场分析的耦合欧拉-拉格朗日数值方法:为捕捉桨尖三维效应、激波等细节流场特征,在桨叶近体区域采用CFD方法对其进行求解;针对高雷诺数旋翼流场中桨尖涡的紧凑结构特点,引入黏性涡方法建立了高分辨率的尾迹求解模型;两计算域间的信息交换采用了集中涡源法和边界修正法.应用所建立的计算方法,以旋翼CFD标准验证试验(Caradonna-Tung旋翼)为算例,对尾迹影响明显的悬停状态进行了数值模拟,通过对比耦合边界处流场特征及桨叶表面压力系数分布,验证了方法的有效性.此外,还从旋翼尾迹捕捉精度、涡量耗散特征及计算时间等方面对不同计算方法进行了对比分析,结果表明耦合方法可充分发挥CFD和黏性涡方法各自的优点,在旋翼流场数值模拟方面具有独特的优势.     

周向非均匀流动引起的转子动力学载荷分析

以轴流涡轮为分析对象,分析了流动沿周向分布不均匀的条件下涡轮转子受到的气动载荷。假设涡轮级内的流动沿周向呈1次谐波形式的余弦函数分布,考虑转子叶片叶顶间隙,利用双耦合激励盘模型描述叶片通道中的流动,采用谐波分析方法求得涡轮转子受到的气动载荷。分析了不同轴向位置处、不同非均匀流动参数的影响,讨论了转子偏心所产生的非均匀流动,给出了非稳态流动条件下的气动载荷。结果表明:1次谐波形式的非均匀流动会产生附加载荷作用于转子,从而影响转子的动力学性能;非稳态不均匀流动会影响附加载荷的大小,但不改变其在动坐标系中的方向。     

旋翼VPM/CFD耦合模型的建立及其在小前进比气动分析中的应用

为了提高旋翼计算流体力学（CFD）流场计算效率及克服其在尾迹捕捉上的不足,将旋翼黏性涡粒子方法（VPM）与CFD分析相结合,建立了一个新的旋翼VPM/CFD耦合气动分析模型。在该模型中,采用VPM分析以实现对旋翼尾迹中黏性涡的高效捕捉而不引入数值耗散,而采用CFD分析用于精确地模拟旋翼桨叶近体区域内复杂的流动现象,同时也为VPM分析提供一个较高精度的涡源模型。至于两者信息交换,则使用集中涡源法将CFD信息传递至VPM分析,而VPM计算得到的尾迹信息则通过边界修正施加至CFD域的远场边界上,从而可以鲁棒地实现CFD域与VPM域的耦合计算。在此基础上,对“Helishape 7A旋翼”小前进比前飞桨-涡干扰（BVI）状态进行了较为深入的气动分析,计算结果表明：与全CFD计算比较,建立的VPM/CFD耦合分析模型可以有效地避免旋翼尾迹区桨尖涡的数值耗散,从而更加可靠地捕捉桨-涡干扰状态下的桨叶非定常气动载荷脉动,同时对于本文算例,计算效率可以提高30%以上。     

基于CFD/CSD耦合的叶轮机叶片失速颤振计算

为了研究叶轮机叶片的失速颤振特性,发展了一种计算流体力学与计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)时域耦合方法。该方法通过每一物理时刻CFD和CSD的循环迭代实现了耦合计算。在CFD分析中,采用鲁棒性较好的空间离散格式AUSM+-UP,并基于延迟脱体涡模型(DDES)模拟了带分离流动。在结构分析中,通过模态法构建了旋转叶片动力学方程并运用杂交多步方法进行求解。以孤立转子Rotor37为例,计算了不同工况下流场总体与细节参数,与实验结果的对比验证了CFD算法的精度。对某转子叶片进行了颤振特性研究,计算所得的广义位移时间响应曲线表明该叶片在近失速工况下会发生失速颤振,其表现形式为一阶弯曲模态发散且各阶模态之间不耦合。分析表明,流场不稳定和非定常效应是引起失速颤振的关键因素,同时折合频率的降低也会导致原本气动弹性稳定的叶片发生失速颤振。     

压气机进气畸变数值模拟技术研究

发展了一种针对进气畸变条件下的风扇/压气机进行性能预估和稳定性分析的计算方法。首先研究了将叶片作用力简化为体积力源项的建模方法,在此基础上开发出一套基于体积力的三维进气畸变数值模拟程序,使用该程序对NASA Rotor 35在均匀进气、进口存在稳态总压畸变及同时存在总压和总温畸变的流场进行了模拟分析。结果表明,该程序获得的压气机特性及参数分布与雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)计算吻合得很好,同时正确地模拟出了压气机转子与上游畸变来流的耦合作用及其对压气机性能和稳定工作裕度的影响。     

A New Single-blade Based Hybrid CFD Method for Hovering and Forward-flight Rotor Computation

