月球卫星精密定轨

随着空间应用需求的日益增大,深空探测已成为现实,而月球显然是人类走向深空的首选目标。发射月球探测器通常分3个阶段,其运动状态分别对应3种不同类型的轨道:近地停泊轨道、地月转移轨道和绕月轨道。月球是1个慢自转天体且无大气,就轨道解而言这些因素导致环月卫星的运动与地球卫星有所差别。本文针对月球探测任务的特点,从月球与地球的差别入手,在仔细分析月球卫星的受力状况前提下,着重阐述月球探测器在环月段精密定轨的方法原理和具体实现过程。     

联合定轨技术及其应用前景

研究了联合定轨的基本原理并给出了计算方法，通过对中继卫星系统和编队飞行星座两种不同应用的联合定轨的计算分析，总结出了联合定轨不同于一般传统定轨的基本特点。中继卫星与用户星的联合定轨在精度 上优于传统定轨，并能够降低对地面测量站的测量几何和测站数量的要求。编队飞行星座的联合定轨，能够显著提高星间相对位置的精度，且几乎不受动力学模型误差的影响，从而在轨道外推时误差不会扩大。     

TDRSS轨道确定方法的初步研究

本文针对TDRSS(跟踪和数据中继卫星系统)的中继卫星(地球赤道同步卫星)至用户星(被跟踪航天器)的测距、测速资料,给出了这种星-星跟踪定轨的条件方程。根据星-星跟踪定轨、星-星跟踪和星-地跟踪混合定轨的各种情况(是否同时确定中继卫星轨道,一颗或几颗中继卫星等),给出了不同的测轨流程和方法。为了进行仿真计算,本文针对TDRSS的具体情况,给出了生成仿真观测资料和相关数据的方法,分析了仿真计算的功能。初步的部分试算表明,星-星跟踪对提高我国用户星的测轨精度确实具有重要作用;努力提高地球赤道同步卫星(中继卫星)的测轨精度,可以大大简化TDRSS用户星的测轨流程,有利于用户星的轨道确定。     

月球探测卫星的轨道支持

主要讨论采用月球卫星的探测方式时，月球探测器对测控系统的轨道支持要求和实现手段。重点对月球卫星转移轨道段的轨道测量和确定方法进行研究，利用仿真的地面站的测距和测角资料进行了定轨误差分析。     

三向测量模式在嫦娥三号探测器中的应用

以嫦娥三号探测器的三向测量跟踪数据为依据,利用最小二乘方法分析站间钟差,在5阶拟合计算中实现了ns级的拟合精度;然后使用探测器精密星历对三向测轨数据进行标校,经过修正后的测距系统差达到10m量级,拟合噪声水平优于1m;最后将三向测量数据应用于探测器的定轨、着陆点定位和动力下降段的弹道计算,其中环月段100km×15km轨道计算结果与精密定轨相比较偏差百m级,120km×70km轨道计算结果与精密定轨相比较偏差10m量级,月面定位与双程测距加时延定位结果相比较偏差10m量级。     

月球重力场模型误差对CE-5T1探测器定轨的影响

利用嫦娥五号再入返回飞行试验拓展任务期间获取的探测器(CE-5T1)实测数据,采用内符合方法比较了3种重力场模型的实测数据定轨结果,发现采用GRAIL(Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory,重力恢复与内部实验室)重力场模型进行定轨的结果最优。相比于之前的嫦娥系列探测器定轨常用的LP(Lunar Prospector,月球勘探者)重力场模型,采用GRAIL重力场模型定轨后测距数据的残差降低了1个量级。进一步采用不同重力场模型进行轨道外推,定量分析重力场模型对不同类型轨道的影响,结果表明,对于倾角为90°的环月极轨道,不同重力场模型的轨道外推结果差异较小;而对于倾角为20°和40°的环月轨道,不同重力场模型的外推星历的偏差均方根可达到2km,大于当前环月探测器的定轨精度。为此,建议在后续探月任务中使用GRAIL重力场模型进行轨道确定。     

中继卫星系统对用户航天器快速测定轨能力分析简

针对快速交会对接方案提出的航天器两圈实现变轨的可行性,使用太阳活动平静期的用户航天器四程测距数据,并结合中继卫星观测模型设计磁暴期航天器仿真测距数据,使用动力学定轨方法进行计算分析,论证了中继卫星系统对用户航天器的快速测定轨能力,解算出的航天器轨道根数精度为快速交会对接机精度分析提供了参考.     

