Computational study of wing deformation and sting interference effects with the CAE-AVM test case

A modern transonic computational fluid dynamics test case is described in this paper, which is the Aerodynamic Validation Model (AVM) from the Chinese Aeronautical Establishment (CAE). The CAE-AVM is a representation of a modern transonic business jet aircraft with a design Mach number of 0.85. Numerical simulations for the AVM are conducted for two geometries: one baseline geometry, and one geometry that includes the applied model support system of the wind tunnel as well as the deformed wing shape that occurred during wind tunnel testing. The combined influence of wing deformation and model support interference on local and integral aerodynamic features is presented. Comparisons between CFD and experimental results are made; reasons of discrepancy between results from considered cases are analyzed.     

飞翼式客机机翼气动/结构综合优化方法研究

针对目前在飞翼客机机翼优化过程中对气动弹性效应考虑不充分、气动/结构耦合不充分的问题,分别对飞翼客机机翼的CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics,简称CFD）气动模型、平板气动模型和三维板杆模型进行参数化建模,开展了针对飞翼布局客机机翼的气动/结构综合优化设计的研究,搭建了一套基于Kriging模型的前瞻性设计方法,获得了机翼最优的气动外形和结构构型,在有效降低机翼结构重量的同时,显著地减少了气动阻力。在满足精度及效率的前提下,气动子学科选用亚声速偶极子格网法以及基于Euler方程的CFD方法,结构子学科选用有限元分析方法,优化算法采用遗传算法。     

High-speed wind tunnel test of the CAE aerodynamic validation model

For the purpose of establishing and validating aerodynamic performance predictions at transonic Mach numbers, a wind tunnel test was conducted in the High-Speed Tunnel (HST) of the German-Dutch Wind Tunnels. The test article is the aerodynamic validation model from the Chinese Aeronautical Establishment, which is a full-span scale model representation of a business jet aircraft. The wind tunnel test comprised of parallel deployments of balance, pressures, infrared thermography, and model marker measurement techniques. Dedicated investigations with a dummy support were conducted as well, in order to derive and correct for the interference that the support system imposed on the overall model loads. This enabled the establishment of a comprehensive dataset in which the steady overall model loads, the wing load distribution, the state of the wing boundary layer, and the aeroelastic wing shape were quantified for conditions up to and beyond the cruise Mach number of 0.85.     

临界冰形确定方法及其对气动特性影响研究

临界冰形是指在适航规章结冰包线内,每个可用飞行构型下,对飞机操纵性和稳定性影响最严重的冰形,临界冰形分析是飞机适航取证中的重要工作。对临界冰形确定方法,及临界冰形对气动特性的影响进行了研究。发展了基于 CFD 方法计算临界冰形的一般方法,包括临界冰形分析状态、敏感性分析截面确定、结冰参数敏感性分析、临界结冰条件确定、临界冰形确定等。流场计算采用中航工业空气动力研究院气动力计算平台(UNSMB),基于 Jameson 中心格式的有限体积法求解 N-S 方程;水滴撞击特性计算采用 Eulerian 方法求解水滴轨迹运动方程;结冰计算采用经典的 Messinger 热力学模型。选取 CRM 飞机为研究对象,以机翼外翼50%展长处为敏感性分析截面,在典型飞行条件下,分析了结冰对环境温度、水滴直径、飞行速度、飞行迎角等参数的敏感性。利用“几何外形敏感性分析方法”,即通过对比冰形的上下冰角角度和冰角厚度等冰形几何参数来确定最严重冰形,得到了CRM 飞机的临界结冰条件和临界冰形,其中敏感性分析截面在水滴直径为30μm 时上冰角厚度和下冰角厚度最大,冰角最大厚度约41 mm。计算了结冰后的气动性能衰减规律,临界冰形对飞机气动性能影响严重,导致升力降低6.7%~23.8%,阻力增加17%~70.9%。发展了45min 待机临界冰形确定方法,基于几何外形敏感性分析方法进行环境温度、水滴直径、飞行条件等各类参数的结冰敏感性分析,得到飞机的临界结冰条件和临界冰形,对于民用飞机设计和适航取证具有一定的工程应用价值。     