A hybrid Euler/full potential/Lagrangian wake method,based on single-blade simulation,for predicting unsteady aerodynamic flow around helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight has been developed.In this method,an Euler solver is used to model the near wake evolution and transonic flow phenomena in the vicinity of the blade,and a full potential equation(FPE) is used to model the isentropic potential flow region far away from the rotor,while the wake effects of other blades and the far wake are incorporated into the flow solution as an induced inflow distribution using a Lagrangian based wake analysis.To further reduce the execution time,the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) solution and rotor wake analysis(including induced velocity up-date) are conducted parallelly,and a load balancing strategy is employed to account for the information exchange between two solvers.By the developed method,several hover and forward-flight cases on Caradonna-Tung and Helishape 7A rotors are per-formed.Good agreements of the loadings on blade surface with available measured data demonstrate the validation of the method.Also,the CPU time required for different computation runs is compared in the paper,and the results show that the pre-sent hybrid method is superior to conventional CFD method in time cost,and will be more efficient with the number of blades increasing.     

A coupling VWM/CFD/CSD method for rotor airload prediction

A coupling fluid-structure method with a combination of viscous wake model(VWM),computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and comprehensive structural dynamics(CSD) modules is developed in this paper for rotor unsteady airload prediction. The hybrid VWM/CFD solver is employed to model the nonlinear aerodynamic phenomena and complicated rotor wake dynamics;the moderate deflection beam theory is implemented to predict the blade structural deformation; the loose coupling strategy based on the ‘delt method' is used to couple the fluid and structure solvers.Several cases of Helishape 7A rotor are performed first to investigate the effect of elastic deformation on airloads. Then, two challenging forward flight conditions of UH-60 A helicopter rotor are investigated, and the simulated results of wake geometry, chordwise pressure distribution and sectional normal force show excellent agreement with available test data; a comparison with traditional CFD/CSD method is also presented to illustrate the efficiency of the developed method.     

直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰状态非定常气弹载荷高精度预估

为准确计算直升机旋翼在复杂的桨-涡干扰(BVI)状态下的气弹载荷,在刚性旋翼计算流体力学方法中引入桨叶弹性变形的影响,建立了一套适合于弹性旋翼BVI状态气动特性分析的计算流体力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)耦合方法.CFD模块对Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)/Euler方程进行求解,并采用双时间法推进和Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型.CSD模块采用中等变形梁假设的有限元模型,通过Newmark-Beta方法求解桨叶运动方程.通过代数变换方法进行桨叶网格变形,并建立一个适于流场/结构信息交换的CFD/CSD耦合方法.在分别验证CFD和CSD模块的有效性的基础上,开展UH-60A直升机旋翼的BVI 状态载荷分析,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比.计算结果表明:相比于旋翼综合分析中的升力线理论和刚性旋翼CFD方法,耦合的CFD/CSD方法可以更准确地预测BVI状态气弹载荷,并有效地模拟桨叶前行侧方位角和后行侧方位角附近的BVI现象,对BVI导致的升力波动幅值和相位的计算结果均与试验值吻合良好.      

转子倾斜对交错式迷宫密封动静特性的影响

建立了交错式迷宫密封数值分析模型,并通过基于微元理论的密封动力特性系数理论识别方法研究了转子倾斜对密封动静特性的影响。结果表明：转子倾斜可降低交错式迷宫密封泄漏量,倾斜角为0.6°时泄漏量降低约2.5%,且进出口压比越大,效果越显著;转子倾斜带来的交错式密封腔室几何形状与齿径向间隙变化使得腔室在周向存在压力分布不均,且随倾斜角增加而增大;密封各腔室对系统稳定性影响规律不同,与交错式迷宫密封腔室的几何特性有关,密封腔室进口靠近转子、出口远离转子的腔室局部出现逆转动方向的速度场,能提高密封系统稳定性,而密封腔室进口远离转子、出口靠近转子的腔室则降低系统稳定性;整个密封段的有效阻尼随倾斜角增大而增大,转子在密封段中心倾斜不会降低交错式迷宫系统的稳定性。     

基于异频扰动和CFD技术的滑动轴承动力特性系数识别方法

目前CFD技术已广泛应用于滑动轴承的数值仿真中,但还存在两个问题,相对于传统的通过求解Reynolds方程获得流体压力场和油膜力的方法,如何通过CFD计算结果来识别得到动力特性系数,以及CFD方法误差有多大。针对这些问题,本文基于同幅异频位移激励技术,同时充分考虑惯性力、刚度、阻尼交叉项等因素给出了一套适用于挤压油膜阻尼器、可倾瓦轴承、固定瓦轴承等多种模型的动力特性识别方法,应用该方法可以一次性识别出油膜的动力特性系数。通过滑动轴承算例与短圆瓦轴承刚度阻尼理论解进行对比,验证了该方法的准确性。     

Dynamic coefficients and stability analysis of a water-lubricated hydrostatic bearing by solving the uncoupled Reynolds equation

