Study on Inclusions in Large Sapphire Optical Crystal Grown by SAPMAC Method

The sapphire (Al2O3) single crystal is a kind of excellent infrared transmission window materials. A large-sized sapphire (Φ225 mm×205 mm, 27.5 kg) was grown by SAPMAC method (sapphire growth technique with micro-pulling and shoulder-expanding at cooled center). Several kinds of inclusion in the large sapphire crystal were investigated by means of an optical microscopy (OM), scan-ning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The experimental results show that most inclusions are consisted of solid metallic and non-metallic particles as well as gas pores caused by the impurity of alumina as the raw material, the thermal dissociation of aluminum oxide melt and the reaction of the melt to the crucible material (Mo) at high temperatures. It is also found that in different crystal regions the inclusions are of varied sizes, morphology and chemical compositions. Finally, the measures to reduce and eliminate the inclusions are proposed to improve the crystal quality.     

Study on the Anisotropy of Meniscus in the Growing Sapphire

This study is aimed at predicting the relationship between the meniscus and the quality of the sapphire crystals produced by the micro-pulling and shoulder at cooled center (SAPMIC) technique. As with different orientations, the shapes of the meniscus vary, so an investigation into the anisotropy of the meniscus shapes is very important for the final quality of the sapphire crystal. An effective model to describe meniscus shapes and their formation process has been presented. The model has been applied to a sapphire crystal of 200 mm diameter in order to check its reliability. The results show that the model proves to be useful for forecasting the final shapes of the sap-phire crystal made by the SAPMIC technique.     

DD6单晶涡轮叶片缘板裂纹与再结晶研究

针对DD6单晶涡轮叶片在试车后缘板出现裂纹的现象,通过裂纹外观检查、断口形貌观察、显微组织及化学成分分析等工作,开展基于裂纹特征的缘板失效模式研究.研究结果表明:DD6单晶涡轮叶片缘板裂纹是由表面再结晶导致的疲劳开裂,其形成与存在富钨白色析出相的枝晶界面有直接关系;在试验条件下裂纹沿富钨(W)的白色颗粒链扩展,并沿界面延伸,导致疲劳失效.同时,发现缘板表面再结晶在叶片使用之前已存在,是缘板凝固区域因过大铸造热应力而形成碳化物,进而在热处理过程形成晶界富钨白色析出相的再结晶晶粒.      

In-phase thermal-mechanical fatigue investigation on hollow single crystal turbine blades

Thermal-mechanical fatigue（TMF）is the primary cause of failure of nickel-based single crystal turbine blades.TMF experiments have been performed on the critical section which is subjected to the most serious damage and determined by numerical calculation combined with service failure experience.An experimental system including the loading,heating,air cooling,water cooling,and control subsystems,is constructed to satisfy the TMF experimental requirements.This experimental system can simulate the stress feld,temperature feld,air cooling process,and TMF spectrum on the critical section under service conditions in a laboratory environment.A metal loading device and a new induction coil are developed to achieve the required stress and temperature distributions on the critical section,respectively.TMF experimental results have indicated that cracks initiated at the trailing edge of the suction surface on the critical section.Based on these experiments,life prediction and failure analysis of hollow single crystal turbine blades can be investigated.     

用摄动法研究几何尺寸为随机量时轮盘的可靠性

几何尺寸和材料性质等的随机性都影响结构的可靠性。本文提出用建立在二阶摄动法基础上的概率有限元来分析轮盘的几何形状不确定时的随机应力场和可靠性, 研究用摄动方法处理问题的基本思路, 推导随机应力场和可靠度的计算公式, 用简单算例分析讨论了几何尺寸对可靠性的影响规律, 算例结果与MonteCarlo模拟结果的对比表明本文的方法有效, 理论正确。      

广布损伤的试验研究与有限元分析

 通过对无钉载3排平行孔平板和无钉载3排交错孔平板从无裂纹开始的疲劳试验,发现应力大小对是否出现广布损伤(MSD)有重要影响,首裂孔和断裂排位不总是一一对应。在试验中观察到了MSD的竞争现象,证实了群发小裂纹也是MSD中一种重要的破坏形式。采用FRANC2D/L建立了对生裂纹、非对生裂纹和单裂纹3种开裂模式的有限元模型。计算结果表明:短裂纹扩展过程中,裂纹间干涉效应不明显,3种模式的应力强度因子增长趋势相近;而对于长裂纹,试验和有限元计算都证明了裂纹间的干涉显著地加快了裂纹的扩展。     

Residual stress analysis of multi-pass cold spinning process

Uncontrolled residual stresses have significant effects on the service time and defects of the spun parts. Nowadays, X-Ray Diffraction(XRD) method has been widely used in the residual stress measurement of industry products with different forming processes. The calculated residual stress is usually obtained from the data fitting slope of strain and angle with Ordinary Least Squares(OLS) method. But this fitting method is not always suitable for the big fluctuant data. In this paper, the Weighted...     