飞翼布局高速风洞尾支干扰试验修正技术研究

飞翼布局飞行器模型往往具有尾部扁平的结构特点,进行高速风洞尾支测力时,尾部需要局部放大,由此带来尾部畸变和尾支杆的气动干扰,直接影响对巡航效率、焦点位置以及配平迎角的预测;另外,飞翼布局飞机为改善隐身特性,取消了平尾和垂尾,侧力和偏航力矩量级比较小,模型尾部的局部变形必然会对飞机横、航向试验数据带来不利影响。本文针对某飞翼布局模型,采用风洞试验和 CFD 数值模拟相结合的手段,通过腹支撑作为辅助支撑的“两步法”获得了尾部畸变及尾支杆的纵、横向支撑干扰影响。研究结果表明：该飞翼布局模型尾部畸变支撑纵、横向支撑干扰修正结果合理、可靠,精准度较高;所建立的试验与 CFD 相结合的研究方法可以用于类似布局的试验数据修正。同时,发展的数值计算方法与风洞试验有很好的一致性,已成功应用于某飞翼布局模型尾部支撑干扰修正,已具备工程使用价值。     

基于代理模型的气动外形优化

探讨了一种将CAD软件、CFD商用软件与代理模型相结合的飞机气动外形优化方法。重点介绍建立气动分析代理模型的过程,这一过程包括确定设计变量及其取值范围、生成试验设计点、建立参数化几何模型、CFD数值计算、提取气动特性和构造代理模型。通过一个简单的机翼气动外形优化算例验证了这种方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于代理模型的大型民机机翼气动优化设计

先进的气动优化设计思想与方法，对于提升大型民机气动与综合性能具有至关重要的意义。探讨了大型民机超临界机翼气动优化设计的基本准则和要点，并结合代理优化算法，提出了一种面向工程应用的多轮次高效全局气动优化设计方法。首先，通过一系列解析函数/翼型/机翼优化测试算例进行了验证。其次，将所提出的方法与人工修型相结合，开展了针对宽体客机超临界机翼的两轮气动优化设计，使其气动性能得到显著改善。最后，采用不同的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程求解器对安装优化机翼的全机巡航构型进行了典型状态的气动性能综合评估。研究结果表明，所提出的代理优化算法具有很高的优化效率、较强的约束处理和全局优化能力；将所发展的基于代理模型的多轮次气动优化设计方法与人工修型相结合，能够获得满足设计要求的气动外形，验证了该方法在大型民机超临界机翼气动设计中的有效性和工程实用性。     

三维机翼的静气动弹性特性数值模拟研究

发展了一种计算流体动力学（CFD）和计算结构动力学（CSD）的耦合计算方法,对三维机翼的静气动弹性进行了数值模拟研究。采用三维欧拉方程为控制方程基于直角网格计算气动力,并耦合结构静平衡方程进行静气动弹性数值模拟,设计了CFD/CSD耦合计算的数据交换的方式。以M6机翼作为算例,进行了机翼静气动弹性的数值模拟,计算结果表明所发展的三维机翼静气动弹性数值模拟方法是合理可行的,并可作为机翼结构优化设计和考虑结构弹性变形影响的气动外形优化设计的基础。     

单通道窄体客机气动力设计技术分析

气动力设计是单通道窄体客机的重大关键技术,对飞机性能影响重大。初步梳理和简要分析窄体客机的气动力设计技术,主要方法是典型机型的实例研究和相关数据统计分析和对比,内容包括机翼气动力设计、增升装置、翼梢小翼、CFD技术应用等。机翼气动力设计分析部分首先概述设计重要性和要求;之后给出典型飞机机翼气动力设计实例及主要参数统计数据,包括翼型、平面形状、飞机性能参数等;列出机翼内段-翼根区域气动设计、短舱-吊挂-机翼一体化设计等设计研究课题并简析。增升装置部分首先分析设计难点和问题,之后统计分析波音737和A320各代机型的增升装置设计,包括前缘后缘增升装置类型和主要参数等。翼梢小翼部分给出融合式小翼、双羽小翼减阻数据和展向升力分布改善图。最后简要介绍了波音公司、空中客车公司和我国CFD技术发展应用情况。     

