Aircraft Interrogation Scheduling with ASTRO-DABS

In the ASTRO-DABS concept for surveillance and data link, aircraft are interrogated by one of three geostationary transmitter satellites, each covering 1/3 of the contiguous United States. Interrogation scheduling involves a roll call such that aircraft responses to receiving satellites do not overlap (garble). A simple approach is developed which utilizes range ordering of aircraft with respect to transmitter satellites, but is independent of receiver satellite locations and aircraft distribution. Bounds on roll-call duration are established, showing that interrogation of 80 000 aircraft requires between 4.0 and 6.4 seconds with the ASTRO-DABS transmission format. If aircraft distribution is regionally concentrated (i.e., clustered), the roll-call duration nears the lower bound, since fewer gaps between interrogations are needed to preclude garbling.     

Multimode GaAs Chip-Set for New S-Band Satellite TT&C Transponders

This paper presents a production-oriented chip-set to be used as the circuitry needed to implement the necessary RF functionalities of a new generation of S-band satellite transponders for telemetry tacking and control (TT&C) applications. The RF hardware section integration is achieved by means of a customized chip-set of just four multi-chip multifunction MMIC (MCMM) modules. The functions contained in the monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) include the active circuits needed for the front-end low noise amplifier (LNA), the RF and IF converters, all the variable gain amplifiers (VGAs), the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) for both transmit and receive sections, the frequency prescaler and multiplier needed to synthesize the frequency plan as well as the Local Oscillator (LO) amplifiers. The selected technology is GaAs, mainly due to its radiation hardness, essential for aerospace applications, and good reliability. Issues such as suitable circuit topology, efficient dc biasing, circuit area minimization, cost-oriented system design and advanced packaging techniques have been addressed during the design. Measurements and yield results from the manufactured circuits will be presented showing that these components, even though especially designed in the frame of the GALILEO TT&C transponder predevelopment, are suitable for a variety of missions, from Deep space to near Earth, including spread-spectrum transponders with precision ranging function.     

System quality factors for LPI communications

Quality factors are developed for low-probability-intercept (LPI) communication systems in order to provide a quantitative technique that allows the system engineer to evaluate LPI effectiveness in the presence of jammers and intercept receivers. LPI quality factors are derived from the system link equations, which describe the signal power gains and losses as a function of system link parameters. Quality factors for the essential components of the LPI system that provide some advantage to the cooperative transmitter and receiver over the jammer and intercept receiver are described. These include quality factors for the antennas, type of modulation, atmospheric propagation conditions, and interference rejection capability     

Cyclic code shift keying: a low probability of intercept communication technique

A low probability of intercept (LPI), or low probability of detection (LPD) communication technique known as cyclic code shift keying (CCSK) is described. We discuss the basic concepts of CCSK and describe a system based on the use of random or pseudorandom codes for biphase modulation. We use simulation to show that the bit error rate (BER) for CCSK can be closely estimated by using existing equations that apply to M-ary orthogonal signaling (MOS). Also, we show that significantly fewer computations are required for CCSK than for MOS when the number of bits per symbol is the same. We show that using biphase modulation results in waveforms that have a large time-bandwidth product and very low input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and thus inherently have an LPI by a radiometer. We evaluate detection by a radiometer and show that LPI can be achieved by using codes of lengths greater than about 2/sup 12/ (i.e., by transmitting more than about 12 bits per symbol). Results illustrate the effect that the CCSK symbol length and error probability, and the radiometer integration time and probability of false alarm (PFA), have on detection by a radiometer. We describe a variation of CCSK called truncated CCSK (TCCSK). In this system, the code of length 2/sup k/ is cyclically shifted, then truncated and transmitted. Although shortened, the truncated code still represents k bits of information, thus leading to an increased data rate. We evaluate radiometer detection of TCCSK and it is shown that the probability of detection is increased compared with the detection of CCSK.     

APU进气系统安装典型设计细节的研究

辅助动力装置(Auxiliary Power Unit,以下简称APU)是民用飞机的重要系统,其安装设计对于APU 的功能、性能、安全性、可靠性、可维修性等具有很大的影响。重点研究APU 的进气系统安装设计,对设计细节导致的典型问题进行分析,并给出推荐性解决方案,对于民机APU 的安装设计具有一定的指导作用和实用价值。     

针对雷达LPI波形验证的目标RCS估算

根据某型雷达低截获概率波形设计的需要,分析了雷达探测目标的高频散射机理,并运用物理光学法、等效电磁流法计算了约定目标在不同姿态下和不同电磁波频率照射下的RCS值,从而为验证雷达波形在能探测到目标情况下的LPI性能提供了支撑。实验结果表明,基于电磁场理论的目标RCS估算方法是研究雷达LPI波形的一种有效工具,方法也适合于其他领域RCS估算的需要。     

