高超声速风洞压敏漆试验技术

提出了适用于高超声速风洞开展压敏漆(PSP)试验研究的关键技术及解决办法。采用自主设计的PSP校准系统及测试系统,考核了代号为EC-PSP的压力敏感涂料在高超声速条件下的适用性、图像处理软件功能以及高温条件影响下数据处理方法的可行性。以压缩拐角模型为例开展了马赫数为5的高超声速PSP技术验证性风洞试验研究,辅以红外测温方法获得模型表面连续温度分布。试验结果表明在高超声速风洞开展的PSP试验技术研究清晰地捕获了基于压力变化的压缩拐角模型表面流动特征,实现了连续压力分布的测量。     

An algorithm to separate wind tunnel background noise from turbulent boundary layer excitation

Wall pressure fluctuations generated by Turbulent Boundary Layers(TBL) provide a significant contribution in reducing the structural vibration and the aircraft cabin noise. However,it is difficult to evaluate these fluctuations accurately through a wind tunnel test because of the pollution caused by the background noise generated by the jet or the valve of the wind tunnel. In this study, a new technology named Subsection Approaching Method(SAM) is proposed to separate the wall pressure fluctuations from the background noise induced by the jet or the valve for a transonic wind tunnel test. The SAM demonstrates good performance on separating the background noise from the total pressure compared to the other method in this study. The investigation considers the effects of the sound intensity and the decay factor on the sound-source separation. The results show that the SAM can derive wall pressure fluctuations effectively even when the level of background noise is considerably higher than the level of the wall pressure fluctuations caused by the TBL. In addition, the computational precision is also analyzed based on the broad band noise tested in the wind tunnel. Two methods to improve the precision of the computation with the SAM are also suggested: decreasing the loop gain and increasing the sensors for the signal analysis.     

高超声速风洞扩压器试验研究与分析

扩压器是高超声速风洞的关键部件,主要作用是提高出口气流的静压。在某高超声速风洞扩压器上布点测量壁面静压和近壁面皮托压力,并在出口布置尖劈测量出口气流参数,评估扩压器的性能。结果表明：扩压器内的核心流区由于存在逐步衰减的激波-膨胀波系,使气流出现“减速-加速-再减速-再加速”的流动过程;该扩压器能保证风洞正常启动以及试验段流场不受背压的影响;该扩压器的效率与国外类似风洞扩压器效率相当,前室总压较低时,扩压器能起到良好的减速增压的效果,前室总压较高时,扩压器增压效果不明显,扩压器出口气流马赫数偏高。     

过渡领域高超声速圆柱绕流直接模拟

本文用直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法模拟了再入速度为７．５ｋｍ／ｓ，高度分别为８０、８５、９０ｋｍ，物壁是完全漫反射有限催化壁的圆柱绕流。在８０ｋｍ考察了壁面催化率的影响。     

一种引射增强型二次喉道新方案的数值模拟

为提高大型超声速风洞的运行经济性，设计了一种通过引射低总压冷介质提高扩压性能的新型二次喉道扩压器，其结构特征是在扩压器收敛段前方增加侧壁凹槽，在凹槽前沿位置引入低总压常温空气作为冷介质，通过引射扩散作用在扩压器壁面形成气膜，调节二次喉道实际流通直径，较大程度上增强二次喉道的静压恢复能力，同时又降低二次喉道壁面热负荷，冷却壁面。数值验证结果表明，所设计新型二次喉道方案可通过调节引射气量自适应较宽范围的运行条件，有效隔离扩压器壁面直接接触高温燃气，同时提高了扩压能力，节省后段接力引射器的主动流流量近30%，对风洞运行经济性提升十分明显。     

高超飞行器内流道激波振荡问题的数值研究及试验验证

采用数值模拟和风洞试验的方法,对吸气式高超声速飞行器盲腔状态的流动特性进行了研究。采用＂双时间步＂方法进行了内外流一体化的非定常数值模拟,利用彩色纹影系统对高超声速飞行器前体流场进行显示,并采用动态压力传感器测得了飞行器内流道的壁面压力随时间的变化。结果表明：盲腔构型在高超声速飞行中会出现周期性的激波振荡现象。数值模拟所得流场变化特征、内流道壁面压力振荡周期和壁面压力变化趋势与试验结果吻合良好。     

高超声速全动翼面全时域耦合分析方法及应用

在流场-结构温度场同步计算方法的基础上,建立了多物理场全时域耦合分析方法,将方法应用于沿轨道运动的高超声速全动翼面热气动弹性稳定性分析。采用基于有限体积模型的CFD同步计算方法求解高超声速流场和结构温度场,建立映射关系实现结构有限元模型气动载荷加载和温度场赋值。采用移动坐标系和动网格相结合的方式描述变速度飞行和翼面偏转过程。通过坐标系变换将翼面偏转过程和振动过程的网格变形量叠加,考虑翼面振动和偏转的耦合非定常效应。针对沿轨道运动的高超声速飞行器,建立了同步计算方法与全时域耦合分析方法相结合的热气动弹性稳定性分析流程。研究发现,与同步计算方法相比,全时域耦合分析方法能够模拟结构振动对流场和结构温度场的影响,计算得到的监测点热流密度波动幅值占热流峰值的10%左右,而温度变化并不明显,相比于刚体模型,监测点温度只下降了0.3%左右。全时域耦合热气动弹性分析方法得到的颤振临界点在4-5号状态点之间,颤振形式为铰链扭转模态与一阶弯曲模态的耦合颤振,与"冻结"模态的热颤振方法结果一致。     

