中心刚体-柔性梁系统的旋转运动控制

中心刚体-柔性梁系统是一个典型的刚柔耦合动力学系统,对其动力学与控制的研究一直是国内外的研究热点问题之一。采用一次近似简化模型对中心刚体-柔性梁系统的旋转运动控制进行研究,其中控制律采用变结构控制方法进行设计。切换面的设计采用最优化方法而得出,控制律的设计采用指数趋近律方法。因为所设计的控制律是模态坐标的函数,而模态坐标不可能通过物理测量直接获得,因此给出一个从物理测量中提取模态坐标的滤波器方法。数值仿真结果显示,模态滤波器能够较好地提取出控制律所需的模态坐标;变结构控制能够使得系统达到所期望的运动状态,并可使柔性梁的残余振动得到抑制。     

Surgery in space: Where are we at now?

In the coming decades, as we continue our path of space exploration beyond the Earth's orbit, we will be required to provide sound medical and surgical care for the safety of space travellers and spaceflight participants. A few investigations have taken place in the field of surgery in space. In this paper, the authors review the present literature in order to identify possible limitations that currently exist and that could impair our ability to provide surgical care during spaceflight, from the pre-operative to the post-operative period.     

Biomedical problems of EVA support during manned space flight to Mars

Current projects of manned missions to Mars are aimed to their realization in the second-third decades of this century. The purpose of this paper is to determine and review the main biomedical problems, that require a first and foremost decision for safety support of extravehicular activity (EVA) carried out by crewmembers of the Mars expedition. To a number of such problems the authors of the paper attribute a creation of adequate EVA equipment intended, first, for assembly of interplanetary spacecraft on the Earth orbit, performance of maintenance operations and scientific researches on the external surface of spacecraft during interplanetary flight and, secondly, for work on the Mars surface. New generation of space suits with low weight, high mobility and acceptable risk of decompression sickness must be as a central component of EVA equipment. The program for preparation to a Mars expedition also has to include special investigations in order to design the means and methods for a reliable protection of crew against space radiation, to elaborate the approach to medical monitoring and primary medical care during autonomous space mission, to maintain good health condition of crewmembers during EVA under the Mars gravity (0.38 g) after super long-term flight in weightlessness.     

Scintillation model of laser beam propagation in satellite-to-ground bidirectional atmospheric channels

This paper discusses a scintillation model of laser beam propagation in satellite-to-ground bidirectional atmospheric channels. The frequency characteristics of the downlink were theoretically derived on the basis of measurements in low Earth orbit satellite-to-ground laser communication experiments. The speckle patterns were averaged and the frequency response of the received optical signal was filtered by a telescope aperture. The model parameters were obtained by fitting the results to the model. This paper introduces scaling factors for the uplink and extends the theory for the downlink to that for the uplink. The proposed model can generate time-varying optical signals based on the von Kármán spectrum for space-to-ground laser links. The scintillation index was estimated using the modified Hufnagel–Valley model, which was obtained from real measurements. The probability density function was fitted by the estimated scintillation index and compared to the gamma–gamma distribution under strong turbulence conditions. The scaling factor for the root mean square wind speed was newly introduced to fit the frequency spectra for the uplink. The simulation results are presented in this paper. The proposed scintillation model can contribute to improving the fading simulation of satellite-to-ground communication links as well as add to the future discussion of standards, like those proposed by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems.     

Biomedical aspects of artificial gravity.

Artificial gravitv generated by spacecraft rotation may prove a universal countermeasure against adverse effects of weightlessness in the future. The paper summarizes the results of ground-based biomedical investigations of artificial gravity and flight experiments aboard Soviet biosatellites Cosmos-782 and Cosmos-936. It is believed that at the present stage the major goal of such investigations is to determine the minimum efficient value of artificial gravity in long-term flights which may eliminate adverse effects of prolonged weightlessness. In ground-bound studies the highest priority should be given to the development of methods on increasing human tolerance to the rotating environment.     

Analytical definition and proposed concept for the manned infrastructure of a lunar outpost

A recent study made by ESA has reviewed the scientific investigations to be only, or best, performed on the Moon (Return to the Moon, ESA SP-1150, June 1992), and has identified the need for a manned lunar outpost to provide support to field geologists in sampling and in-situ observations of the lunar surface, and to allow the refurbishments of surface stations and rovers. Planning and development for a manned outpost on the Moon requires an in-depth understanding and analysis of the functions this outpost is expected to perform. We therefore analyzed the impact of the proposed scientific investigations on the design of a manned lunar outpost. The specific questions raised in our study were: What are the medical, physiological and psychological risks for a crew to stay and to work on the Moon? What transit and lunar surface infrastructures (habitats and vehicles) are needed to minimize those risks?     

