Feature enhancement and ATR performance using nonquadratic optimization-based SAR imaging

We present an evaluation of the impact of a recently proposed synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging technique on feature enhancement and automatic target recognition (ATR) performance. This image formation technique is based on nonquadratic optimization, and the images it produces appear to exhibit enhanced features. We quantify such feature enhancement through a number of criteria. The findings of our analysis indicate that the new feature-enhanced SAR image formation method provides images with higher resolution of scatterers, and better separability of different regions as compared with conventional SAR images. We also provide an ATR-based evaluation. We run recognition experiments using conventional and feature-enhanced SAR images of military targets, with three different classifiers. The first classifier is template based. The second classifier makes a decision through a likelihood test, based on Gaussian models for reflectivities. The third classifier is based on extracted locations of the dominant target scatterers. The experimental results demonstrate that the new feature-enhanced SAR imaging method can improve the recognition performance, especially in scenarios involving reduced data quality or quantity.     

Multi-aspect radar target recognition method based on scattering centers and HMMs classifiers

A hidden Markov model (HMM)-based method for recognizing aerial targets according to the sequential high-range-resolution (HRR) radar signature is presented. Its recognition features are the location information of scattering centers extracted from the HRR radar echoes by the relax algorithm. The HMM is used to characterize the spatio-temporal information of a target. Several HMMs are cascaded in a chain to model the variation in the target orientation and used as classifiers. Computer simulations with the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) data are given to demonstrate that for an open-set recognition, average class-recognition rates of 84.50% and 89.88% are achieved, respectively, under two given conditions.     

GMM-based target classification for ground surveillance Doppler radar

An automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithm, based on greedy learning of Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is developed. The GMMs were obtained for a wide range of ground surveillance radar targets such as walking person(s), tracked or wheeled vehicles, animals, and clutter. Maximum-likelihood (ML) and majority-voting decision schemes were applied to these models for target classification. The corresponding classifiers were trained and tested using distinct databases of target echoes, recorded by ground surveillance radar. ML and majority-voting classifiers obtained classification rates of 88% and 96%, correspondingly. Both classifiers outperform trained human operators.     

Efficient ATR using compression

We examine various model-based automatic target recognition (MBATR) classifiers to investigate the utility of model-catalog compression realized via signal-vector quantization (VQ) and feature extraction. We specifically investigate the impact of various compression rates and common automatic target recognition (ATR) scenario variations such as noise and occlusion through simulations on high-range resolution (HRR) radar and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. For this data, we show that significant computational savings are possible for modest decreases in classification performance.     

基于新型多分类支持向量算法的发动机故障诊断

层次支持向量机(H-SVM)比通常的"一对多" (1-V-R)和"一对一" (1-V-1)等多分类支持向量算法具有更快的训练速度和分类速度.提出一种基于H-SVM的航空发动机气路部件故障诊断方法,根据特征空间中各类故障样本中心之间的距离来逐层划分子类,距离较近的故障样本归为同一个子类进行训练,得到的H-SVM层次结构合理,各层的SVM分类间隔大、泛化能力强;同时,用ν-SVM代替通常的C-SVM作为两类分类器,分类器参数意义明确、变化范围小,更容易确定.仿真实验表明,基于H-SVM的故障分类器具有良好的分类准确性和泛化性能,能够对发动机气路部件的单一故障和复合故障进行快速诊断.     

An online ensemble semi-supervised classification framework for air combat target maneuver recognition

Online target maneuver recognition is an important prerequisite for air combat situation recognition and maneuver decision-making. Conventional target maneuver recognition methods adopt mainly supervised learning methods and assume that many sample labels are available. However, in real-world applications, manual sample labeling is often time-consuming and laborious. In addition, airborne sensors collecting target maneuver trajectory information in data streams often cannot process information in real time. To solve these problems, in this paper, an air combat target maneuver recognition model based on an online ensemble semi-supervised classification framework based on online learning, ensemble learning, semi-supervised learning, and Tri-training algorithm, abbreviated as Online Ensemble Semi-supervised Classification Framework (OESCF), is proposed. The framework is divided into four parts: basic classifier offline training stage, online recognition model initialization stage, target maneuver online recognition stage, and online model update stage. Firstly, based on the improved Tri-training algorithm and the fusion decision filtering strategy combined with disagreement, basic classifiers are trained offline by making full use of labeled and unlabeled sample data. Secondly, the dynamic density clustering algorithm of the target maneuver is performed, statistical information of each cluster is calculated, and a set of micro-clusters is obtained to initialize the online recognition model. Thirdly, the ensemble K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)-based learning method is used to recognize the incoming target maneuver trajectory instances. Finally, to further improve the accuracy and adaptability of the model under the condition of high dynamic air combat, the parameters of the model are updated online using error-driven representation learning, exponential decay function and basic classifier obtained in the offline training stage. The experimental results on several University of California Irvine (UCI) datasets and real air combat target maneuver trajectory data validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison with other semi-supervised models and supervised models, and the results show that the proposed model achieves higher classification accuracy.     

