一个基于观测的太阳风背景模型

建立由太阳光球磁场和日冕偏振亮度等观测约束的单流体太阳风模型,包括日冕和太阳风的等离子体密度、速度和磁场,温度还有待于以后处理.这里采用高山观测台(HAO)MKⅢ的日冕偏振亮度(pB)在1.36Rs上的观测概图,根据Guhathakurta在1996年发展的日冕电子密度反演模型确定日冕的电子密度分布.同时采用Wilcox太阳观测台(WSO)的光球磁场视向分量的观测概图作为底部边界,根据Zhao等在1994年发展的水平电流-电流片(HCCS)模型得到全球磁场.Phillips在1995年及McComas在2003年分别用Ulysses第一次和第二次跨极飞行的观测发现,归一化到1 AU的太阳风动量流密度除了在10°～30°的纬度范围内略低以外几乎不变.根据这一结论,结合已经得到的密度数据,就可以得到日冕和太阳风的速度.将上面的模型应用于1918卡林顿自转周稳态太阳风的研究,结果与太阳活动极小期的观测基本相符,但是与观测相比较低速高密度区偏大,因此密度模型还有待改进.      

太阳高能电子束通过空间振荡轴向场产生的电磁不稳定性

本文基于太阳高能电子和日冕区开放场及行星际磁场特征，建立了相对论电子束与伴有空间变化（空间周期变化）的轴向场相互作用模型，用数值方法研究了该体系产生的电磁不稳定性，结果指出只有当太阳高能电子束速度和空间振荡场波数大到一定程度时，该体系才可激发在旋电磁模不稳定性，当太阳高能电子束逐一通过日冕和行星际空间时，激发具有波频向低频漂移特征的电磁波．     

高频Alfven波供能的日冕及太阳风模型

空间探测的最新结果表明，太阳大气中广泛存在小尺度喷发事件，这些事件被认为是由新浮现磁通量导致的小尺度磁重联的表现．小尺度磁重联同时会产生高频Alfven波．本文给出了建立在上述思想基础上的描述日冕加热及太阳风加速的时变二元流体模型的一组数值解，显示解的时间演化、收敛特性及守恒特性．在对由过渡区发出的高频Alfven波频谱的适当假设下，数值解能够解释日冕及太阳风等多方面的观测结果，包括日冕加热，极冕洞密度径向变化，太阳风近日冕底部加速，及在03AU观测到的高速流特征．     

“旅行者”飞出太阳系了吗？

2013年北京时间9月13日凌晨，美国航空航天局（NASA）在官网宣布：美国旅行者-1（Voyager 1）正式成为第一个进入星际空间的人造物体。“旅行者”项目首席科学家斯通（Stone）说，“旅行者-1已经离开太阳风层，在宇宙海洋各恒星间遨游。”这个飞行了36年的空间探测器目前距离太阳大约为1.9×1010km（截至2013年9月9日，约126个天文单位，1个天文单位为太阳与地球的平均距离，约1.5×108km）。其实，新的数据显示，旅行者-1已于2012年就进入了星际空间。虽然它仍受太阳引力等影响，但美国权威专家认为进入星际空间是历史性飞跃，其意义堪比麦哲伦第一次环球航行或阿姆斯特朗首次载人登月。     

冕洞发展及其相关地球空间效应的个例分析

利用出现在2003—2004年的一个大冕洞及其相关太阳风、行星际磁场和地磁资料,分析了冕洞自身演化规律以及对太阳风和重现性地磁暴的影响．研究发现,冕洞发展经历了生长期、成熟期和衰减期三个阶段;成熟期,冕洞高速流中的最大太阳风速度和地磁暴平均强度基本维持在同一个水平上;但地磁暴的持续时间和冕洞高速流的持续时间仍有较大变化,该时间长短主要与冕洞穿越太阳赤道部分所横跨的经度相关．     

帕克号:向着太阳进发

<正>据媒体报道,美国宇航局5月31日在芝加哥大学威廉·埃克哈特研究中心宣布,计划于2018年夏天向人类既熟悉又陌生的星球——太阳发射一个高约3米、身穿12厘米厚碳复合保护罩的太阳探测器。这个被命名为"帕克号"的新型探测器将在距离太阳表面600万千米的外大气层轨道上观测日冕等的活动情况。这将是美国宇航局第一个飞入日冕的探测器,也是人类首次使用航天器较近距离地接触和观察太阳,以破解日冕与太阳风等的秘密。     

