毛细管束中层流粘性振荡流强化传热的若干问题

本文是作者从事振荡管流换热研究的总结。研究结果表明:流体在管内作轴向振荡运动时,可以极大地强化轴向的传热。本文给出了计及管壁效应的振荡管流换热的精确解析解,公布了变Pr数的实验结果。在此基础上,讨论了影响振荡管流轴向换热的6个无因次参数的物理含义,并指出其中的某些无因次参数在物理本质上就是傅里叶数的倒数的平方根,这将有利于理解振荡管流换热这种非定常换热过程。由本文的精确解析解,经过简化,可以得到国内外已公布的近似解。实验数据和解析解预言的基本规律符合很好。     

环形浅液池内低Prandtl数流体超临界热毛细对流演化

为研究低Prandtl数（Pr）流体热毛细对流演化过程，对环形浅液池内Pr=0.011的流体热毛细对流进行三维数值模拟.研究发现:当Marangoni数较小时，流动为轴对称稳态流动；当Marangoni数超过某一临界值后，流动失稳并转变为热流体波，其波数随Marangoni数增加而减小，而波动主频增大；随着Marangoni数增加，流动加强，沿周向运动的热流体波演变为沿径向运动的径向波，其波数大大减小；当Marangoni数继续增加时，波动频谱曲线噪声增加，呈广谱特性.因此，在计算范围内热毛细对流的演化过程为:轴对称稳态流动-热流体波-单周期径向波-多周期三维振荡流动.      

Two-dimensional convection in liquid layer related to crystal growth techniques in space

In this paper, the Marangoni convection including buoyancy convection in two-dimensional fluid model was investigated experimentally and theoretically. The transparent liquid in the test cell was heated and cooled under various conditions. The fluid flow driven by surface tension and by buoyancy force was visualized and measured. The flow patterns, velocity distributions and temperature field were obtained and they were compared with the results of the numerical solutions. The effect of the configuration and the convection in microgravity on crystal growth was discussed. The temperature field of the crystallizing surface was predicted.     

热毛细液层非模态稳定性分析

利用非模态稳定性方法研究了亚临界情况下的热毛细液层对初始扰动和外加激励的敏感性.通过瞬态增长函数和反馈函数分别反映流场对初始扰动和外加激励的放大.研究结果表明, 小Prandtl数(Pr)下的亚临界流动对初始扰动和外加激励均十分敏感,最大扰动放大与Reynolds数(Re)的平方近似成正比.在大Pr下,只有回流的亚临界...     

INTERFACIAL MASS TRANSPORT IN OXIDE CRYSTAL GROWTH

A space high temperature in situobservation instrument (SHITISOI) is dedicated to visualize and record the whole growth process of oxide crystal in high temperature melts and solutions. Model experiments using transparent liquids such as KNbO3,Li2B4O7+KNbO3 were chosen to investigate effects of interracial mass transport in oxide crystal growth. For the scaling of the coupled velocity, heat and concentration fields in KNbO3 crystal growth, a rotating crystal growth process was performed and the widths of interfacial concentration, heat and momentum transition zones (The "boundary layers") are obtained, which are 7.5×10-a, 8.6×10-2 and 4.4×10-1 cm,respectively. Hence one can expect that interfacial concentration gradient will be confined to a narrow layer and in region of major concentration change at the in terface. In order to study a mechanism based on the interfacial mass transport resulting from hydrodynamics, the growth of KNbO3 grain in high temperature Li2B4O7 and KNbO3 solutin was studied. The result shows that the pivotal feature in the KNbO3 crystal growth is the initiated by KNbO3 solute surface tension gra dient which is caused by the slow diffusion of KNbO3 solutes. Direct comparison of the model predictions and experimental observed phenomena demonstrate the predictive capability of this model.     