WIDE-EYE helmet mounted display system for rotorcraft applications

This paper describes the Kaiser Electronics developed WIDE-EYE helmet mounted display system that uses a Kaiser unique Aircraft Retained Unit/Pilot Retained Unit (ARU/PRU) helmet display unit design. The overall system block diagram is presented and each major subsystem is described in detail. Extensions to the basic design to add full color capability are also described     

航天扩频测控系统抗传统测控信号干扰研究

随着扩频技术的应用,航天测控网形成了传统测控体制与扩频测控体制相结合的局面,会出现潜在的相互干扰问题。针对这种情况,运用仿真软件建立模型,根据传统测控信号经过相关器后频谱的变化,分析扩频测控系统的处理增益,并详细说明了在扩频测控信号接收带宽内距中心载波不同位置的传统测控信号对扩频测控系统处理增益的影响,以及不同扩频码速率下系统处理增益的变化情况。最后运用本文的分析成果进行举例计算。     

辅助动力装置系统空中起动设计和验证

辅助动力装置(Auxiliary Power Unit,简称APU)系统空中起动设计和验证共涉及APU 本体研制、APU 系统进排气冲压恢复计算分析、APU 系统进排气和APU 本体性能匹配计算分析、APU 系统进气风门设计、进气风门气动载荷计算分析、进气风门作动机构设计、进气风门控制逻辑设计、本体起动控制逻辑设计、冲压恢复测量试飞、适航验证试验试飞等内容,这对飞机主制造商的系统集成能力和适航验证能力提出了很高要求。APU 系统空中起动设计直接影响系统起动性能和起动包线,对某型飞机的辅助动力装置系统空中起动设计和验证进行了介绍,在型号研制经验的基础上,对APU 系统空中起动设计和验证流程和方法进行总结,对后续型号研制具有较强的指导性。     

Silent energy source for tactical applications

Power source requirements for the Soldier System, which includes all items/equipment worn, consumed, or carried by the soldier in the field for his or her individual use, are discussed. The use of fuel cells, which offer silence and high efficiency, is considered. It is concluded that the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell coupled with a good hydrogen source offers a very attractive power source for the Soldier System and for other portable requirements needing power in the range of 50 to 500 W     

Intersatellite laser crosslinks

Intersatellite laser crosslinks (ISL) provide a method of communication that has significantly increased the data throughput that can be managed over typical RF communication systems, and has significant growth potential. Optical communications offer very wide bandwidths which can be effectively utilized with wavelength division multiplexing techniques. The data rate growth potential is well beyond the few gigabit per second range of RF technology. The use of lasers in transmitting optical data takes advantage of its small wavelength and low beam divergence to send highly directed signals over significant distances with controlled losses in intensity. The high directivity of the laser aids in resistance to jamming communications between satellites, or between satellites and ground stations. Various intersatellite laser optical crosslink system are discussed including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Laser Intersatellite Transmission Experiment (LITE), the McDonnell Douglas Electronic Systems Company Laser Crosslink System, and The Ball Aerospace Optical Intersatellite Link,in order to display the various subsystem and their implementations. Link budget calculations are performed on the most commonly used modulation formats to determine system parameters necessary to close the crosslink. Background is provided on primal system architectures and methods of laser communication, as well as presently implemented systems. The authors provide some insights on where ISL systems have opportunity to increase their data throughput and reduce acquisition time     

CWLFM Radar for Ship Detection and Identification

Continuous wave lineal frequency modulated (CWLFM) radar presents some interesting advantages for coast surveillance and control as well as low probability of interception (LPI). This paper presents real results obtained with a radar prototype and processed with ISAR techniques. Also, results of an automatic ship identification system applied to simulated ISAR images are exposed. Moreover, radar behavior with unfavorable meteorological conditions is discussed     

Entropy based inverse design of aircraft mission success space in system-of-systems confrontation

This paper presents a practical and efficient design method for aircraft Mission Success Space (MSS) based on the entropy measurement (EM). First, fundamentals regarding MSS, Inverse Design (ID) and entropy are discussed. Then, two EM schemes of entropy-based ID and the whole MSS ID procedure are given to demonstrate alternative ways of entropy quantification and MSS design. After that, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is utilized as a search algorithm to find the optimal MSS design with the minimum objective, entropy, in each EM scheme. A simulation case of aircraft penetration mission is given for the method validation where the best aircraft MSS design is obtained by GA according to the minimum entropy. Results from two schemes are compared at the end.     