凝固过程液相区内晶体形成的模拟研究

通过NH_4C1水溶液二维凝固过程的模拟实验,研究了凝固过程中液相区内的晶体形成条件。结果表明,随凝固条件和时间的不同,型壁上晶体的游离、表面凝固产生“晶雨”及枝晶熔断均可在液相区形成晶体。     

多孔多裂纹平板的疲劳裂纹扩展试验与分析方法

飞机结构广布疲劳损伤是目前大型客机损伤容限设计与分析的难点。通过试验研究了典型多孔多裂纹2024-T3铝合金平板的裂纹扩展行为。试验结果表明：相邻孔边裂纹之间的相互干扰明显降低了共线多裂纹平板的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。就本文研究的典型多孔板,所有孔边都出现了等长裂纹这一极端情况,其裂纹扩展寿命是单孔平板孔边裂纹扩展寿命的10%左右。本文采用Eshelby夹杂理论和权函数法给出了典型多孔多裂纹问题的应力强度因子近似解析解,并结合Paris裂纹扩展公式预测疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。与采用有限元法获得应力强度因子并预测多孔多裂纹板的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行对比,对比结果表明：采用解析解和有限元解获得的应力强度因子预测的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命与试验结果吻合良好;相比于有限元法,本文的应力强度因子解法简单、高效,将有助于飞机结构多位置损伤（MSD）的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测分析。     

针刺C/ C 复合材料剪切性能

利用V形开口梁(Iosipescu)实验对一种新型针刺准三维C/C复合材料面内剪切性能及层间剪切性能进行了测试分析;获得了离散性较小的剪切强度与剪切模量值,以及有效地破坏模式;同时用有限元方法分析了层间剪切试样中的应力分布状态。结果表明,试样缺口根部处应力集中引起试样过早破坏,人为引入缺陷后,可以得到较均匀的剪应力场。     

恒幅加载下7475-T7351铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展行为

 本文进行了7475-T7351铝合金板材中心开裂试样恒幅加载宽范围应力比下的疲劳裂纹扩展试验。考虑到裂纹张开应力的确定是基于裂纹闭合概念进行裂纹扩展寿命预测的基础,且在工程应用中需要方便地确定有效应力强度因子变程△K_(ett)。本文通过疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN的试验数据导出了所研究材料的裂纹张开应力的经验表达式,进而用有效应力强度因子变程△K_(ett)来联系试验数据,得到对于不同应力比下裂纹扩展行为的统一描述。试验发现,无量纲裂纹张开应力S_(op)/S_(max)随所加最大毛应力水平的提高而降低。 断口分析表明,对于所试验的材料由拉伸型平断口向剪切型斜断口的转变主要受△K_(ett)控制,并注意到由拉伸型向剪切型裂纹增长的过渡对应着S_(op)/S_(max)增加的趋势。     

喷丸强化7475-T7351铝合金的小裂纹行为和寿命预测

对7475-T7351铝合金进行了喷丸强化和未喷丸(机械加工后抛光)单边缺口拉伸(SENT)试样的小裂纹扩展行为试验研究,利用权函数法(WFM)和叠加原理分析计算了三维表面小裂纹在外加载荷和残余应力场联合作用下的应力强度因子(SIF),并将其加入到基于裂纹闭合的小裂纹扩展分析程序FASTRAN3.9中,采用该程序预测了均布外载荷σmax=160MPa、R=0.06下,喷丸强化和未喷丸SENT试样自然萌生裂纹扩展的a-N曲线。研究发现喷丸强化残余压应力对疲劳小裂纹扩展速率的降低是疲劳寿命延长最主要的原因,采用基于裂纹闭合的小裂纹扩展分析方法能够较好地定量描述喷丸强化的疲劳延寿作用。     

受任意钉载圆孔边径向裂纹分析

 本文利用权函数法求解了孔壁受径向及切向集中力作用的圆孔边径向裂纹的应力强度因子。计算了在磨蚀条件下的圆孔边裂纹的应力强度因子,讨论了销钉与孔壁摩擦力对裂纹扩展寿命的影响。     

GOI法蓝宝石单晶生长温场优化设计与模拟分析

通过对温场的数值模拟计算,发现外加轴向、径向温度梯度能够提高界面稳定性,减小熔体热对流,有利提高晶体的生长质量.根据大尺寸蓝宝石晶体生长的温场要求,对常规的GOI法晶体生长炉进行了改造,并设计了独特的加热体形状和隔热屏结构,能够为晶体生长系统提供可控的轴向、径向温度梯度.通过试验比较也证明了改造温场后的单晶炉能够生长出性能较好的大尺寸蓝宝石晶体.     