中继卫星系统对用户航天器快速测定轨能力分析

针对快速交会对接方案提出的航天器两圈实现变轨的可行性,使用太阳活动平静期的用户航天器四程测距数据,并结合中继卫星观测模型设计磁暴期航天器仿真测距数据,使用动力学定轨方法进行计算分析,论证了中继卫星系统对用户航天器的快速测定轨能力,解算出的航天器轨道根数精度为快速交会对接机精度分析提供了参考。     

相对测量在编队卫星自主定轨中的应用

针对编队卫星自主定轨问题进行了研究,设计了一种完全不依赖于地面站和GPS系统的自主导航方案。利用星间测量信息进行卫星编队相对轨道状态的自主确定;并在利用磁强计进行卫星绝对轨道自主确定的基础上,引入星间测量信息提高绝对定轨精度;设计扩展卡尔曼滤波器进行卫星编队轨道状态估计,数学仿真结果验证了这种导航方案和算法的有效性。     

基于地月三角平动点的卫星自主定轨

近年提出了利用地月系平动点建立深空导航星座的设想。在受太阳摄动的真实力模型下,地月系平动点是不稳定的,从而会导致导航星座必须通过控制才能定点在特定区域。针对此问题,引入一种特殊的平动点轨道,即动力学替代轨道。平动点轨道卫星星座可利用星间测距数据自主定轨,由于动力学替代轨道具有长期稳定性,整个自主定轨过程不需要来自地面的测控支持,且定轨精度可达到观测精度。研究结果表明,观测资料的长短、导航卫星垂直白道面的运动分量都将影响到导航星间的自主定轨精度。该研究成果可以应用在以后的地月系导航星座中。     

影响环月飞行器定轨精度的误差源分析

以我国正在实施的探月计划“嫦娥1号”工程为背案,在现有测控网分布、观测弧段以及尽可能接近真实情况的误差源等前提下,利用仿真模拟的方法对影响环月飞行器定轨精度的误差源进行了初步探讨和分析。重点考察了月球重力场误差、观测量精度、初始时刻的先验轨道误差以及观测资料类型等对环月飞行器定轨精度的影响。     

嫦娥二号再拓展试验测定轨精度研究

基于＂嫦娥二号＂卫星再拓展试验的设计轨道,研究各种摄动力对轨道确定精度的影响,得出的结论是：若要达到km量级的轨道确定精度,必须考虑除天王星和海王星之外所有大行星以及日月的质点引力。文章进一步利用数值分析法研究再拓展任务的轨道确定精度,分析结果表明：基于目前的测控条件,使用30 d以上的测轨弧段可以得到稳定可靠的轨道解,而短弧（小于20 d）稳定轨道的获取需要VLBI（甚长基线干涉）测轨数据支持;当＂嫦娥二号＂距离地球700万km时,测控精度可优于30 km;虽然每天测轨弧段的增加可以改善轨道精度,但是当增加到8 h以上时,定轨精度将不再有明显改善。     

Orbit Determination Accuracies Using Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking

The results are reported of the ATS-6/GEOS-3 and the ATS-6 NIMBUS-6 satellite-to-satellite orbit determination experiments. NASA intends to use the tracking data relay satellite system for operational orbit determination of NASA satellites. Hence, in the near future, satellite-to-satellite tracking data will be routinely processed to obtain orbits. The satellite-to-satellite tracking system used in the ATS-6/NIMBUS-6 and ATS-6/GEOS-3 experiments performed with a resolution of 1 to 2 m in range and less than 1 mm/s in range rate for a 10-s averaging. A Bayesian least squares estimation technique utilizing independent ranging to the synchronous relay satellite was determined to be the most effective procedure for estimating orbits from satellite-to-satellite tracking data. The use of this technique yields estimates of user satellite orbits which are comparable in accuracy to what is usually obtained from ground based systems.     