Performance of 10- and 20-target MSE classifiers

MIT Lincoln Laboratory is responsible for developing the ATR (automatic target recognition) system for the DARPA-sponsored SAIP program; the baseline ATR system recognizes 10 GOB (ground order of battle) targets; the enhanced version of SAIP requires the ATR system to recognize 20 GOB targets. This paper presents ATR performance results for 10- and 20-target mean square error (MSE) classifiers using high-resolution SAR (synthetic aperture radar) imagery.     

支持向量机在燃气涡轮性能诊断中的应用

由Vapnik统计学习理论得到的支持向量机是一种新的人工智能方法，它具有比人工神经网络更好的泛化性。文中构建了一种基于C—SVC的故障诊断模型（CBFDM），并采用5重交叉验证法来选择模型参数，该模型可给出3个最可能的故障原因。利用PW4000—94发动机巡航态影响系数矩阵产生仿真数据，对CBFDM研究结果表明，即使在噪声级别为正常情况下的3倍时，该模型诊断准确率仍超过93％。该诊断模型也可用于其它领域诊断问题。     

Automatic target recognition using enhanced resolution SAR data

Using advanced technology, a new automatic target recognition (ATR) system has been developed that provides significantly improved target recognition performance compared with ATR systems that use conventional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image-processing techniques. This significant improvement in target recognition performance is achieved by using a new superresolution image-processing technique that enhances SAR image resolution (and image quality) prior to performing target recognition. A computationally efficient two-level implementation of a template-based classifier is used to perform target recognition. The improvement in target recognition performance achieved using superresolution image processing in this new ATR system is quantified     

基于模糊支持向量机的飞机飞行动作识别

传统的支持向量机由两类扩展到多类问题时,出现不可分区域。针对飞行动作识别提出解决这一现象的模糊支持向量机。采用模糊支持向量机对某型飞机飞行动作进行识别。实际飞参数据(6种飞行动作模式)的识别结果表明,模糊支持向量机较传统的多类支持向量分类器在飞机飞行动作识别率上有显著提高。     

Radar target identification using the bispectrum: a comparativestudy

Radar target identification is performed using time-domain bispectral features. The classification performance is compared with the performance of other classifiers that use either the impulse response or frequency domain response of the unknown target. The classification algorithms developed here are based on the spectral or the bispectral energy of the received backscatter signal. Classification results are obtained using simulated radar returns derived from measured scattering data from real radar targets. The performance of classifiers in the presence of additive Gaussian (colored or white), exponential noise, and Weibull noise are considered, along with cases where the azimuth position of the target is unknown. Finally, the effect on classification performance of responses horn extraneous point scatterers is investigated     

Superresolution HRR ATR with high definition vector imaging

A new 1-D template-based automatic target recognition (ATR) algorithm is developed and tested on high range resolution (HRR) profiles formed from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of targets taken from the Moving and Stationary Target Acquisition and Recognition (MSTAR) data set. In this work, a superresolution technique known as High Definition Vector Imaging (HDVI) is applied to the HRR profiles before the profiles are passed through ATR classification. The new I-D ATR system using HDVI demonstrates significantly improved target recognition compared with previous I-D ATR systems that use conventional image processing techniques. This improvement in target recognition is quantified by improvement in probability of correct classification (PCC). More importantly, the application of HDVI to HRR profiles helps to maintain the same ATR performance with reduced radar resource requirements     

基于遗传规划和线性鉴别分析的故障特征提取模型及其应用

1引言航空发动机故障诊断需要从原始监测数据中获取合理的特征参数,如果依靠专家经验手工从众多的监测参数中选取特征参数,将是十分烦琐和低效的。因此,构造优质的特征参数是提高故障诊断效率及其准确性的关键。许多机器学习方法被应用到特征参数的自动选取中,例如神经网络[1],     

基于压缩协作表示的辐射源识别算法

针对低信噪比（SNR）条件下传统辐射源识别算法性能下降的问题,提出了基于压缩协作表示的识别算法,分别从特征提取和分类器设计两方面进行描述。首先将时域辐射源信号变换到二维时频域,通过图像处理方法提取高维特征列向量。经随机矩阵压缩到一定维度后,输入到提出的压缩协作表示分类器中得到识别结果。进而,对协作表示系数进行非负约束,提出了更符合实际应用场景的算法。仿真结果验证了所提算法的可行性与有效性,且在低信噪比条件下稳健性强、抗噪声干扰性能好、计算量较小、易于工程实现。     

