月球原位资源利用技术研究

正月球上含有丰富的能源和矿产资源,太阳能和氦-3等都是地球能源之外的重要补充与额外储备,如能解决月球原位资源的开发与利用技术,则月球对于人类而言,就是一个几乎取之不尽、用之不竭的能源宝库,同时也能够为人类后续建造载人月球基地奠定基础。1引言绕月探测、落月探测、采样返回是人类开展月球探测的初级阶段,自1969年阿波罗-11(Apollo-11)     

国际深空探测技术发展现状及趋势

□□深空探测是人类了解地球、太阳系和宇宙，进而考察、勘探和定居太阳系的第一步。深空探测主要包括月球探测、行星探测、行星际探测和星际探测。 通过深空探测能帮助人类研究太阳系及宇宙的起源、演变和现状，进一步认识地球环境的形成和演变，认识空间现象和地球自然系统之间的关系。从现实和长远来看，对深空的探测和开发具有十分重要的科学和经济意义。 1 深空探测回顾及其现状 深空探测通常包括如下3个不同的阶段：① 搜索；② 勘探；③ 深入研究。 对于不同的星体，人类的探测研究处于不尽相同的研究阶段。现分述如下。 1.1 月球…     

动能侵彻式星壤物性原位触探技术研究进展

动能侵彻式原位探测是一种获取星壤剖面结构、物质成分和物性参数的有效技术手段.综述了星壤剖面动能侵彻式原位探测技术的研究现状和发展趋势,提出了动能侵彻式原位触探的关键技术及其解决途径;结合中国未来深空探测总体规划和关键技术攻关需求,提出了适用于月球、火星及小天体的动能侵彻式原位触探方案,为即将实施的地外天体着陆探测工程立...     

太阳电池阵深空探测适应性设计概论

随着近年来月球探测的推进,深空探测的论证,针对深空探测对太阳电池阵低温度、低光强、强辐射等环境的技术需求,以火星探测和木星探测太阳电池阵设计分析为例,通过任务环境特点分析,给出了特殊服役环境下太阳电池选型方法,方阵设计与验证建议,对国内深空探测太阳电池阵设计具有一定参考意义。     

月球表面水冰的探测和意义

综述了月表水冰的发现，探测技术，水资源的存在形式，分布，资源量，月表水的运移和利用前景，已有的探测表明，月球上的水资源主要分布在两极的永久阴影区内，储量约为66亿吨。月表水冰主要分布于两极永久阴影区中的原因，是月球上的水可以通过弹道式跳跃逐步迁移到温度低的地区所致。本文认为月球上是否存在水对于人类进行月球基地的建设没有根本性的影响，而利用月球玄武岩中钛铁矿的反应来获取水，是更为简便和经济的方法。     

深空探测人工智能技术研究与展望

面对深空探测远距离、极端环境等带来的一系列挑战,人工智能技术将成为以月球/行星驻留科学探测与资源开发利用为主体的未来深空探测任务的研究重点。在总结分析深空探测人工智能技术发展历程与态势的基础上,分析了深空探测人工智能技术的主要特点,并提出了需重点发展的关键技术。     

冷原子干涉技术原理及其在深空探测中的应用展望

简要介绍了基于冷原子干涉技术的陀螺仪与重力仪的特点以及国内外研究现状,重点介绍冷原子制备、冷原子分束、反射以及原子内态探测等冷原子干涉关键技术的基本原理及其实现方法。结合深空探测特点,冷原子干涉技术在深空探测领域潜在的应用有两个方面:一方面可应用于深空探测器在飞行、交互、对接以及着陆过程中的自主导航;另一方面可应用于深空探测器引力助推过程中的重力以及加速度的精密测量。     

美国商业月球探测快速发展分析

正2018年5月3日,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)发表声明,取消"资源勘探者"(RP)月球巡视任务,原计划由该巡视器携带至月球的部分仪器,将改由商业月球着陆器运送。这是NASA在美国新航天政策指导下,广泛联合商业力量实施"重返月球"的重要举措,显示美国借助商业力量实施月球探测的步伐大幅加快,将对未来月球等深空探测活动发展产生重要影响。     