A geopause satellite system concept

The forthcoming 10 cm range tracking accuracy capability holds much promise in connection with a number of Earth and ocean dynamics investigations. These include a set of earthquake-related studies of fault motions and the Earth's tidal, polar and rotational motions, as well as studies of the gravity field and the sea surface topography which should furnish basic information about mass and heat flow in the oceans. The state of the orbit analysis art is presently at about the 10 m level, or about two orders of magnitude away from the 10 cm range accuracy capability expected in the next couple of years or so. The realization of a 10 cm orbit analysis capability awaits the solution of four kinds of problems, namely, those involving orbit determination and the lack of sufficient knowledge of tracking system biases, the gravity field, and tracking station locations. The Geopause satellite system concept offers promising approaches in connection with all of these areas. A typical Geopause satellite orbit has a 14 hour period, a mean height of about 4.6 Earth radii, and is nearly circular, polar, and normal to the ecliptic. At this height only a relatively few gravity terms have uncertainties corresponding to orbital perturbations above the decimeter level. The orbit s, in this sense, at the geopotential boundary, i.e., the geopause. The few remaining environmental quantities which may be significant can be determined by means of orbit analyses and accelerometers. The Geopause satellite system also provides the tracking geometery and coverage needed for determining the orbit, the tracking system biases and the station locations. Studies indicate that the Geopause satellite, tracked with a 2 cm ranging system from nine NASA affiliated sites, can yield decimeter station location accuracies. Five or more fundamental stations well distributed in longitude can view Geopause over the North Pole. This means not only that redundant data are available for determining tracking system biases, but also that both components of the polar motion can be observed frequently. When tracking Geopause, the NASA sites become a two-hemisphere configuration which is ideal for a number of Earth physics applications such as the observation of the polar motion with a time resolution of a fraction of a day. Geopause also provides the basic capability for satellite-to-satellite tracking of drag-free satellites for mapping the gravity field and altimeter satellites for surveying the sea surface topography. Geopause tracking a coplanar, drag-free satellite for two months to 0.03 mm per second accuracy can yield the geoid over the entire Earth to decimeter accuracy with 2.5° spatial resolution. Two Geopause satellites tracking a coplanar altimeter satellite can then yield ocean surface heights above the geoid with 7° spatial resolution every two weeks. These data will furnish basic boundary condition information about mass and heat flows in the oceans which are important in shaping weather and climate.     

USB与VLBI联合确定“探测一号”卫星轨道

我国绕月探测工程“嫦娥一号”卫星将以统一S波段(USB)为主,辅以甚长基线干涉仪(VLB I)测轨分系统来完成测控任务。由于“探测一号”卫星轨道与“嫦娥一号”调相轨道段相似,有关单位于2005年3月17日—20日进行了USB和VLB I联合跟踪“探测一号”试验。通过对联合测轨数据的处理,研究了USB—VLB I联合定轨方法,分析了联合定轨和预报精度,得出了一些结论。     

基于我国深空站三向测量模式的数据精度分析

为了验证我国深空站三向测量模式的正确性,以同步星跟踪试验中的测量数据为基础,建立了站间同步修正算法和三向测量观测模型,通过与同步卫星的精密星历反算测量值比较,得到了测量数据的标定参数,结果表明,我国深空站测控能够实现dm级的测量精度,明显优于“嫦娥二号”测量的水平;同时利用测量数据进行定轨策略分析,最终实现了10 m量级的同步卫星定轨精度.分析结果为“嫦娥三号”探测器实施有效测控提供了依据.     

Optical Calibration of Geostationary Satellite Tracking Systems

A precise calibration method for range and angle observation has been developed for eliminating the systematic error of tracking systems, thus improving the accuracy of orbit determination for geostationary satellites. The principle of calibration is based on an orbit determination employing a point of optical angle observation in addition to radio tracking observation, in which we estimate observation bias parameters simultaneously with orbital elements, including the effects of geodetic mismodelings. As shown by an actual calibration experiment in our ground station, orbit determinations is sufficiently accurate that the error of predicting satellite range falls within a few meters at four days after the day of orbit determination.     

Improvement of Satellite Tracking Accuracy Using Optical Observations

A method to improve satellite tracking accuracy is presented and discussed theoretically and experimentally in terms of two parts: correction for errors of the tracking system and correction of satellite orbit predictions. In the first part, it is concluded that the pointing error of the tracking system can be determined accurately using data from stellar observations, so that correction is possible with an accuracy of about 0.001°. In the second part, it is shown that apparent errors of satellite orbital elements can be deduced from the optical observation of one orbit, and one can track the satellite after the correction with high accuracy for several subsequent orbits. The accuracy is 0.1-0.2 mrad or better for satellites at 1000 km altitude when given orbit prediction accuracy is approximately 1°.     

自主机动条件下的实时定轨方法

中继卫星在跟踪自主机动用户目标时,由于机动轨道未知,需要利用中继卫星下传的星载GNSS(Global Navigations Satellite System,全球导航卫星系统)数据进行实时轨道确定与预报,为中继卫星跟踪提供实时的引导信息,以方便中继卫星快速捕获目标和连续稳定跟踪。针对该类用户目标的任务需求,讨论了基于星载GNSS数据自主机动条件下的实时定轨方法,建立了连续推力机动力学模型。以某一型号卫星的实测数据进行分析验证,并对轨道机动进行辨识,计算的机动加速度和机动时间与试验单位提供的结果一致。针对卫星不同机动情况,5min的观测数据定轨预报10min的弧段,最大位置误差小于8km,可以为中继卫星快速捕获提供高精度的引导信息。