整体壁板三维裂纹应力强度因子计算与分析

近年来,整体壁板成为飞机结构设计上一个新的研究方向。针对典型的飞机整体壁板,应用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了含裂纹整体壁板的参数化模型,对裂纹在凸台和筋条中的扩展轨迹进行三维裂纹扩展模拟。分析了裂纹在扩展过程中,凸台、筋条、蒙皮中裂纹应力强度因子的变化情况以及凸台、筋条的止裂性能。研究结果对整体壁板的损伤容限设计和评定具有一定的指导意义。     

单晶叶片表层组织转变影响因素及其控制方法

针对单晶叶片铸件在高温热处理后，极易在结构畸变区域发生结构再结晶问题，本研究提出了一种基于单晶再结晶临界应力特性的叶片结构残余应力控制方法，旨在通过研究单晶合金再结晶的临界应力特性，并结合结构细节优化设计方法，将叶片结构残余应力水平控制在单晶再结晶临界应力的安全区域内。结果表明：诱发单晶叶片结构再结晶的两大因素是温度和应力集中水平，再结晶起源于不连续的胞状组织，且发生单晶再结晶时的临界应力与叶片结构设计参数、热处理温度之间存在一定的函数关系，经真实叶片试验验证，证实该方法可实现单晶叶片结构完整性与表层组织连续性的控制，有效抑制单晶叶片表层组织的转变。     

中央传动锥齿轮光弹性应力分析

本文用三维光弹性法分析锥齿轮在扭矩和离心载荷下的应力分布。光弹性试验结果表明锥齿轮在两种载荷分别作用下,齿根应力分布是不同的。根据光弹性试验和综合振动试验结果得出如下结论:1.锥齿轮齿槽裂纹并非由起动扭矩引起。2.锥齿轮在高转速下,在槽底的离心应力和振动应力的组合应力是引起齿轮破坏的主要原因。     

一种单晶涡轮叶片热机械疲劳寿命评估方法

针对单晶涡轮叶片热机械疲劳(TMF)问题,围绕单晶涡轮叶片TMF试验,结合单晶变形、损伤理论及数值模拟,建立了一套单晶涡轮叶片TMF寿命评估方法.利用空心气冷涡轮叶片TMF试验系统,对单晶涡轮片考核截面在服役条件下所产生的交变应力场和交变温度场进行模拟,确定了裂纹萌生部位及其TMF寿命.考虑单晶涡轮叶片变形和损伤行为的特征,分别建立了基于滑移系的Walker黏塑性本构模型和基于临界平面的循环损伤累积(CDA)模型.利用上述本构和寿命模型,完成了单晶涡轮叶片TMF试验的数值模拟.结果表明:叶片理论危险点与试验结果一致,且计算寿命基本落在试验寿命的3倍分散带内.      

Investigation on the Orientation Transition of Oriented Magnetostrictive TbDyFe Crystals

<110> and <112> TbDyFe magnetostrictive oriented crystals were prepared by the zone-melting unidirectional solidification method at 240 mm/h and 720 mm/h respectively. <112> oriented crystals were also obtained with <110> oriented seeds with the same technique as for growing the <112> oriented crystals. It is confirmed that this technique is stable for growing the oriented crystals in the TbDyFe alloys. Meanwhile, the variation of orientation, the solidification morphology and the magnetostriction were studied during the transition from <110> oriented seeds to the <112> oriented crystal growth. As the growth speeds up, the preferred orientation changed from <110> to <112>, and its morphology develops from of initial cellular to dendritic gradually. When an axial compressive pre-stress of 10 MPa is applied, the magnetostriction at the bottom, the middle and the top are 972×10-6, 918×10-6 and 900×10-6 at 100 mT respec-tively. The middle sections with mixed orientations have the same high magnetostriction performance as those with a single preferred orientation, which may be due to its celluar-dendritic morphology.     

冷挤压孔边残余应力场中裂纹的应力强度因子

 本文给出了复杂应力场中圆孔边穿透裂纹问题的权函数解析解和各种基本载荷作用下孔边裂纹的应力强度因子计算公式。并据此计算了冷挤压孔边残余应力场中裂纹的应力强度因子,进而讨论了裂纹在外载荷和残余应力共同作用下疲劳扩展的特点。