微型扑翼飞行器升力特性研究

为了对微型扑翼飞行器升力机理进行探索性研究,本文利用西北工业大学微型飞行器专用风洞进行了扑动翼频率、风速、迎角、扑动翼弯度对其升力特性影响的研究.并且利用示波器对扑动翼扑动相位角和产生升力大小之间的关系进行了研究.试验结果表明升力特性的研究为微型扑翼飞行器总体设计和气动布局设计提供了一定的工程指导.     

微型扑翼飞行器推力特性试验

通过进行微型扑翼飞行器低速风洞试验,研究了扑动翼展弦比、刚度和弯度对其推力特性的影响.制作了展弦比为2,4.和7以及带弯度与不带弯度的矩形扑动翼,并对三种不同刚度大小的矩形扑动翼进行了结构变形分析;试验风速变化范围从4 m/s到10 m/s,扑动频率从4 Hz到8 Hz.风洞试验结果表明适当的增大扑动翼展弦比或减小扑动翼刚度有助于提高扑翼飞行器的推进效率;而扑动翼翼型弯度的增加不利于推力特性的提高.      

扑翼的变刚度设计及其对升力和推力的影响

为提高扑翼飞行器的升力和推力以提高其飞行性能,运用生物扑翼的仿生原理,研究扑翼飞行器的扑翼升力和扑翼推力随扑翼刚度变化的机理。借鉴"变刚度关节机构和平面转动冗余并联机构通过调节张力改变刚度"这一机构学原理,运用变刚度关节机构相互串联实现扑翼在扑动方向上变刚度,同时运用平面转动冗余并联机构实现扑翼在扭转方向上变刚度。建立扑翼的扑动关节刚度和扭转机构刚度随预张力变化的模型,并通过实验和仿真验证扑翼扑动关节刚度和扭转机构刚度随预张力的变化。研究扑翼的升力和推力与扑翼刚度之间的关系,验证了通过调节扑翼刚度匹配其扑动频率可以提高扑翼的升力和推力。     

扑翼非定常运动对平尾影响及俯仰力矩特性研究

为了研究微型扑翼飞行器尾流对其平尾设计、飞行器稳定性以及飞行控制的影响,选取微型扑翼飞行器ASN-211为原模型,采用将其简化为二维的前后串列翼模型进行具体计算和分析。首先以Fluent动网格技术为背景,在用户自定义函数控制扑翼的非定常运动条件下进行不可压、非定常二维流动的计算,并研究在扑翼非定常运动条件下的模型的俯仰力矩特性。然后通过计算不同来流攻角、扑翼扑动频率、扑翼与平尾间距以及不同力矩中心下扑翼、平尾及总的力矩系数,讨论各个参数对力矩特性的影响。最后得出不同的扑翼扑动频率以及扑翼与平尾间距将会对平尾与扑翼的俯仰力矩间的相位差产生影响,所得结论为扑翼飞机的重心布置设计提供参考。     

微型扑翼仿生“0”字和“8”字型扑动方式气动特性研究

微型扑翼飞行器的气动特性由扑翼的运动规律所决定,为了研究复杂翼梢轨迹对扑翼气动特性的影响,通过对上下扑动、弦向扭转和前后掠动三个自由度的运动设计不同的参数,运用数值模拟方法研究微型扑翼采用仿生"0"字形和"8"字形运动时的气动特性.结果表明:相比于传统的扑动运动,增加了扫掠运动的"0"字形和"8"字形扑动可有效增加升力,特别是"8"字形扑动的增升效果更加显著,但同时也会造成阻力略增,可以通过调整扭转角度来增加推力.本文的研究结果可为复杂运动规律下微型扑翼飞行器设计提供参考.     

仿生三维扑动实验测试系统

为了对微型仿生扑翼进行三维复合扑动时的气动力特性进行试验研究,设计了一种能实现扑翼三自由度同步扑动的综合试验平台,平台具有扑动、俯仰和扫掠三个方向的运动自由度。机翼根部安装有力/力矩传感器,可对扑动过程中机翼所受的三个方向的力和力矩进行实时测量。开发了三维扑动试验测控软件,软件可对三个微型伺服电机进行精确控制从而在机翼上实现任意形式的复合扑动。进行了三维扑动验证试验,试验结果表明,系统可以满足后续风洞试验的测控要求。     

一种非对称折叠扑翼的风洞试验与数值模拟

为了解鸟类翅膀折叠运动的作用,对一个专利中的折叠扑翼机构进行了数学建模,外翼的折叠运动由非定常过程中的气动力、弹性恢复力矩和惯性力决定.利用风洞试验和数值模拟两种方式对该折叠扑翼模型进行了研究.数值模拟和风洞试验结果表明:相对于非折叠扑翼,折叠翼能够有效提高平均升力;在一定范围内增加内翼扑动频率可以提高折叠翼平均升力系...     