核动力深空探测器现状及发展研究

深空探测中,由于无法使用太阳能或者太阳能的利用效率太低,需要使用空间核电源。当前用于月球表面、火星表面、木星及以远的飞行任务中的核动力深空探测器,均利用的同位素核源衰变能,包括同位素热源用于温度控制和采用温差发电用于供电。研究中的深空探测核动力应用包括月球基地、载人火星飞行、无人探测、使用核反应堆裂变能等。空间裂变电源的反应堆包括液态金属冷却堆和气冷堆两种方式,前者支持温差、斯特林和布雷顿发电,后者支持布雷顿和磁流体发电。近期开始探索研究核聚变深空探测器。纵观核动力深空探测器的发展历程,同位素电源依然在深空探测中发挥着重要作用,大功率空间核电源结合电推进将成为未来深空探测的重要关注方向。     

创造中的中国月球车

作为登月探测的一个重要实施者，月球探测车是中国月球探测工程中的一个重要项目。月球车自主研究开发的意义在于：它是着陆探测和取回样品的关键工具，是长期实地考察的需要，为未来深空探测奠定技术基础，可大大节省探测成本。     

Inner radiation belt source of helium and heavy hydrogen isotopes

Nuclear interactions between inner zone protons and atoms in the upper atmosphere provide the main source of energetic H and He isotopes nuclei in the radiation belt. This paper reports on the specified calculations of these isotope intensities using various inner zone proton intensity models (AP-8 and SAMPEX/PET PSB97), the atmosphere drift-averaged composition and density model MSIS-90, and cross-sections of the interaction processes from the GNASH nuclear model code. To calculate drift-averaged densities and energy losses of secondaries, the particles were tracked in the geomagnetic field (modelled through IGRF-95) by integrating numerically the equation of the motion. The calculations take into account the kinematics of nuclear interactions along the whole trajectory of trapped proton. The comparison with new data obtained from the experiments on board RESURS-04 and MITA satellites and with data from SAMPEX and CRRES satellites taken during different phases of solar activity shows that the upper atmosphere is a sufficient source for inner zone helium and heavy hydrogen isotopes. The calculation results are energy spectra and angular distributions of light nuclear isotopes in the inner radiation belt that may be used to develop helium inner radiation belt model and to evaluate their contribution to SEU (single event upset) rates.     

Low-thrust transfer to Backflip orbits

The aim of the work is to design a low-thrust transfer from a Low Earth Orbit to a “useful” periodic orbit in the Earth–Moon Circular Restricted Three Body Model (CR3BP). A useful periodic orbit is here intended as one that moves both in the Earth–Moon plane and out of this plane without any requirements of propellant mass. This is achieved by exploiting a particular class of periodic orbits named Backflip orbits, enabled by the CR3BP. The unique characteristics of this class of periodic solutions allow the design of an almost planar transfer from a geocentric orbit and the use of the Backflip intrinsic characteristics to explore the geospace out of the Earth–Moon plane. The main advantage of this approach is that periodic plane changes can be obtained by performing an almost planar transfer. In order to save propellant mass, so as to increase the scientific payload of the mission, a low-powered transfer is considered. This foresees a thrusting phase to gain energy from a departing circular geocentric orbit and a second thrusting phase to match the state of the target Backflip orbit, separated by an intermediate ballistic phase. This results in a combined application of a low-thrust manoeuvre and of a periodical solution in the CR3BP to realize a new class of missions to explore the Earth–Moon neighbourhoods in a quite inexpensive way. In addition, a low-thrust transit between two different Backflip orbits is analyzed and considered as a possible extension of the proposed mission. Thus, also a Backflip-to-Backflip transfer is addressed where a low-powered probe is able to experience periodic excursions above and below the Earth–Moon plane only performing almost planar and very short transfers.     