A Survey of Electronic Attitude Measurement Systems

Introducing rectangular coordinates for the reference coordinate system and the space-vehicle fixed-coordinate system, it will be shown that the transformation matrixes between both coordinate systems which describe the attitude of the space vehicle can be easily computed as functions of the rectangular coordinates of two precise directions known in both coordinate systems. In detail, an electronic attitude measurement will be described based on two precise propagation directions of RF waves. In order to measure the propagation direction in the space-vehicle fixed-coordinate system, a very general interferometer is described. This interferometer is characterized by the fact that the antennas of the interferometer are arbitrarily distributed on the surface of the space vehicle and that the electronic computation of the coordinates of the propagation direction of an RF wave is extremely simple. The design and some modifications of this system are discussed     

噪声调制连续波雷达信号波形射频隐身特性

雷达信号波形的射频(RF)隐身性能是雷达系统能否适应现代战场环境的重要因素,雷达射频隐身信号波形设计是现代雷达系统设计中的重要课题.首先,在介绍随机噪声信号雷达原理的基础上,基于Schleher截获因子阐述了噪声调制连续波雷达信号波形的射频隐身特性.然后,分析了高斯噪声相位和频率调制连续波雷达输出自相关函数和高斯噪声相...     

Radar sensor using low probability of interception SS-FH signals

One of the best known weakness of radar sensors in defense and security applications is the necessity to radiate a signal, which can be detected by the target, so being possible (easy in fact) that the target is alerted about the presence of a radar before the radar is alerted about the presence of a target. In this context, Low Probability of Interception (LPI) Radars try to use signals that are difficult to intercept and/or identify. Spread spectrum signals are strong candidates for this application, and systems using special frequency or polyphase modulation schemes are being exploited. Frequency hopping, however, has not received much attention. The typical LPI radar at this moment of the technology is a CW-LFM radar. The simplicity of the technology is its best point. Polyphase codes, on the other hand have the inherent advantage of high instantaneous bandwidth regardless of observation time. But the complexity of the hardware is also higher. FH signals have traditionally been considered of lower performance but higher complexity, due to the difficulties to compensate the individual dopplers for the individual range cells in the receiver. One important point is that an FH radar must be clearly distinguished from an agile frequency radar. In the latter, a pulsed signal is transmitted using different frequencies from pulse to pulse. In an FH radar the frequency changes must be during the pulse. In fact, in an LPI FH radar, a CW frequency hopped signal is used. A radar system concept is proposed in which it shows how these problems can be overcome in a tracking application. Also, the signal format is analyzed under the scope of future decade digital interceptors, showing that, in fact, this kind of signal exhibits improvement in some performances and requires a hardware that is only slightly more complex than that needed for CW-LFM systems     

Multiple Beam Satellite System Optimization

An analytical method is developed for determining the basic RF link parameters that are required in a satellite system design. Certain simplifying assumptions are required and specific system elements are selected. Two different design criteria are considered; optimizing the per-beam signal energy to noise spectral density ratio (Eb/N0), and minimizing the per-user costs. These two criteria are complements of each other subject to coverage and performance constraints. The model can be used to rapidly assess tradeoffs in various system elements. A specific example of a domestic satellite system is considered. The economic analyses are also considered and the economy of scale effect is demonstrated for the design example and considered.     

民用飞机甚高频通信天线设计

作为民用飞机甚高频(Very High Frequency,以下简称VHF)通信系统的重要组成部分,VHF通信天线不仅辐射和接收电磁波,还要进行能量转换。VHF通信天线的设计直接影响通信中射频能量的分布,进而影响通信质量和飞行安全。简要介绍了VHF通信系统,并在给出VHF通信天线设计要求的基础上,通过工程实例分析了VHF通信天线的设计过程,最后总结了VHF通信天线设计的特点。     

集成化工艺设计图象编程智能系统研究

 对系统的智能模型,采用了规划原理和概念模拟方法描述系统的行为和知识;引入了加工特征单元的概念,认为零件是由一组加工特征单元构成的;研究了加工特征单元的表示模式、定义及其识别算法;研究了机床库、刀具库、切削数据库、加工方法的概念模型,详细地分析了加工方法、刀具、切削数据、机床选择的促成因素,并建立了它们的推理模型。     

微惯性测量组合的计算机测试系统

介绍了一个微惯性测量组合(MIMU)的计算机测试系统，对该系统的结构，硬件组成、软件设计进行了描述，重点介绍了系统软件设计中的关键技术：RS232通讯测试技术、VC和Labwindows／CVI的混合编程技术、多线程技术、VC和Matlab的混合编程技术。该系统具有良好的通用性和可扩展性，基于高性能CPU和(CPLD、FPGA等技术的微惯性测量组合的测试过程可以大大提高工作效率，缩短研发周期。