倾转旋翼机多部件对机翼气动干扰的分析及优化

为研究倾转旋翼机各部件对机翼的气动干扰效应，建立了一套适用于倾转旋翼机流场CFD求解方法，提出并生成了一套由三棱柱/四面体组成的适用于倾转旋翼机多种飞行状态的非结构混合网格系统.以三维Navier-Stokes方程为主控方程，采用动量源方法进行倾转旋翼的模拟，并引入了高效的OpenMP并行加速技术等，提出了一套新型的动量源项添加及搜索方法.计算分析了倾转旋翼机旋翼/机身/短舱对于机翼气动特性的干扰影响，得出了一些对设计有指导意义的结论.采用基于径向基函数（RBF）的代理模型方法，根据机翼不同展向位置的干扰程度对各段翼型配置进行气动优化.优化结果表明:考虑气动干扰作用，在巡航速度下优化后的全机升阻比增长达到了36.78%.      

Gain self-scheduled H_∞ control for morphing aircraft in the wing transition process based on an LPV model

This article investigates gain self-scheduled H 1 robust control system design for a tailless fold- ing-wing morphing aircraft in the wing shape varying process. During the wing morphing phase, the aircraft’s dynamic response will be governed by time-varying aerodynamic forces and moments. Nonlinear dynamic equations of the morphing aircraft are linearized by using Jacobian linearization approach, and a linear parameter varying (LPV) model of the morphing aircraft in wing folding is obtained. A multi-loop controller for the morphing aircraft is formulated to guarantee stability for the wing shape transition process. The proposed controller uses a set of inner-loop gains to provide stability using classical techniques, whereas a gain self-scheduled H 1 outer-loop controller is devised to guarantee a specific level of robust stability and performance for the time-varying dynamics. The closed-loop simulations show that speed and altitude vary slightly during the whole wing folding process, and they converge rapidly after the process ends. This proves that the gain self-scheduled H 1 robust controller can guarantee a satisfactory dynamic performance for the morphing aircraft during the whole wing shape transition process. Finally, the flight control system’s robustness for the wing folding process is verified according to uncertainties of the aerodynamic parameters in the nonlinear model.     

MDO环境下的BWB气动模型及在概念设计中的应用

提出了MDO环境下分析亚音速BWB布局的气动模型建立途径,以升力面理论为基础,修正型阻、波阻与涡升力的影响,来分析非常规布局的气动特性,实现了比传统概念设计方法更高的分析精度和比CFD快得多的计算速度。通过与大展弦比平直机翼和小展弦比三角翼实验数据的对比,验证了分析模型的有效性;并将其应用于一个亚音速BWB布局的概念设计优化过程,实现了基本的气动／结构一体化设计。可靠的分析模型的建立将成为BWB布局飞机多学科设计优化的坚实基础。     

Proportional fuzzy feed-forward architecture control validation by wind tunnel tests of a morphing wing

In aircraft wing design, engineers aim to provide the best possible aerodynamic performance under cruise flight conditions in terms of lift-to-drag ratio. Conventional control sur-faces such as flaps, ailerons, variable wing sweep and spoilers are used to trim the aircraft for other flight conditions. The appearance of the morphing wing concept launched a new challenge in the area of overall wing and aircraft performance improvement during different flight segments by locally altering the flow over the aircraft's wings. This paper describes the development and appli-cation of a control system for an actuation mechanism integrated in a new morphing wing structure. The controlled actuation system includes four similar miniature electromechanical actuators dis-posed in two parallel actuation lines. The experimental model of the morphing wing is based on a full-scale portion of an aircraft wing, which is equipped with an aileron. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible one, being closed to the wing tip; the flexible skin is made of light composite materials. The four actuators are controlled in unison to change the flexible upper surface to improve the flow quality on the upper surface by delaying or advancing the transition point from laminar to turbulent regime. The actuators transform the torque into vertical forces. Their bases are fixed on the wing ribs and their top link arms are attached to supporting plates fixed onto the flex-ible skin with screws. The actuators push or pull the flexible skin using the necessary torque until the desired vertical displacement of each actuator is achieved. The four vertical displacements of the actuators, correlated with the new shape of the wing, are provided by a database obtained through a preliminary aerodynamic optimization for specific flight conditions. The control system is designed to control the positions of the actuators in real time in order to obtain and to maintain the desired shape of the wing for a specified flight condition. The feasibility and effectiveness of the developed control system by use of a proportional fuzzy feed-forward methodology are demon-strated experimentally through bench and wind tunnel tests of the morphing wing model.     