Development of Satellite Methods for Radio Holographic Surveys of the Earth's Surface and Atmosphere

The methods of studying the Earth's surface and troposphere with the help of coherent radio waves radiated by satellites are considered. Some examples of measurements of the local relief of the Earth's surface by the method of radar interferometer are presented, as well as refraction profiles of the troposphere obtained by the radio holographic method. The described methods are promising for investigations of the local relief of the Earth's surface and its changes, for studying the characteristics of sea heaving, and for monitoring atmospheric processes.     

屈服假塑性凝胶模拟液直圆管流变和流动特性分析

通过理论分析和试验研究,进行了某型凝胶模拟液在直圆管内的流变和流动特性研究。研究结果表明：该凝胶模拟液具有明显的屈服应力;由于屈服应力的作用,直圆管中心明显地分为剪切流动区和柱塞流动区,柱塞流动区半径与屈服应力成正比,与压力梯度成反比;当流量恒定时,沿程压降随屈服应力的增大而增大;当压力梯度保持不变时,流量随屈服应力的增大而减小。     

Role of O.G. Gazenko in formation and advancement of space biology and medicine

Oleg G. Gazenko belongs to the noble cohort of pupils of well-known Russian physiologist L.A. Orbeli. He was one of the fathers of space biology and medicine, discipline in which he displayed his brilliant talents of experimenter and thinker. He was acknowledged for the investigations of spaceflight effects on living systems, the concept of medical operations system to support long-term piloted missions and implementation of biological researches that fostered the advance of space and gravitational biology. The analytical works of Oleg G. Gazenko are of imperishable significance for future researches to the benefit of space biomedicine.     

微小卫星磁测自主导航方法

本文提出了使用磁测方法实现近地微小卫星自主导航的方法，利用实时地磁场测量数据与根据ＩＧＲＦ计算出的地磁声数据之差作为新息量，使用推广Ｋａｌｍａｎ滤波算法确定卫星的位置和速度。给出了三种导航滤波算法。并使用模拟数据和ＭＡＧＳＴＡ卫星实测数据进行了仿真研究，证明了方法的有效性和实用性。     

谐波力矩测量技术分析和优化设计

为实现空间环境下机器人关节的谐波传动输出力矩测量,研究测量柔轮形变获取力矩的谐波测力技术。使用LS-DYNA有限元分析软件对谐波传动进行瞬态动力学分析,得到谐波柔轮的动应变特性,以此为依据对谐波测力技术的应变片设计方案进行分析和优化设计。经优化设计的谐波力矩传感器在未滤波的情况下均方根误差为1.6%,稳态测量误差为2%,采用低通滤波后稳态测量误差降至0.5%,满足空间机器人关节力矩测量的需求。     

Overview of the Neurolab Spacelab mission

Neurolab is a NASA Spacelab mission with multinational cooperative participation that is dedicated to research on the nervous system. The nervous systems of all animal species have evolved in a one-g environment and are functionally influenced by the presence of gravity. The absence of gravity presents a unique opportunity to gain new insights into basic neurologic functions as well as an enhanced understanding of physiological and behavioral responses mediated by the nervous system. The primary goal of Neurolab is to expand our understanding of how the nervous system develops, functions in, and adapts to microgravity space flight. Twenty-six peer reviewed investigations using human and nonhuman test subjects were assigned to one of eight science discipline teams. Individual and integrated experiments within these teams have been designed to collect a wide range of physiological and behavior data in flight as well as pre- and postflight. Information from these investigations will be applicable to enhancing the well being and performance of future long duration space travelers, will contribute to our understanding of normal and pathological functioning of the nervous system, and may be applied by the medical community to enhance the health of humans on Earth.     

Mass determination of a small body in solar system by using a test-mass during a fly-by

The mass estimation of small bodies in the solar system—such as comets or minor planets—with an accuracy sufficient to get scientific information is difficult. The ground-based range-rate measurements are not practicable for bodies smaller than 100 km diameter.A proof mass, ejected from the spacecraft before the flyby and whose relative trajectory is determined with onboard measurements can give very good results even for small bodies. This paper presents the expected accuracy of mass determination depending on ballistic conditions (relative velocity and closest approach), type and accuracy of measurements (range, optical).     

Vestibular tests in the selection of cosmonauts.