矩形转圆形高超声速内收缩进气道数值及试验研究

采用压力梯度先增大后减小压升规律轴对称基准流场,结合流线追踪及截面渐变技术设计了矩形转圆形内收缩进气道模型,并采用4°斜楔模拟飞行器前体,对前体、进气道一体化模型进行了数值模拟和风洞试验,初步得到了该进气道的流场结构及总体性能.设计点和接力点的数值模拟结果表明该进气道可在马赫数Ma=4～6状态下正常工作,且具有良好的总...     

Hypersonic flutter and flutter suppression system of a wind tunnel model

The aeroelastic behavior of a thin flat rudder model was numerically simulated and experimentally investigated in a hypersonic wind tunnel. In particular, a flutter suppression system taking advantage of collision within small gaps was proposed and a novel system for the flutter simulation of the whole nonlinear aeroelastic system including the flutter suppression system was developed. First, the critical flutter dynamic pressure of the rudder without the flutter suppression system was calculated with different methods. Then, the whole nonlinear aeroelastic system, including theflutter suppression system, was simulated to design the gap size. Finally, the flutter suppression system was experimentally validated in a hypersonic wind tunnel operating at Mach number 5. The typical phenomenon of Limit Cycle Oscillation(LCO) was observed, avoiding the structural failure of the model and the consistency between numerical and experimental results was demonstrated.The proposed suppression system can improve the design and reusability of test models of hypersonic flutter experiments.     

Scaling procedures of cabin noise generated by turbulent boundary layer excitation

This paper presents a new method for measuring the cabin noise of a structure in a wind tunnel. A method for scaling the cabin sound was derived to obtain the cabin noise of a structure, and the derivation of the scaling procedure was based on a theoretical hypothesis regarding the cabin noise prediction for a scaled model in a wind tunnel. A frequency offset was generated because of the error introduced by model manufacture and installation, and a proposed modal test method was used to eliminate the frequency offset. Both a full-scale structure and scaled structure were measured in the wind tunnel tests. The cabin noise of the full-scale model was compared with the results obtained using the scaling procedure based on the scaled model. The comparisons of the measurement results indicate that the scaling procedures developed in this paper are effective for vibro-acoustic predictions in wind tunnels. Moreover, background noise tended to affect the results of the cabin sound for the wind tunnel test, and thus background noise should be prevented through specific design efforts.     

尖楔结构低速高/中温双路气流组合热试验方法

在典型高超声速飞行工况下,数值模拟分析了高温合金尖楔前缘结构沿气流方向大温度分布梯度将带来严重的热强度问题,产生大温度分布梯度的根本原因是尖楔结构头部区域平均热流密度与后段平板区域平均热流密度之差,而受头部区域热流密度具体分布的影响不大;进而提出了一种低速高/中温双路气流组合热试验方案,并通过数值模拟方法证明了该方案具有两股气流参数可以独立调节分别满足尖楔结构头部驻点区域及后段平板区域大、小两种热流密度的优点,进而解决单喷口低速高温燃气流热模拟试验难题,满足尖楔结构高超声速飞行工况下大温度梯度模拟要求.同时,该方案通过高/中温气源的合理组合搭配可以大大降低尖楔结构热试验所需高温气源发生功率,推广应用于电弧风洞可拓展其热试验范围.      

Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

高超声速表面摩擦应力油膜干涉测量技术研究

针对高超声速摩阻测量的需求,将基于表面图像的摩擦应力油膜干涉测量技术（SISF）应用于Φ0.5m常规高超声速风洞。通过平板模型的风洞实验,进行了硬件设备平台研制、模型表面材料、油膜物性参数的影响特性以及干涉图像数据处理方法研究。结果表明,建立的SISF硬件设备和技术能够获得清晰的干涉条纹,平板模型表面摩擦应力测量结果与数值模拟结果一致,研制的SISF系统可以可靠地应用于高超声风洞模型表面摩擦应力测量。     

复杂截面高层建筑角对角布置的气动干扰机理研究

基于两栋角对角布置、横截面复杂的实际超高层建筑的刚性模型测压风洞试验数据,分析了综合体型系数以及风压系数分布特性,详细讨论了建筑间的气动干扰机理。研究结果表明,两栋塔楼在气流方向上串列布置时,其间可能产生恒定的旋涡,使得上游建筑背风面和下游建筑迎风面的平均风压都表现为较高的负压,上游建筑的平均风荷载会大大超过单体建筑的情况;两栋塔楼在气流方向上大致并列布置时,建筑两侧可能产生周期性的旋涡脱落,导致横风向响应的均方根值较大。此外,建筑的等效静力风荷载以平均风荷载为主,且建筑的自由振动频率远远大于气动力的卓越频率,脉动风荷载以背景分量为主而共振分量较小,这使得结构刚度的增加无法显著降低建筑的等效静力风荷载。     