Tracking with classification-aided multiframe data association

In most conventional tracking systems, only the target kinematic information from, for example, a radar or sonar or an electro-optical sensor, is used in measurement-to-track association. Target class information, which is typically used in postprocessing, can also be used to improve data association to give better tracking accuracy. The use of target class information in data association can improve discrimination by yielding purer tracks and preserving their continuity. In this paper, we present the simultaneous use of target classification information and target kinematic information for target tracking. The approach presented integrates target class information into the data association process using the 2-D (one track list and one measurement list) as well as multiframe (one track list and multiple measurement lists) assignments. The multiframe association likelihood is developed to include the classification results based on the "confusion matrix" that specifies the accuracy of the target classifier. The objective is to improve association results using class information when the kinematic likelihoods are similar for different targets, i.e., there is ambiguity in using kinematic information alone. Performance comparisons with and without the use of class information in data association are presented on a ground target tracking problem. Simulation results quantify the benefits of classification-aided data association for improved target tracking, especially in the presence of association uncertainty in the kinematic measurements. Also, the benefit of 5-D (or multiframe) association versus 2-D association is investigated for different quality classifiers. The main contribution of this paper is the development of the methodology to incorporate exactly the classification information into multidimensional (multiframe) association.     

一种建立航空发动机状态变量模型的新方法

本文提出了一种用于建立航空发动机状态变量模型的新方法—拟合法：即用发动机部件级模型在稳态工作点处的非线性动态响应数据拟合该点处的小偏离状态变量模型。并应用这种方法建立了某型涡扇发动机在高空稳态工作点处的小偏离状态变量模型,以及地面加速过程的大偏离状态变量模型。通过动态仿真研究,可以看出：与偏导数法比较,拟合法明显提高了建摸精度。     

Classification of radar targets using synthetic neural networks

Radar target classification performance of neural networks is evaluated. Time-domain and frequency-domain target features are considered. The sensitivity of the neural network algorithm to changes in network topology and training noise level is examined. The problem of classifying radar targets at unknown aspect angles is considered. The performance of the neural network algorithms is compared with that of decision-theoretic classifiers. Neural networks can be effectively used as radar target classification algorithms with an expected performance within 10 dB (worst case) of the optimum classifier     

利用一维像序列时域差分估计目标进动频率

针对弹道目标识别中目标运动特征参数估计问题,提出一种一维距离像（HRRP）序列时域差分目标进动频率估计方法,该方法首先对一维距离像进行归一化处理,利用峰值法对齐相邻一维距离像,然后计算相邻一维距离像之间的差分值,获得相邻一维距离像差分值序列,最后采用快速傅里叶变换（FFT）从该差分值序列中估计目标进动频率。该方法具有以下优点：利用相邻一维距离像差分值序列能够增强目标进动频率成份,降低其他频率成份,更有利于进动频率的估计;只需要对齐相邻2个一维距离像,而避免了对齐一维距离像序列所带来的问题。利用由FEKO软件计算的进动目标宽带一维距离像仿真数据进行了实验,结果表明所提方法比常规的加权累积法更有效,估计精度更高。     

Unsteady aerodynamic modeling at high angles of attack using support vector machines

Accurate aerodynamic models are the basis of flight simulation and control law design.Mathematically modeling unsteady aerodynamics at high angles of attack bears great difficulties in model structure determination and parameter estimation due to little understanding of the flow mechanism.Support vector machines(SVMs)based on statistical learning theory provide a novel tool for nonlinear system modeling.The work presented here examines the feasibility of applying SVMs to high angle-of-attack unsteady aerodynamic modeling field.Mainly,after a review of SVMs,several issues associated with unsteady aerodynamic modeling by use of SVMs are discussed in detail,such as selection of input variables,selection of output variables and determination of SVM parameters.The least squares SVM(LS-SVM)models are set up from certain dynamic wind tunnel test data of a delta wing and an aircraft configuration,and then used to predict the aerodynamic responses in other tests.The predictions are in good agreement with the test data,which indicates the satisfying learning and generalization performance of LS-SVMs.     

Sequence comparison techniques for multisensor data fusion andtarget recognition

A new class of techniques for multisensor fusion and target recognition is proposed using sequence comparison by dynamic programming and multiple model estimation. The objective is to fuse information on the kinematic state and “nonkinematic” signature of unclassified targets, assessing the joint likelihood of all observed events for recognition. Relationships are shown to previous efforts in pattern recognition and state estimation. This research applies “classical” speech processing-related and other sequence comparison methods to moving target recognition, extends the efforts of previous researchers through improved fusion with kinematic information, relates the proposed techniques to Bayesian theory, and applies parameter identification methods to target recognition for improved understanding of the subject in general. The proposed techniques are evaluated and compared with existing approaches using the method of generalized ambiguity functions, which lends to a form of Cramer-Rao lower bound for target recognition