环翼机低速气动特性风洞实验研究

环翼机具有前、后翼,前翼后掠,后翼前掠,机翼在翼尖处连接,形成一个环状结构。为了解环翼的气动特性及环翼的几何参数对环翼机气动特性的影响,本文在低速风洞中对3种不同几何参数环翼飞机进行了纵向及横向测力实验,其中包括前、后翼几何参数改变对气动特性的影响。实验结果表明,与常规飞机相比,环翼机具有如下优点：诱导阻力小,失速特性好,操稳性能易于满足。实验得到的有价值结果,对环翼布局飞机的气动计算和合理设计具有重要意义。     

CFD在概念-初步设计阶段三维气动外形优化中的应用

在飞行器概念-初步设计阶段,建立基于CFD的气动优化链对于提高优化计算的效率具有较好的工程应用价值。使用德国宇航院开发的CPACS数据格式给出飞行器平面形状,结合NURBS翼型参数化方法对飞行器几何外形进行参数化;自动生成计算网格并求解Euler方程数值模拟流场以评估参数化气动外形的气动特性,进而构建响应面模型;使用SQP梯度算法搜索响应面模型以获取满足约束的最优解。以Onera M6机翼为例,对该优化链进行验证。结果表明:在满足约束的条件下,基于CFD的气动优化链能够成功地进行气动外形优化。     

折叠翼变体飞行器非定常气动特性实验研究

折叠翼变体飞行器是一种可以在飞行中改变自身气动外形的新型飞行器。研制出了一种折叠翼变体飞行器的风洞实验模型,在风洞实验中测得了模型不同变体位置下的气动力以及进行变体运动时气动力的动态变化过程,并通过PIV实验手段获得模型周围的流场在变体运动过程中的变化情况。结果表明：在机翼变形过程中,折叠翼模型有明显的非定常气动现象产生,而且折叠变形的速度越大,非定常现象越明显。出现非定常现象的主要原因是变体运动对机翼前缘涡的影响。     

不同外形建模方法对机翼气动特性的影响

飞机设计和制造过程中外形建模方法对飞机气动特性有较大影响。针对一种大型商用飞机机翼外形方案,基于样条曲线曲面理论,以内外翼整体或分段造型、调整曲面特征截面数量等不同方法进行三维外形建模,同时借助CFD数值计算得出巡航状态下各外形的气动参数,对比分析几种建模方法对机翼外形和气动特性的影响,并总结出一些关于飞机机翼外形建模的基本原则,对飞机设计和制造工程有一定参考价值。     

Correction method of airfoil thickness effect in hinge moment calculation of a folding wing

The influences of airfoil thickness on the aerodynamic loading distribution and the hinge moments of folding wing aircraft are presented in this work. The traditional panel method shows deficiencies in the calculation of folding wing’s hinge moments. Thus, a thickness correction strategy for the aerodynamic model with CFD results is proposed, and an aeroelastic flight simulation platform is constructed based on the secondary development of ADAMS. Based on the platform, the developed aerodynamic model is verified, then the flight-folding process of the folding wing aircraft is simulated, and the influences of airfoil thickness on the results are investigated. Results show that the developed aerodynamic model can effectively describe the thickness effect of the folding wing. Airfoil thickness, which cannot be considered by the panel method, has a great influence on the hinge moments during the folding process, and the thickness correction has great significance in the calculation of folding wing’s hinge moments.     

连翼机低速气动特性实验研究

连翼机具有前、后机翼,前翼后掠上反,后翼前掠下反;后翼在前翼展60％～100％之间与前翼相连。其前视图和俯视图均构成菱形。在低速风洞中对连翼机进行了纵向及横向测力实验,其中包括前、后翼几何参数改变对气动特性的影响。实验表明,与常规飞机相比连翼机具有如下优点:诱导阻力小,升阻比大且具有较好的失速特性。改变连翼机前翼上反角和后翼下反角对纵向气动特性影响不大,对横向气动特性有明显影响。减小前翼外段的后掠角可使俯仰特性得到改善。