This paper concerns the dynamic characteristics of incompressible laminar flow hydrostatic bearings. An improved method based on the mathematical perturbation technique for calculating the stiffness and damping coefficients of hydrostatic bearings is presented; it raises the calculation efficiency by uncoupling the recess flow continuity equations from the solving of the Reynolds equation. The dynamic coefficients of a water-lubricated four-recess hydrostatic bearing are calculated with both the improved method and the conventional method. The comparisons between these two methods validate the effectiveness and correctness of the improved method. Furthermore, the dynamic response and stability characteristics of a rotor supported by the hydrostatic bearing are calculated and compared with experimental results. First, the dynamic responses calculated with the linear and nonlinear bearing dynamic coefficients models show that the linear model is inaccurate if the rotor whirls in a large eccentricity ratio range, owing to the nonlinearity of stiffness and damping. Second, according to the numerical and experimental results, the nonlinearity of bearing stiffness and damping coefficients could induce double rotational frequency component in the unbalance response frequency spectrum. Finally, the numerical results indicate that the stability threshold speed of the bearing increases with eccentricity ratio. The improved method proposed can be used to evaluate the dynamic performance of hydrostatic bearings efficiently, and the bearing characteristics presented could contribute to a better understanding of the performance of water-lubricated hydrostatic bearings.     

基于动量源方法的涵道尾桨CFD分析

本文采用CFD方法分析了悬停状态下涵道尾桨的流场特性。该方法以动量源代替桨叶对流场的作用来分析涵道尾桨的气动特性。即通过编写UDF程序把动量源加入到N-S方程中,建立了一套适合于直升机涵道尾桨流场和气动特性的CFD数值模拟方法。然后利用所建立的数值模拟方法对某个涵道尾桨进行分析,并与试验结果进行对比以验证数值方法的有效性。     

叶尖间隙对跨声速压气机叶片气动阻尼的影响

为了分析叶尖间隙对压气机气动阻尼的影响,基于相位延迟边界条件,建立了跨声速转子的气动阻尼计算模型,研究叶尖间隙对其流场及气动阻尼的影响。计算该转子在设计间隙条件下的气动性能、叶片模态以及颤振边界,和实验数据吻合较好,比较不同叶尖间隙(1.6%,3.2%,5.0%叶尖弦长)的转子气动性能,发现间隙增加使转子效率和压比均有显著的下降;对叶片表面非定常压力研究表明,叶片非定常压力对叶片振动的响应具有强三维特性,同时叶片间相位角(IBPA)和叶尖间隙流对其有显著的影响,由于叶尖间隙增加使叶尖流动的影响加强,导致叶尖区域由于振动造成的一阶谐波压力幅值相对减小,大间隙趋于恶化压力面的稳定性而对吸力面的影响在不同的叶片间相位角时不同;对于气动阻尼,在不同的叶片间相位角区域,叶尖间隙对其影响有显著的差异,甚至会产生截然相反的规律,特别是在设计状态,对于该转子,大间隙提高了叶片最不稳定状态的气动阻尼。     

套齿连接转子简化建模及动力特性分析

在进行转子和整机计算时建立套齿结构接触模型会增加计算量，降低计算效率，直接将套齿结构省略又无法体现其刚 度特性变化对转子动力特性的影响。针对该问题，基于航空发动机单圆柱面套齿连接的结构和力学特征，建立了考虑构件间界面 接触状态的力学特征分析模型，提出了考虑套齿结构刚度随参数变化的简化建模方法，并与套齿接触模型进行了对比分析。建立 了单圆柱面套齿连接结构转子简化模型，开展了相应的转子动力特性试验，对比分析了拧紧力矩对转子模态频率的影响。结果表 明：转子简化模型与试验模型最大计算误差小于5%，证明套齿结构简化建模方法具有较高的可靠性和准确性，可为工程实践中高 效开展含套齿结构转子及整机动力学准确计算分析提供方法与参考。     

压气机转子叶片颤振边界的预测方法

通过发展的基于能量法的颤振数值预测方法得到了压气机转子叶片的颤振边界.将计算结构动力学(CSD)分析得到的叶片表面节点位移插值到耦合面的流体网格点上,并将设计的多层动网格技术应用于计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,实现叶栅振荡作用下的非定常分析,得到叶片表面的非定常气动功以及模态气动阻尼比.以某第一级压气机转子叶片为例,对...     

锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封动力特性分析及抑振机理

应用非定常动网格技术建立了锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封动力特性多频椭圆涡动求解模型,研究了锥形度和涡动频率对孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性与动力特性的影响,分析了锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封的抑振机理。结果表明:锥形间隙增强了孔型阻尼密封的泄漏直通效应,增加了密封泄漏量。在平均间隙相等的情况下,收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封泄漏量小于发散间隙孔型阻尼密封;在同一涡动频率下,刚度系数随着锥形度的增加而增大,阻尼系数随着锥形度的增加而减小;收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的正直接刚度,增加了转子系统的固有频率,发散间隙孔型阻尼密封产生较大的负直接刚度;收敛间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的有效刚度和穿越频率,较小的有效阻尼,发散间隙孔型阻尼密封具有较大的有效阻尼,较小的有效刚度和穿越频率;在锥形间隙孔型阻尼密封结构设计时,需要同时考虑转子系统固有频率和同心度的影响。