Convective motions in liquid metals for material processings. Numerical simulation of oscillation regimes and effect of rotation

The paper is concerned with the numerical simulation and the analysis of some kinds of flow regimes which can develop in Bridgman and Czochralski systems for material processings. The flows in the liquid phase are investigated considering two-dimensional and axisymmetric models. The time-dependent regimes were studied for a zero-Prandtl-number fluid layer confined inside a two-dimensional cavity of aspect ratio (length-to-height) A=4, involving a stress-free upper surface and submitted to a horizontal temperature gradient. The range of Grashof number was varied up to the conditions at which the flow goes from oscillatory to chaotic type behaviours. The combined influence of the temperature gradients and of the rotations of the crucible and of the seed/crystal was investigated for a Czochralski model. The axisymmetric regimes were studied for a Pr_m=0.015 liquid melt confined inside a cylindrical crucible of aspect ratio (height-to-radius) A_m=2, and coupled to a viscous encapsulant liquid layer (10<Pr_e<1200) of aspect ratio A_e=0.5. A number of steady and (transient) time-dependent flow patterns are identified.     

First results of the growing of PbTe single crystals under microgravity conditions

Two sublimation experiments with PbTe were performed at 850°C and 750°C under microgravity conditions during the “Salyut-6”-“Soyuz-31” mission in 1978. The sublimation took place on the (100)-face of a PbTe crystal. The condensate grown at 850°C shows in the upper part the formation of a pyramidal habit. The bulk consists of parallel growth colums with [100]-boundary faces. The charge carrier concentration of the electrons (N=1,5·10¹⁹ cm^?3) is higher than the homogeniety limit for 800°C should permit. This is in contrast to the result obtained on the PbTe crystal of the parallel experiment on the earth. At 750°C a laminated condensate is grown with a low growth rate. The microphotograph of the substrate shows the beginning whisker formation according to the VLS-mechanism.     

Convection in melts and crystal growth

Convection plays a significant role in determining the electronic properties of semiconductor crystals grown from the melt. Inhomogeneities (doping striations) in these crystals can be caused by unsteady natural convection. Therefore, the origins of unsteady natural convection, which means fluctuating temperatures in a fluid, are investigated in this paper. Several effects have been found at increasing Rayleigh numbers Ra which cause fluctuating temperatures. But it was also observed, that unsteady convection became again steady if Ra was increased to higher values. This effect, which is called relaminarization, is very interesting for crystal growth and is discussed in this paper.     

Strong magnetic field effect on the dissolution process of tetragonal lysozyme crystals.

Either a homogeneous or inhomogeneous magnetic field has been known to dampen the protein crystal growth. To date the mechanism is not clear. However, it was generally proposed that the magnetic field may dampen the convection in the solution, resulting in a reduced crystal growth rate and possibly a good crystal quality, similar to the case of protein crystal growth in space. To understand the mechanism of the magnetic field effect on protein crystal growth, further explorations on the magnetic field effect on protein solution, on the processes of crystal growth and dissolution, and on different crystallization (solution) systems, should be valuable. In this paper we present our recent efforts to study magnetic field effects on the dissolution processes of tetragonal lysozyme crystals under a strong magnetic field. A layer of oriented tetragonal lysozyme crystals was prepared under a temperature gradient and magnetic field, after that the crystals were dissolved by increasing the temperature of the solution. The lysozyme molecules will diffuse upwards due to the steep concentration gradient at the lower side of the cell caused by the dissolution. The evolution of the concentration in the solution was measured in-situ using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The results confirmed that the dissolution process of the crystals was slowed by the magnetic field. Judging from the concentration evolution versus time at different positions in the solution, we concluded that the apparent diffusion coefficient of lysozyme molecules was decreased by the magnetic field. The results were discussed using a suspended crystal model in the initial dissolution stage.     

