国外星箭连接解锁装置技术与应用研究

总结了国外星箭连接解锁装置的技术和产品应用,包括可控柔性包带解锁装置、缓释刚性包带解锁装置、可检测机电包带解锁装置等。国内解锁装置技术仍局限于传统柔性包带,国外已成功开发和应用多类新型连接解锁装置,大大改善了解锁冲击环境。为此,文章提出缓释刚性包带是国内星箭连接解锁装置技术发展的重要突破口,给出了缓释刚性包带的构型、捕获、降冲击及预紧力加载的相关建议,可为国内该领域技术发展提供参考。     

样品容器火工解锁冲击试验研究

某航天器的样品容器在火工解锁过程中,出现了解锁后向前冲击移动的现象。为充分掌握样品容器在轨火工解锁过程中冲击影响情况,开展了解锁冲击分析及试验验证。根据动量守恒定律,推算了样品容器在轨火工解锁的理论冲击移动距离,并开展了3次地面验证试验。计算结果和试验结果均表明,样品容器的冲击移动距离小于12 mm的指标要求,因此不会影响在轨样品转移任务的顺利实施。     

小型、快速SMA空间解锁机构的设计与试验研究

航天器上需要解锁机构完成结构的分离任务,目前广泛采用的火工品螺栓存在安全和冲击等问题,因此其应用在某些场合受到限制。以太阳板二次展开的解锁为例,本文利用形状记忆合金(SMA)的记忆特性发展了小型、快速SMA空间解锁机构;选用Liang\|Rogers本构模型,对解锁机构的核心部分-驱动器进行了设计;完成了解锁机构的样机研制和调试,进行了地面展开试验测试。研究结果表明：利用28V星载电源,研制的SMA空间解锁机构在0.1s内实现了解锁分离。新型SMA解锁机构安装体积小,解锁速度快,能够满足多个解锁机构同时使用的同步性要求,有很大的工程应用潜力。     

飞船整流罩纵向解锁机构设计与动力学

为适应载人航天逃逸飞行的需要，研制了一种具有高承载能力、高可靠性的钩式解锁机构，应用于火箭整流罩的纵向分离面处。它的研制成功，新增了一种具有高可靠、低冲击、可设计性好的结构形式。对机构的设计进行了研究，采用拉格朗日方法建立了机构的运动微分方程，并得到了初步的仿真结果。     

星箭解锁系统超高真空解锁分离试验技术

介绍了星箭解锁系统在规定的超高真空和自身温度或温度循环及包带预紧力条件下解锁分离试验的目的、试验要求、试验技术和“风云一号”星箭解锁系统解锁分离试验的简单情况。     

长征二号F火箭逃逸系统整流罩装配技术

针对长征二号F火箭逃逸整流罩纵向连接结构及解锁系统的技术要求,从整流罩各部段的对接桁、解锁接头的装配质量及精度入手,通过装配工装,增加过程控制,消除各部段的铆接变形,提高装配质量与精度及协调性。改进解锁机构的装配工艺,减小解锁机构的摩擦力,确保逃逸系统整流罩的同步解锁。     

强连接解锁器的研制

强连接解锁器是利用楔块承受并传递连接力,具有连接力大、解锁分离力小的结构特点,是一种新型航天火工装置。 文中详细叙述了近30年来常用的3种解锁器的发展概况、结构特点及适用场合。从这3种解锁器的性能分析比较中,可以看出,必须研制一种新型结构的解锁器,才能满足连接力大而分离力小的要求。文章还进一步介绍了强连接解锁器的主要性能、结构特点及试验结果。     

镁合金带连接分离装置解锁过程与预估模型

镁合金带连接分离装置因结构简单;解锁可靠而在航天发射领域得到广泛应用。为研究该装置在燃气作用下的解锁过程和解锁时间,首先利用数值计算方法对燃气流动和镁合金带内部传热过程进行数值模拟,获得镁合金带承受的热、力载荷条件;然后结合镁合金材料特性,对镁合金带断裂因素进行深入分析,表明热、力共同作用是镁合金带断裂和连接分离装置解锁的关键因素;最后结合模拟实验,对这一结论进行验证。在此基础上,结合一维气体流动特性和一维热传导模型,建立镁合金带连接分离装置解锁时间的预估模型,为工程设计提供参考。     

微小卫星解锁分离装置主结构设计分析及优化

文章介绍了某小卫星包带式星箭解锁分离装置初样产品的设计方案,建立了该装置的有限元模型,并通过轴向压缩静力试验验证了该模型的有效性。卫星用质心处的集中质量点代替,对解锁分离装置进行了模态与静力分析,验证了其主结构设计的合理性,同时还具有较高的安全裕度和可优化空间。以卫星总质量为目标函数,解锁分离装置主结构各构件的壁厚为设计变量,并以初样产品的横向、轴向和扭转的基频以及其主结构强度满足设计要求为约束条件,进行了灵敏度分析和优化设计,优化后的解锁分离装置总质量减少了1.5 kg。     