扑翼微型飞行器悬停状态的扑动模式设计

依据美国伯克利大学对微型扑翼飞行器空气动力学的研究成果,对翼展处于10~25 mm(翼尖到翼尖)的扑翼微型飞行器的扑动模式进行了研究。设计了一种当飞行器处于悬停状态时,翼的扑动模式,使得飞行器可以通过改变扑动参数的大小来调节扑动力。仿真结果验证了设计方法的合理性。该研究为扑翼微型飞行器的飞行控制研究提供了一种手段和思路。     

三维仿生悬停扑翼的时间非对称扑动气动特性

基于对现有黄蜂飞行观察实验的分析，建立了不同下扑和上挥时间非对称扑动悬停扑翼运动轨迹模型，并采用数值求解三维层流Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程的方法，研究了采用不同下扑和上挥时间比的仿生悬停扑翼气动特性.结果表明采用适当的时间非对称扑动可以增强悬停扑翼的气动性能.进一步通过对不同时间非对称扑动扑翼流场分析得出，采用时间非对称扑动不但可以增强使扑翼产生高升力的旋转环流机制，而且还可以增强扑翼表面涡流和展向流的强度,从而使扑翼具有更好的气动性能.      

微型扑翼飞行器非定常运动对平尾的影响

以西北工业大学自行研制的微型扑翼飞行器ASN211为研究对象,利用其简化的二维扑翼及平尾串列翼模型进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了扑翼俯仰运动及沉浮运动对平尾气动性能的影响。在数值模拟模块中,模型的俯仰运动及沉浮运动由动网格技术实现。通过计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对此非定常流场进行数值计算,重点研究了扑翼非定常运动尾流对平尾气动效率的影响。定常状态与非定常时均条件下平尾升力曲线的对比分析表明,扑翼的非定常运动能够增大平尾的失速迎角及最大升力系数,因而使平尾的失速特性得到改善。     

机翼动态气动特性实验研究

介绍了动态特性风洞实验的技术方案、测试系统和测试软件。对前缘后掠６０°的三角翼在迎角０°～９０°范围内快速上仰时的升力进行了测量。结果表明：机翼快速上仰时,随上仰速率增大最大升力系数增高,即动态升力效应更明显;失速迎角也增大。此外,给出了简缩频率、平均迎角、振荡振幅以及俯仰轴位置等对振荡机翼产生的非定常瞬时力的影响     

Aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics

Natural flyers have extraordinary flight skills and their prominent aerodynamic performance has attracted a lot of attention. However, the aerodynamic mechanism of birds' flapping wing kinematics still lacks in-depth understanding. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics extracted from a free-flying owl wing has been numerically investigated. The overset mesh technique is used to deal with the large range movements of flapping airfoils. The bio-inspired kinematics consist of plunging and pitching movement. A pure sinusoidal motion and a defined motion composed of plunging of sinusoidal motion and pitching of the bio-inspired kinematics are selected for comparison. The other two NACA airfoils are also selected to figure out the advantages of the owl-like airfoil. It is found that the cambered owl-like airfoil can enhance lift during the downstroke. The bio-inspired kinematics have an obvious advantage in lift generation with a presence of higher peak lift and positive lift over a wider proportion of the flapping cycle. Meanwhile, the bio-inspired motion is more economical for a lower power consumption compared with the sinusoidal motion. The sinusoidal flapping motion is better for thrust generation for a higher peak thrust value in both upstroke and downstroke, while the bio-inspired kinematics mainly generate thrust during the downstroke but produce more drag during the upstroke. The defined motion has similar lift performance with the bio-inspired kinematics, while it consumes more energy and generates less thrust. The unsteady flow field around airfoils is also analyzed to explain the corresponding phenomenon. The research in this paper is helpful to understand the flight mechanism of birds and to design a micro air vehicle with higher performance.     

微型扑翼飞行器扑翼/尾翼气动干扰的数值研究

以二维刚性约束条件下的微型扑翼飞行器模型为研究对象,在动网格技术基础上,应用非定常数值分析手段对比分析了单翼/纵列翼布局的气动性能,深入研究了纵列翼缩减频率、扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距、来流攻角对其气动性能的影响.结果表明:①纵列翼尾翼对扑翼产生正效应干扰,相对于单翼布局,扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为0.5倍翼型弦长时的纵列翼布局的推力系数和推进效率分别增加28.7%和5.7%;②缩减频率是影响推力的关键参数,随着缩减频率的增加,脱落涡的强度增加,推力系数增大.对于单翼、纵列翼两种布局模式,当缩减频率在1.0附近时推进效率达到最优;③对于纵列翼布局,在扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为1.1倍翼型弦长时推进效率达到峰值;④在0°~20°来流攻角变化范围内,随着来流攻角的增加,升力系数增加,推力系数减小,当来流攻角大于9°时,两种布局的推力均为负值.      