多级降压调节阀内部流动特性数值模拟

为研究多级降压调节阀内部流动过程和各降压级的压降影响因素及规律,基于Mixture两相流模型和Schnerr-Sauer空化模型的数值计算方法,建立了多级降压调节阀内部流场的计算模型。通过数值模拟计算,获得了调节阀内部的流动特性,分析和探讨不同压差和不同阀门开度下各降压级压降特性。数值计算结果表明:流体流经阀门节流元件时,由于多股流体的强烈掺混和剪切使得阀门内存在大量的漩涡;各降压级的压降存在一定的差异,第3级套筒处的空化程度最大,阀座处更易发生空化;阀门在同一开度下,工质沿各降压级的压降在不同压差下的变化趋势相同;第3降压级的压降随阀门开度的减小而增大,在25%开度下阀门第3降压级的平均压降最大,达到了8 MPa,相同流量下该降压级小孔中工质的速度也增加。研究结果为降压阀的合理设计提供了理论依据和参考价值。      

溶液法制备PVDF薄膜电活性相方法

为了制备具有电活性相的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)薄膜,采用了简单易操作的溶液涂膜方法,并研究了不同前驱体溶液浓度、搅拌时间以及热压工艺对PVDF不同电活性相的晶型结构形成的影响,利用X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)对PVDF薄膜的晶型结构进行分析.结果表明:前驱体溶液浓度7%~10%,搅拌时间2~3h都有利于β相的形成,利用红外光谱,可以计算β相的含量,在前驱体溶液浓度7%,搅拌时间2h时得到最大的β相含量81.3%;热压对PVDF薄膜的晶型结构有很大的影响,经过热压处理的PVDF薄膜中γ相转变成更加致密的β相.      

Annealing of Hg2Cl2 crystals — Project of the experiment

The creep of polycrystalline Hg₂X₂ (where X = Cl, Br, J) under the terrestrial and space conditions is studied in the present experiment. The authors suppose that the creep of the Hg₂X₂ cylindrical sample can be studied by the help of the theory of micropolar (non-Newtonian) fluids. In accordance with this theory we obtain the flux of fluid through any cross-section as functions of the radius, viscosity coefficients, the gradient of pressure and the gravity acceleration. In this paper a comparison of the theoretical results for normal and zero- gravity conditions is given. It is shown that the annealing of materials having a broad region of plasticity under microgravity conditions can lead to great improvement in optical as well as mechanical qualities of the crystal. Technical aspects of the experiment are also described.     

Conditions for the onset of temperature oscillations in a simulated floating-zone configuration

The floating-zone method for crystal growth is studied in simulated low-gravity conditions by suspending a drop of fluid vertically between two circular rods and heating the upper rod with a heater. Flow and temperature oscillations are observed under certain conditions. The temperature oscillation level and the oscillation frequency are measured against the Marangoni number for several aspect ratios using hexadecane and Fluorinert as the test fluids. It is observed that, contrary to what has been believed, the Marangoni number is not the proper parameter to describe the onset of oscillation.     

THE CONVECTIVE EFFECT ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL INSTABILITY OF KNbO3 CRYSTALS

Experimentally, it was observed that there were various morphologies of KNbO3 crystals in different regions of the melt of Li2B4O7 and KNbO3 mixture in Pt loop heater. Dendrites grew in the central area of the melt, the diffusive-advective region,in which the temperature gradient is negligible; whereas crystals with smooth sur face were observed in the marginal area, the diffusive-convective region, with large temperature gradient. Based on the solute concentration over the KNbO3 crystal surface examined by electronic probe analysis, it was proved that the combinative effect of buoyancy and surface tension convection induced by temperature gradient enhanced the homogeneity of the solute concentration around KNbO3 crystals and thus their morphological stability.     

Marangoni and buoyant convection in an open cavity under reduced and under normal gravity

We give the first full analysis of the microgravity experiment MKB ( arangoni onvektion im offenen oot) conducted on board of the space shuttle during the D1-mission in 1985, together with that of some ground based experiments on thermocapillary flow in a rectangular liquid volume with free upper surface. Streamlines and velocity profiles under μ-g and l-g are presented and discussed. Strong thermocapillary flow was observed under μ-g after the rupture of a dirt-film suppressing surface tension forces. The Nusselt-number under microgravity due to thermocapillary flow for Ma = 4.6 · 10⁵ is at least Nu = 6 ± 1. Under l-g a separation of the surface tension driven convection roll of hot fluid circulating on top of colder fluid was found for large Ma. The coupling and decoupling of buoyant and thermocapillary forces has been further studied in an experiment varying the temperature gradient along the free surface independently from that in the bulk fluid.     