空间模拟碎片释放装置技术方案

为配合空间碎片主动清除技术的演示验证试验,提出了一种空间模拟碎片释放装置的技术方案:由模拟碎片及分离解锁装置组成。模拟碎片不具备任何合作特征,最初通过压紧杆与分离解锁装置相连,释放时由火工切割器切断压紧杆,模拟碎片在压缩弹簧的驱动下与分离解锁装置分离。最后,通过静载、模态、运动特性分析及分离解锁试验验证了该释放装置设计的正确性。     

The Influence of Arrangement of Growth Setups onboard a Spacecraft on Microgravity Conditions of Experiments: An Example of Floating Zone Melting of InSb:Te onboard the Foton-3 Satellite

The results of experiments on the growth of InSb:Te by the floating zone melting in the Zona-4 setup during a flight of the Foton-3 satellite are discussed in comparison with the data on the microgravity situation typical for satellites of this type. When analyzing inhomogeneities in the crystals obtained, we reveal the frequencies corresponding to periodical variations of the impurity channel position (the facet effect), to interleaving of packs in which the growth layers are grouped, and to location of subgroups of the growth layers inside the packs. These frequencies are close to those discovered during measurements of low-frequency (quasistationary) microaccelerations (g) onboard the spacecraft Foton-8, Foton-10, Foton-11, and Foton-12. Calculated values of g at the place where the Zona-4 setup is installed confirm the possibility of impact of such g on the heat and mass transfer in the melt.     

Gravitational Sensitivity of Solutions–Melts at the Crystallization of Two-Phase InSb–InBi Alloys under Space Conditions

Analyzing the results of space and ground-based experiments carried out in the Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science to study the processes of the melting and crystallization of two-phase InSb–InBi alloys of an indium–antimony–bismuth (In–Sb– Bi) triple system, we have demonstrated the gravitational sensitivity of the InSb-based solution– melt. It manifests itself as a certain asymmetry of the boundary of the dissolution of the InSb ingot by the InSb–InBi melt and heterogeneity of the melt along this boundary depending on the magnitude and direction of the gravity force acceleration gin the range (1–10^–3–10^–5)g ₀, where g ₀is the acceleration of the gravity force on Earth. For the first time, it is established in the experiments under analysis that the homogeneity of melts of a complex composition with components of various densities can be reached only at magnitudes of quasistationary (residual) microaccelerations g< 10^–6 g ₀.     

Buoyancy effects on smoldering combustion

A theoretical and experimental study is carried out to determine the effect of buoyancy on the rate of spread of a cocurrent smolder reaction through a porous combustible material. Since buoyant forces are proportional to the product g(_gi − _g), they can be controlled experimentally by varying either the gravitational acceleration, g, or the density difference, _gi − _g. The latter approach was followed in the present work. Measurements are performed of the smolder spread rate through porous α-cellulose (0.83 void fraction) as a function of the ambient air pressure. The experiments are carried out in a pressure vessel for ambient pressures ranging from 0.5 to 1.2 atm. The rate of spread was obtained from the temperature histories of thermocouples placed at fixed intervals along the fuel centerline. The smolder velocity was found to increase as the ambient pressure was increased. Extinction was found to occur when the buoyancy forces could not overcome the drag forces, indicating that at least for the present experimental conditions transport by diffusion cannot, by itself, support the spread of a smolder reaction. This conclusion is particularly important for outer space conditions where gravity and consequently buoyancy could be negligible. In the analysis, which assumes one-dimensional processes, the transport equations are solved to give the smolder spread rate as a function of the inlet oxygen mass flux. This mass flux is then estimated by balancing buoyancy and drag forces. Assuming that the smolder chemical reaction is only weakly dependent on pressure, the analysis finally predicts a smolder velocity dependence of the form v Y_oig²_gi Pa², i.e. is proportional to the ambient pressure squared. Good qualitative agreement is found between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results.     