三角翼作俯仰运动时水洞测力和流动显示实验研究

基于水洞中三角翼模型的动态测力和流动显示实验,讨论了俯仰运动的起始角、运动幅度和运动速率对三角翼俯仰运动时的气动特性和流动结构的影响。三角翼的气动力在俯仰运动中会产生“迟滞”或“过冲”现象。中等攻角以上,上仰运动推迟了三角翼的失速,大幅度增大了三角翼的升力系数。俯仰运动起始角和运动幅度的影响大小与其对应的静态三角翼流态有关,三角翼在涡破裂流态和完全分离流态之间作俯仰运动时,上仰时升力系数将始终高于下俯时的升力系数,运动中存在显著迟滞。迟滞的大小也受俯仰速率的影响。     

三角翼俯仰滚转耦合运动气动特性研究

介绍一套用于３ｍ 低速风洞的俯仰滚转两自由度大振幅非定常实验系统,并利用该系统对—三角翼单独俯仰和滚转及俯仰滚转耦合运动时的非定常气动特性进行了研究。结果表明,飞行器俯仰滚转耦合运动时的气动特性比单独俯仰和滚转时的气动特性复杂得多。     

微型扑翼飞行器的气动建模分析与试验

用计算流体力学的数值模拟方法研究了微扑翼飞行器的扑翼飞行的非定常空气动力学问题。在对昆虫扑翼飞行运动的仿生模拟基础上 ,对实际可飞的微扑翼飞行器的扑翼运动建立了三维翼型的运动学与空气动力学模型。利用任意拉格朗日欧拉 ( ALE)有限元方法求解出 N-S方程的数值解 ,证明简单扑翼布局所提供的升力足以克服微扑翼飞行器本身的重力使其飞行。在此基础上 ,分别计算并分析了拍动幅值、俯仰幅度以及扑翼频率等各种扑翼参数对升力的影响。最后 ,探索性的扑翼风洞试验与飞行试验结果在一定程度上验证了文中计算方法的可行性      

Lift performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by considering surging motion

The flapping motion has a great impact on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings. In this paper, a surging motion is added to an airfoil performing pitching-plunging combined motion to figure out how it influences the lift performance and flow pattern of flapping airfoils. Firstly, the numerical methods are validated by a NACA0012 airfoil pitching case and a NACA0012 airfoil plunging case. Then, the E377m airfoil which has typical geometric characteristics of the bird-like airfoil is selected as the calculation model to study how phase differences φ₁ between surging motion and plunging motion affect the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils. The results show that the airfoil with surging motion has comprehensively better lift performance and thrust performance than the airfoil without surging motion when 15°< φ₁ < 90°. It is demonstrated that surging motion has a powerful ability to improve the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoil by adjusting φ₁. Finally, to further explore how flapping airfoil improves lift performance by considering surging motion, the flapping motions of E377m airfoil with the highest lift coefficient and lift efficiency are obtained through trajectory optimization. The surging motion is removed in the highest lift case and highest lift efficiency case respectively, and the mechanism that surging motion adjusts the aerodynamic force is analyzed in detail by comparing the vortex structure and kinematic parameters. The results of this paper help reveal the aerodynamic mechanism of bird flight and guide the design of Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

扑翼飞行器动力系统建模方法

为快速评估扑翼飞行器的航时,便于针对不同扑动翼进行动力系统设计与优化,逐步减少实物验证与试飞,加快扑翼飞行器的研制,基于实验数据参数辨识的方法建立了包含直流无刷电机、电调（ESC）、锂电池和扑动机构等扑翼飞行器动力系统组件的动态模型,其中电机模型相对误差小于10%,锂电池动态模型相对误差小于6%;提出了一种基于风洞试验气动数据和功率数据的扑动轴瞬时气动载荷半经验高精度建模方法,解决了气动载荷测量较为困难的问题,模型确定系数大于0.89;集成以上模型后的扑翼飞行器仿真系统还包含扑动翼周期平均气动模型、平尾气动模型和纵向控制模型,确保仿真在动态配平状态下进行,可进行全任务剖面航时仿真,航时仿真与实际试飞结果相比误差小于3%。集成的扑翼飞行器仿真系统采用模块化建模思想,各模型参数独立可调,能进一步应用于扑翼飞行器多学科优化等研究。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).