Vestibulo-vegetative disorders in cosmonauts and astronauts occurring during space flight compel otolaryngologists to search for vestibular tests enabling a precise evaluation of the activity of the vestibular apparatus and showing disposition to motion sickness. Otoneurological investigation of Polish candidates for cosmonaut status consisted of the following vestibular tests: caloric, rotatory, optokinetic, swinging torsion, statokinesimetric and vestibulo-vegetative. The value of various vestibular tests for aviation and space medicine is presented in this paper, taking into account the results of investigations of the equilibrium system with the group of pilots selected for space flight as well as extensive experience with candidates for the air service and also trained pilots and patients. The relatively frequent lack of correlation between the results of the applied tests, which renders difficult the proper evaluation of the equilibrium system, is emphasized in the paper. Finally, the results of investigations of acute habituation of the vestibular apparatus are discussed.     

一种GPS快速定位技术研究

用LAMBDA方法确定GPS载波相位测量的整周模糊度,需要较高精度的浮点解。但用短时间GPS观测值构建的法方程容易出现病态,以致法方程的解很不稳定。本文使用谱修正迭代法,消除法方程病态,进而用LAMBDA方法确定整周模糊度。我们的实验结果表明,对于1min左右的单频GPS载波相位测量,利用本文方法即可正确地解算出它的整周模糊度,从而实现厘米级定位。     

基于简化Unscented变换的FMSRUKF算法及其目标跟踪性能分析

研究Unscented变换的基本原理及Unscented Kalman Filter(UKF)算法。为了降低跟踪系统计算复杂性,在Unscented变换中引入单位矩阵,以简单的数值计算取代复杂的矩阵分解求解矩阵平方根的过程,把UKF改进为FM- SRUKF。对三维坐标系下的变加速运动目标进行跟踪仿真。结果表明FMSRUKF具有更好的精度和鲁棒性。     

双向互选最近邻准则下的多目标TDOA无源定位

为有效解决多目标无源定位中的数据关联难题,提出双向互选最近邻多目标数据关联算法。该算法借鉴全局最近邻思想解决多目标到达时差(TDOA)测量数据关联问题,在设置检测门限对时差测量数据进行关联初选的基础上,将所有目标和初选后数据的关联配对关系进行全局考虑,通过对初选后数据的前后向互选来解决多目标时差测量数据的正确关联问题。该算法在从众多时差测量数据关联配对点中提取真实目标位置的同时,可有效解决时差无源定位中的定位模糊问题,算法模块也可应用到多星测时差、测向-测时差等无源定位系统中。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效解决多目标时差测量数据的关联问题,最终实现对多目标的无源定位。     

Analysis of Low-Frequency Microaccelerations onboard the Foton-11Satellite

The method and the results of investigating the low-frequency component of microaccelerations onboard the Foton-11satellite are presented. The investigation was based on the processing of data of the angular velocity measurements made by the German system QSAM, as well as the data of measurements of microaccelerations performed by the QSAM system and by the French accelerometer BETA. The processing was carried out in the following manner. A low-frequency (frequencies less than 0.01 Hz) component was selected from the data of measurements of each component of the angular velocity vector or of the microacceleration, and an approximation was constructed of the obtained vector function by a similar function that was calculated along the solutions to the differential equations of motion of the satellite with respect to its center of mass. The construction was carried out by the least squares method. The initial conditions of the satellite motion, its aerodynamic parameters, and constant biases in the measurement data were used as fitting parameters. The time intervals on which the approximation was constructed were from one to five hours long. The processing of the measurements performed with three different instruments produced sufficiently close results. It turned out to be that the rotational motion of the satellite during nearly the entire flight was close to the regular Eulerian precession of the axially symmetric rigid body. The angular velocity of the satellite with respect to its longitudinal axis was about 1 deg/s, while the projection of the angular velocity onto the plane perpendicular to this axis had an absolute value of about 0.2 deg/s. The magnitude of the quasistatic component of microaccelerations in the locations of the accelerometers QSAM and BETA did not exceed 5 × 10^–5–10^–4m/s²for the considered motion of the satellite.     

Study of satellite situations mission

Problems of situational investigations during the planning and control of the space experiment in the near-Earth space are considered in this paper. It gives the concept of the orbital torus and shows its application in various problems of situational investigations: the forecast of intersections of the orbit with the magnetopause and bow shock, regions of satellites radiovisibility from the ground observation post and others.     

多星编队相对轨道的自主确定

编队飞行的相对轨道确定具有重要意义。针对编队应用中多颗环绕星相对中心星的自主定轨问题进行了研究，提出引入环绕星间相对测量信息的分布式滤波方案。设计了二级滤波器，利用环绕星间测量信息提高一级滤波得到的环绕星相对轨道的确定精度。仿真结果验证了这种导航方案的有效性。