Maps of hydrogen isotopes at low altitudes in the inner zone from sampex observations

The PET instrument aboard the SAMPEX satellite has provided us with long-term intra-calibrated observations of geomagnetically trapped protons and deuterons in the inner zone, suitable for use in constraining the low-altitude portions of radiation belt models being developed as successors to AP-8. These observations have been summarized elsewhere (Looper et al., 1996). Here we report a detection of geomagnetically-trapped tritium at energies from 14 to 35 MeV/nuc below L = 1.2, at about 1/8 the flux of deuterium previously reported at that location and at similar energy per nucleon. We also demonstrate the utility of the SAMPEX/PET observations for measuring the east-west anisotropy in the trapped particle flux at low altitudes, which is due to displacement of particle gyrocenters from the position of observation in a region of strong flux gradients. This anisotropy is implicitly ignored in omnidirectional radiation-flux models, but it can be important to mission planners considering how to distribute shielding over the surface of oriented spacecraft in low Earth orbit.     

Sources of inner radiation zone energetic helium ions: Cross-field transport versus in-situ nuclear reactions

Radial transport theory for inner radiation zone MeV He ions has been extended by combining radial diffusive transport, losses due to Coulomb friction and charge exchange reaction with local generation of ³He and ⁴He ions due to nuclear reactions taking place on the inner edge of the inner radiation zone. From interactions between high energy trapped protons and upper atmospheric constituents we have included a nuclear reaction yield helium flux source that was numerically derived from a nuclear reaction model originally developed at the Institute of Nuclear Researches of Moscow, Russia and implemented in the computer system at the University of Campinas, Brazil. Magnetospheric transport computations have been made covering the L-shell range L=1.0 to 1.6 and the resulting MeV He ion flux distributions show a strong influence of the local nuclear source mechanism on the inner zone energetic He ion content.     

The sticking probability of a hydrogen atom on icy mantle.

In the present work, we investigate the sticking process of a hydrogen atom on the surface of dust grains. As a realistic model for the icy mantle of dust grains, we produced slab-shaped amorphous water ice with infinite area by classical molecular dynamics (MD) computational simulation using two-dimensional periodic boundary condition. The resulting amorphous water ice slabs at 10 K and 70 K were found to be in good agreement with the experimental high-density and low-density amorphous water ice, respectively. Then, we investigated the dynamical behaviors of an impinging H atom on the surface of it by MD simulations. The sticking probabilities of incident H atoms with several initial temperatures on 10 K and 70 K ice were obtained. It was found that most of H atoms colliding with the 10 K ice stuck on the surface of it. After having stuck, the impinging H atoms diffused on the surface of ice and became trapped in one of potential wells on the surface. The mobility of a H atom on the surface of the amorphous water ice was found to depend only upon the temperature of ice.     

Surface temperatures at the nearside of the Moon as a record of the radiation budget of Earth’s climate system

Understanding the balance between incoming radiation from the Sun and outgoing radiation from Earth is of critical importance in the study of climate change on Earth. As the only natural satellite of Earth, the Moon is a unique platform for the study of the disk-wide radiation budget of Earth. There are no complications from atmosphere, hydrosphere, or biosphere on the Moon. The nearside of the Moon allows for a focus on the solar radiation during its daytime, and on terrestrial radiation during its nighttime. Additionally, lunar regolith temperature is an amplifier of the terrestrial radiation signal because lunar temperature is proportional to the fourth square root of radiation as such is much more sensitive to the weak terrestrial radiation in nighttime than the strong solar radiation in daytime. Indeed, the long-term lunar surface temperature time series obtained inadvertently by the Heat Flow Experiment at the Apollo 15 landing site three decades ago may be the first important observation from deep space of both incoming and outgoing radiation of the terrestrial climate system. A revisit of the lunar surface temperature time series reveals distinct characteristics in lunar surface daytime and nighttime temperature variations, governed respectively by solar and terrestrial radiation.     