Selected examples of profitable applications of remote sensing for resources inventories and monitoring

The Remote Sensing Centre of the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography in Warsaw has been operating since 1976. It has multi-disciplinary character; carries out scientific research, elaborates technologies of remote sensing investigations, applies remote sensing methods for solving various practical problems, coordinates national activities in this field, developes and disseminates remote sensing knowledge at both national and international levels offering various types of specialized training.The authors discuss the role of remote sensing investigations in the process of development planning. Examples of projects executed at the Remote Sensing Centre and concerning topographic and land use mapping, geological investigations, agricultural crop area determination, forest research, environmental monitoring and studies of climatic conditions in urban environment are described and extensively discussed in the paper. The authors emphasize these areas of the application of remote sensing and these interpretation techniques which are of potential interest for the developing countries.     

论赤道扩展F的密度不规则体(Ⅱ)

本文对等离子体中的电子和离子分别采用流体和动力论描述, 导出适于描述夜间赤道F层现象的若干非线性模型。由此证明赤道扩展F小尺度区域可存在大量偶极涡、孤子和孤子链等类型的密度不规则体。      

InSb光学带隙的掺杂调控研究

利用布里奇曼法进行了InAsSb半导体合金的生长,并对其结构、光学及电学特性进行了表征.研究发现,As替位掺杂造成X射线（111）衍射峰略微右移,同时其半高宽明显展宽.基于X射线衍射数据,利用Vegard定律计算出的As组分与能谱测量得到的结果基本吻合.此外,As的掺入使得材料背景载流子浓度略有上升.傅里叶变换红外光谱结果显示,As的替入使得材料带隙明显变小,拟合得到的光学带隙与通过Woolley-Warner经验公式得到的值定性一致.研究结果表明,As掺杂是减小InSb带隙,开拓其面向第二个大气窗口红外探测应用的有效途径.      

三维斜掠后台阶流动数值模拟

介绍了开源计算流体力学软件OpenFOAM(Open Field Operation and Manip-ulation)及面向对象编程技术,并利用其对三维斜掠后台阶流动进行了数值模拟.通过对无斜掠角度情况下用OpenFOAM计算得到的流场速度型和展向涡强度场分布与实验数据的对比研究,证明其具有良好的计算精度和可靠性.通过对不同斜掠角度台阶下游流线与压力分布的详细研究发现随着斜掠角度从0°增加到60,°回流区涡团结构和再附距离均发生了显著变化.其总体趋势是再附距离在30°后会急剧缩小,旋涡强度也会减弱.     

Theory and experimental results on gravitational effects on monocellular algae.

The orientation of a body which has an anisotropic distribution of mass and which is suspended in water is biased by gravitational torque, so that the center of gravity lies below the center of buoyancy. Many species of unicellular swimming algae are gravitationally oriented in this manner. Their axis of propulsion is essentially fixed within their bodies, so that when the cells swim, they swim upwards. Gravitaxis is an exotaxis, which requires no sensory processing. Nevertheless, gravity affects the lives of these cells both individually and collectively. For single cells, gravity intervenes in the execution and mechanism of sense-dependent taxes, such as phototaxis, it provides for fail-safe locomotion toward the upper interface of their habitat, the source of light and air, and it may cause up-accumulation. Populations of single cells, swimming in the presence of gravity, are coupled through fluid-mechanical interactions which cause spatial and temporal patterns of fluid convection and cell concentration. These patterns modify the cell's environmental interactions, by facilitating downward migrations of cell populations, by mixing the embedding fluid and its contents, and by providing a collective mechanism for controlling light intensity at the individual cell level. Summarizing, gravity modulates the interaction of algal cells with each other and with their environment.