跨声速三维非线性洞壁干扰的数值计算

分别以固壁条件和洞壁附近的压力分布模拟各类实壁和透气壁试验段的洞壁边界条件，利用Ｅｕｌｅｒ方程和Ｎ－Ｓ方程数值求解模型在风洞中的绕流场，得出洞壁干扰对跨声速模型绕流和气动力的影响，初步的研究结果表明，该方法能较有效地模拟模型在跨声速风洞中的绕流场，经洞壁干扰修正后的ＧＢＭ－０４Ａ模型在０．６ｍ风洞中的试验结果与无干扰参考结果吻合较好     

测压孔径对下沉安装压力传感器测量的影响

对于高超声速飞行试验,飞行器在飞行过程中产生的气动加热会使其表面安装的传感器烧坏并导致试验测量失败。传感器下沉安装可以避免其与飞行器周围的高温气体直接接触,减轻传感器的热载荷。采用下沉安装传感器的方式对高超声速边界层的脉动压力进行了试验测量,研究了测压孔径对脉动压力特性的影响。结果表明,随着孔径增大,脉动压力强度减小,流场相关性增强。传感器下沉安装会引起空腔流动,随着孔径的增大,空腔流动对脉动压力测量的影响降低。在频带10~20 kHz范围内,测压孔径仅仅影响脉动压力强度,在频带1~10 kHz范围内,测压孔径对脉动压力波形周期的影响更为显著。非线性耦合将能量由高频小尺度向低频大尺度传递,导致发生自相互作用和非线性相位耦合的流动结构趋向低频,随着孔径增大,非线性相位耦合消失。此外,孔径越大,不同尺度结构的能量分布与齐平安装的相似性越高。     

An active vibration control method based on energy-fuzzy for cantilever structures excited by aerodynamic loads

In wind tunnel tests for the full-model fixed with sting, the low structural damping of the long cantilever sting results in destructive low-frequency and large-amplitude vibration. In order to obtain high-quality wind tunnel test data and ensure the safety of wind tunnel tests, an energy-fuzzy adaptive PD (Proportion Differentiation) control method is proposed. This method is used for active vibration control of a cantilever structure under variable aerodynamic load excitation, and real-time adjustment of parameters is achieved according to the system characteristics of vibration energy. Meanwhile, a real-time method is proposed to estimate the real-time vibration energy through the vibration acceleration signal, and the average exciting power of aerodynamic load is obtained by deducting the part of the power contributed by the vibration suppressor from the total power. Furthermore, an energy-fuzzy adaptive PD controller is proposed to achieve adaptive control to the changes of the aerodynamic load. Besides, the subsonic and transonic experiments were carried out in wind tunnel, the results revealed that comparing to fixed gain PD controllers, the energy-fuzzy adaptive PD controller maintains higher performance.     

小展弦比飞翼标模 FL-2风洞跨声速开孔壁干扰特性修正研究

为了满足现代风洞试验精细化要求,提高风洞试验数据精准度,开展跨声速开孔壁洞壁干扰修正方法研究。本文利用实测壁压信息构造开孔壁边界条件,通过求解 N-S 方程,模拟试验模型在风洞中的绕流场,建立基于壁压信息的跨声速洞壁干扰非线性修正方法。不同于线性修正方法,本方法可用于各种复杂外形飞行器的亚、跨声速开孔壁洞壁干扰修正,结合小展弦比飞翼标模风洞试验数据,对其在 FL-2风洞试验数据开展洞壁干扰特性研究。洞壁干扰修正结果表明,洞壁干扰量随马赫数变化呈增长趋势,Ma ＝1．0左右达最大,经过修正的 FL-2风洞的跨声速试验结果,与 FL-26风洞近似无干扰试验结果吻合良好。     

飞机加改装部件绕流脉动压力研究

现役飞机的加改装或改型 ,是赋予装备新功能、提高装备性能和综合战斗力的一条快速、有效的途径。在加改装工程中,防止发生加改装部件的结构振动是一个较为突出的技术难点 ,而导致飞机部件结构振动的主要激励源之一是其绕流产生的非定常气动载荷。描述了飞机加改装部件绕流的典型流态及其脉动压力的主要特点,提出了加改装部件外形的综合优化设计方法,介绍了绕流脉动压力风洞实验数据与飞行实测数据间相关性研究的主要结果。     

天平与波纹管系统结构设计与有限元分析

为满足某飞机后机身风洞试验需求,研制了一种用金属波纹管密封测力天平的新型测力装置。利用密封原理,该装置的波纹管结构能有效地隔断风洞流场压力波动,使其内腔压力平衡,确保天平精确测量作用在飞机后机身上的气动载荷。通过对天平与波纹管系统进行合理的结构设计,以及应用有限元方法进行详尽的静态和动态力学分析,该装置得到了较为理想的设计结果。天平地面校准和风洞试验结果表明,波纹管密封效果好,对天平测力干扰小,达到了预期的试验要求。