一种用于空间机械臂的 微重力模拟悬吊配重试验系统

空间机械臂工作在空间微重力环境中,广泛用于太空中的舱段对接、在轨维修等操作,因此需要在地面模拟微重力环境以满足空间机械臂研制试验要求。文章基于国内外模拟微重力环境领域技术现状,依据型号研制试验要求,提出了一种用于大型空间机械臂性能和可靠性验证的微重力环境模拟悬吊配重试验系统,并给出了悬挂机构子系统、二维随动子系统、恒拉力子系统、位姿测定子系统的设计思路和具体方案。     

释放SF_6气体改变电离层电子密度的实验研究

电离层受到自然或人工扰动后产生的电子密度变化会影响无线电的传播。实验模拟了人工释放SF_6气体扰动电离层,通过对SF_6气体在电离层中的扩散过程和相应的离子化学反应的分析,并结合实验测量,研究了电离层电子密度随SF_6气体释放量的变化规律。实验结果表明:SF_6气体在电离层高度释放后,电子密度显著减少,且减少量与气体释放量在一定范围内呈负指数关系。研究可为今后提高卫星通信保密性和实施通信干扰等应用提供理论依据。     

航天器在轨微振动测量单元设计及地面标定技术

针对航天器在轨微振动环境测量,文章分析了微振动的来源及其对空间科学实验和对地成像载荷的影响,设计了典型微振动测量单元,提出了微振动测量单元标度因数和偏值的地面标定方法,利用精测设备进行了地面测试验证,结果表明微振动测量单元各轴测量误差小于5×10~(-3)g0,验证了微振动测量单元的设计和地面标定方法的正确性。     

Results of Measurements of Accelerations of Technological Devices onboard the FotonSpacecraft

This paper generalizes the results of measuring the residual accelerations arising when investigations in space materials science are carried out onboard the unmanned Fotonspacecraft. The levels of vibroaccelerations are analyzed in the frequency band of 1–500 Hz for the technological devices UZ01, UZ04, and POLIZON, developed by the Federal Unitary State Enterprise Barmin Design Bureau of General Machine Building (V.P. Barmin KBOM). The levels of accelerations are estimated in the frequency band of 0–1 Hz in the zone of technological operations of these facilities. The basic sources of vibroaccelerations acting upon the frames of devices are determined in the capsule zone, where technological processes of producing new materials take place. In the frequency band of 1–500 Hz the vibroaccelerations are shown to be generated by the operation of Fotonspacecraft units and a drive of capsule translation during the technological process. On the capsule frame they reach the values of (1–3) × 10^–3 g. The level of linear accelerations in the infralow-frequency band is determined by rotational motions of the Fotonspacecraft. It depends on the device location with respect to the spacecraft center of mass and does not exceed (1–7) × 10^–6 gin the steady-state regime in the zone of technological activity.     

The Production of Biologically Active Substances by Plant Cell Cultures in Space

The impact of the conditions of space flight on the productivity of cultures of the plant cells with respect to the biomass and the metabolites is investigated. The experiments were performed with the callus cultures of the cells of ginseng (Panax ginseng), red root puccoon (Lithospermum arythrorhizon), and macrotomia coloring (Macrotomia euchroma) onboard the orbital station Mirand American Space Shuttle. A more pronounced variation of the output of the metabolites is noted with respect to the ground control. This output depends upon the properties of the strain and conditions of the experiment.     

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) locomotion during a sounding rocket flight

The locomotor activity of young Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) was studied during a Nike-Orion sounding rocket flight, which included a short-duration microgravity exposure. An infrared monitoring system was used to determine the activity level, instantaneous velocity, and continuous velocity of 240 (120 male, 120 female) fruit flies. Individual flies were placed in chambers that limit their motion to walking. Chambers were oriented both vertically and horizontally with respect to the rocket's longitudinal axis. Significant changes in Drosophila locomotion patterns were observed throughout the sounding rocket flight, including launch, microgravity exposure, payload re-entry, and after ocean impact. During the microgravity portion of the flight (3.8 min), large increases in all locomotion measurements for both sexes were observed, with some measurements doubling compared to pad (1 G) data. Initial effects of microgravity were probably delayed due to large accelerations from the payload despining immediately before entering microgravity. The results indicate that short-duration microgravity exposure has a large effect on locomotor activity for both males and females, at least for a short period of time. The locomotion increases may explain the increased male aging observed during long-duration exposure to microgravity. Studies focusing on long-duration microgravity exposure are needed to confirm these findings, and the relationship of increased aging and locomotion.     

Gravitation effect on a flux of sporadic micrometeoroids in the vicinity of near-Earth orbits

The new approach to gravitation effect determination in calculating the flux of sporadic micrometeoroids in the near-Earth space is proposed. The technique is based on integration of the equations of motion of sporadic micrometeoroids with accounting for bending their trajectories when particles are approaching the Earth. The technique and results of calculation of the gravitational focusing factor k_g for various conditions are presented. The feature of the proposed technique for calculating coefficient k_g consists in the fact that this coefficient does not explicitly depend on the values of particles velocity at the last point. The results of investigation of coefficient k_g have shown that, for the given initial velocity of micrometeoroids, the values of this coefficient depend on deflection of its direction from the direction to the Earth center. It is shown that for low-altitude orbits the flux density can increase up to 60%. The distribution of probabilities of various directions of particles flying to spacecraft structural elements is found to be non-uniform.