On the effects of electron-cyclotron masers during flares

First recognized by Wu and Lee (Ap. J. 230, 621, 1979), electron-cyclotron masers can be activated under very mild conditions. Large growth rates can occur even for relatively mild anisotropies in the electron velocity distribution, e.g., the one-sided loss cones that commonly occur when electrons with small pitch angles precipitate into high density regions at the footpoints of flaring loops while others are reflected in the converging field in the corona. Maser action can plausibly occur at the second harmonic of the local gyrofrequency and so explain certain very bright (? 10¹⁰ K) microwave bursts from the sun and other stars. However, the preponderance of the energy is at the first harmonic.We suggest that masers operating at the local gyrofrequency in a flaring loop generate radiation at decimeter wavelengths that is a significant fraction of the total energy of the flare, in fact (and not coincidentally) comparable with the energy in electrons associated with hard X-ray bursts. Essentially all of the radio energy is trapped in the corona and serves to produce localized heating in a volume large compared with the energy release region. Thus it can transfer energy by radiation from one magnetic loop to another, possibly inducing further instabilities, and spreading the course of the flare. Eventually the energy probably escapes the corona as soft X-rays. The electron-cyclotron maser saturates by extracting the perpendicular energy of the electrons, thereby diffusing them into the loss cone at the maximum possible rate; the enhanced precipitation into the footpoints can produce bright emission in hard X-rays, EUV and Hα and remove any necessity for directive acceleration in the energy release region.Details of the proposed mechanism and effects are contained in two papers by Melrose and Dulk (Ap. J. 259, 1982).This work was sponsored by NASA under grants NAGW-91 and NSG-7287 to the University of Colorado.     

氧在钒中基本热力学行为的第一性原理研究

钒(V)是核聚变反应堆结构材料的重要候选材料。实验表明杂质氧(O)会对V的结构和力学性能产生极大的影响。采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究了O在V中热力学稳定性、扩散特性以及与缺陷空位的相互作用。O在V中易于占据八面体间隙位,其溶解能为-4.942 eV。O在间隙位的最佳扩散路径为八面体间隙位→四面体间隙位→八面体间隙位,扩散激活能为1.728 eV,在此基础上对不同温度下的扩散系数在文中给出了详细分析。O在V中与空位存在很强的吸引相互作用,1个O原子和2个O原子被空位捕获时的捕获能分别为-0.484 eV和-0.510 eV。当O原子的数量超过3,其捕获能变为正值0.382 eV,因此单空位最多能够结合2个O原子,这意味着"O_1-vacancy"和"O_2-vacancy"团簇在V中很容易形成。这些研究结果将对V基合金在核聚变反应堆中的最终应用具有一定的参考价值。     

信阳陨石热历史与原始氩特征

信阳陨石于1977年12月1日18时57分, 陨落在我国河南省信阳县肖王公社。陨落后, 破裂为X-Ⅰ(48kg)及X-Ⅱ(27.5kg)两大块和几小块碎屑。陶克捷等对该陨石做过化学组成、矿物组分及结构特征研究, 指出属H6型。本文试图根据40Ar/39Ar快中子活化资料及原始捕获氩同位素特征, 探讨信阳陨石的演化特点。      

Night side lunar surface potential in the Earth’s magnetosphere

In the Earth’s magnetotail, Japanese Moon orbiter Kaguya repeatedly encountered the plasmoid or plasma sheet. The encounters were characterized by the low energy ion signatures including lobe cold ions, cold ion acceleration in the plasma sheet-lobe boundaries, and hot plasma sheet ions or fast flowing ions associated with plasmoids. Different from the previous observations made in the magnetotail by the GEOTAIL spacecraft, the ions were affected by the existence of the Moon. On the dayside of the Moon, tailward flowing cold ions and their acceleration were observed. However, on the night side, tailward flowing cold ions could not be observed since the Moon blocked them. In stead, ion acceleration by the spacecraft potential and the electron beam accelerated by the potential difference between lunar surface and spacecraft were simultaneously observed. These electron and ion data enabled us to determine the night side lunar surface potential and spacecraft potential only from the observed data for the first time.