二维太阳风速度结构与日球电流片

本文分析了第1733—1742Carrington周的太阳耀斑、行星际闪烁(IPS)、太阳风及K-日冕资料,对二维太阳风速度结构进行了综合研究。结果表明:速度的大尺度分布、高速区、速度梯度、经度不均匀性和边界形状等方面相对于太阳赤道面都是不对称的;通过对理想的和实际的电流片以及飞船测量的磁场和速度比较,可以看到电流片附近大体上为低速区,但不存在简单的对应关系;扰动太阳风对背景太阳风的二维速度结构有显著的影响;理想电流片与实际电流片之间也存在较大的差距。      

WSA太阳风经验模型及其应用

Wang-Sheely-Arge （WSA）模型是对准稳态太阳风的经验和物理相结合的描述,其利用观测的日面磁图作为输入,可以提前3到4天预测L1点处的太阳风速度和行星际磁场极性.WSA模型是在WS模型的基础上经过若干改进形成的实时预报模式,之后又借鉴Distance from the Coronal Hole Boundary （DCHB）模型的参数,进一步改进了太阳风速度关系式,形成了目前常见的形式.WSA经验模型由日冕磁场模型、太阳风速度关系式和一维运动学模型三部分组成.在实际应用过程中,基本步骤包括观测磁图预处理、日冕三维磁场反演、计算日冕磁场参数、计算太阳风的速度分布和将太阳风映射到1AU等环节.在发展过程中,WSA模型经历了一些细节上的调整变化,例如观测磁图数据的来源、日冕磁场模型的类型、经验速度关系中自由系数的取值等.许多研究对如何改善模型的预报效果进行了探索.      

ICME期间磁暴的太阳风参数和极光沉降能量

基于1995-2004年ICME驱动的强烈磁暴(SA型)、强磁暴(SB型)和延迟型主相暴(SC型)三种磁暴类型,对1AU处太阳风动压、太阳风速度、行星际磁场、EK-L电场以及极光沉降能量进行时序叠加分析,并分别与-vBz耦合函数和Newell耦合函数进行对比.结果表明,三种磁暴在ICME到达前期的太阳风动压较稳定,背景太阳风、极光沉降能量、行星际磁场和磁层存在相对平静期. ICME到达前期SA型磁暴的背景太阳风速度、行星际磁场南向分量以及极光沉降能量的均值高于另外两种磁暴类型,这说明大型日冕物质抛射在ICME到达前就对行星际磁场、背景太阳风和HP产生了影响.磁暴急始后,SC型磁暴的EK-L电场斜率小,峰值延后且行星际磁场北向分量增强,这些都是磁暴主相延迟的表现,极光沉降能量随着行星际磁场转为南向而增加.     

全晕CME与太阳质子事件的关系

日冕物质抛射（CME）是太阳质子事件的重要源头.CME的速度和源区位置是太阳质子事件产生的重要因素.通过统计最近5年全晕CME与太阳质子事件的关系发现,速度大且源区位置距离日面上连接地球磁力线足点近的全晕CME更易引发太阳质子事件,其中速度大于1200km…-1、角距离60°以内的样本引发太阳质子事件的概率最高.对3个未引发太阳质子事件的高速全晕CME进行了详细分析,发现CME的主体爆发方向和行星际磁场环境的变化也影响太阳质子事件的产生.因此,在太阳质子事件的实际预报中,综合CME爆发速度、源区位置、主体抛射方向和行星际环境等多个因素才能给出更准确的事件预报结果.      

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

应用于毫米波反射计的多项式校准方法

为了在毫米波波段准确测量波导器件的反射系数,提出了一种应用在反射系数测试前端(反射计)中的校准方法.该校准方法采用基于多项式的误差模型,使得每一个误差项的求解都转化成一个求解轨迹圆圆心的问题,同时不影响求解精度.采用一个滑动负载、一个滑动短路和一个短路器,在毫米波波段降低了对标准件理想程度的要求.实验中搭建了一个Ka波段的反射计,图解误差项的求解过程,分析了误差项的物理意义.把校准后的测量结果与商用矢量网络分析仪(VNA,Vector Network Analyzer)进行比较,吻合较好.同样比较了一组W波段反射计对波纹喇叭的测量结果,进一步验证了方法的合理性.