具有独立失效模式的多自由度非线性振动系统的可靠性分析

 对不考虑失效模式相关性的多自由度非线性随机振动系统可靠性进行了研究。在结构系统响应和状态函数的前四阶矩的一般数学表达式的基础上,使用 Edgeworth级数把未知响应和状态函数的概率分布展开成标准的正态分布表达式,并放松了对随机参数的分布概型和激励类型的限制,从而确定了系统的可靠度。     

基于图像特征融合的粉末床缺陷检测方法

针对单一特征对粉末床缺陷表达不明确导致检测效果不佳的问题,提出了一种基于特征融合的增材制造过程粉末床缺陷视觉检测方法。该算法分别使用SIFT方法、灰度共生矩阵和Hu不变矩提取尺度空间特征、纹理特征和几何特征,借助词袋模型对每张图像构建3组视觉单词直方图,通过串行融合3组视觉单词直方图得到新的特征矩阵,采用特征选择对融合后特征矩阵进行降维,并传入随机森林分类器中进行训练。实验结果表明,不同特征对粉末床不同类型缺陷检测具有不同的贡献,优化特征融合参数后,算法平均准确率达到97.46%,缺陷检测效果明显提升。     

基于当量概率密度函数的模糊可靠性分析方法

实际工程中,结构系统的属性以及所受外载荷常常具有随机性和模糊性的特点。对于功能函数中含有模糊分布参数(FDP)的随机变量问题,如何准确且简便地评估其可靠性,是十分重要的。依据随机性和模糊性的基本概念,提出了当量概率密度函数的模糊可靠性分析方法。以FDP的隶属函数为基础,构造FDP的先验分布,应用Bayes理论,得到含有FDP随机变量的当量概率密度函数,并推导出具有常用隶属函数的FDP随机变量的数学期望和方差。这样就把含有FDP的随机变量处理成常规随机变量,进而可以应用传统的可靠性方法来分析结构的可靠性。本文所提方法解决了功能函数中含有多个FDP的随机变量时,模糊概率计算困难的问题。最后通过算例,与常用的模糊概率的可靠性分析方法进行比较,来验证本文算法的有效性。     

用PIV实验研究边界层内结构函数标度律

湍流标度律的变化情况显示了湍流边界层内的流动状况。利用高分辨率、高帧率的粒子图像测速技术（PIV）对平板湍流边界层进行了实验研究。研究结果显示,当脉动速度增量结构函数的阶数为正整数且逐渐增大时,由实验所得的脉动速度增量结构函数的标度指数逐渐偏离K41和SL标度指数,出现奇异标度律;而当结构函数的阶数为正分数时,实验所得的标度指数和K41及SL标度指数较为接近;当结构函数的阶数由0趋向于-1时,实验的标度指数明显偏离K41和SL标度指数,出现奇异标度律。这也说明了用低阶结构函数的标度指数也能说明标度律的奇异性及边界层内存在间歇性。对于法向速度增量和涡量分量来说,不管结构函数的高阶或低阶的标度指数都不随壁面位置的不同而改变,具有普适性。     

Two Methods of Ambiguity Resolution in Pulse Doppler Weather Radars

A comparison is made of the performance of a weather Doppler radar with a staggered pulse repetition time and a radar with a random (but known) phase. As a standard for this comparison, the specifications of the forthcoming next generation weather radar (NEXRAD) are used. A statistical analysis of the spectral moment estimates for the staggered scheme is developed, and a theoretical expression for the signal-to-noise ratio due to recohering-filtering-recohering for the random phase radar is obtained. Algorithms for assignment of correct ranges to pertinent spectral moments for both techniques are presented.     

Detection Probabilities for Log-Normally Distributed Signals

The amplitude and power of a large family of radio signals are observed to have log-normal probability density functions. Among these are signals propagated through random inhomogeneous media, a notable example being low frequency atmospheric radio noise. Of greater importance are certain radar targets that have been observed to have essentially log-normal density functions. Both ships and space vehicles may fall into this category. Curves of probability of detection vs. signal-to-noise ratio for the case of log-normal signals in Gaussian noise have been computed and are presented in this paper. The curves apply for square-law detection with varying degrees of postdetection linear integration. Both fully correlated and completely uncorrelated fluctuating signals are considered. It is shown that for log-normal signal distributions having large variances, the probability of detection differs significantly from that obtained using curves based on an assumed Rayleigh signal distribution.     

一种微型仿昆扑翼飞行器扑翼操控机制

提出了一种扑翼操控机制,用于解决微型仿昆扑翼飞行器悬停飞行的飞行动力问题。通过对扑翼运动参数对气动力及空气动力矩的作用进行理论和仿真分析,设计了一种采用可变幅值的周期函数调节扑翼运动的扑打角和旋转角变化的方法,实现对气动力和气动力矩进行独立控制的操控机制。仿真结果验证了此操控机制可以较好地解决仅一对翼的仿昆扑翼飞行器飞行动力问题。     

Pade approximations for detectability in K-clutter and noise

The Pade approximation (PA) method is used to analyze the detection performance of single and multiple pulse radar systems operating in K-distributed clutter and thermal noise. Simple approximations for false-alarm and detection probabilities are obtained, using lower order moments for the detection decision statistic. Both envelope and squaring detector laws are considered, with noncoherent integration, for independent and correlated K clutter. The target is assumed to be pulse-to-pulse Rayleigh fading. The methods are a substantial application of the PA methods we have previously published     

随机恒速运动目标的搜索方程及持续探测概率

根据目标位置的初始分布和速度分布,给出了随机恒速运动目标在任意时刻位置和速度分布密度函数。定义了探测函数、目标存在和探测不成功的联合概率密度函数和目标存活概率函数,建立了基于目标速度分布的搜索方程并给出了其特征迹线解。在目标初始分布和速度分布均为圆正态分布条件下,分析了搜索方程特征迹线的基本特征和持续探测发现概率积分域的形态。给出了一个以直升机吊放声纳探测潜艇为背景的持续探测发现概率的算例,算例表明,对随机恒速运动目标持续探测的发现概率,与对静止目标进行持续探测的发现概率相似,服从时间的指数规律。     

大型运输机机翼弯曲载荷计算

简要叙述了飞机平飞时影响机翼弯曲载荷的主要因素；重点介绍了机翼升力、机翼油箱燃油重力、机翼结构重力沿翼展分布数学模型的建立和机翼弯曲载荷计算公式的推导过程；所述方法虽然是针对大型运输机提出的，但对其它类型飞机同样适用。     

转轴裂纹扩展的可靠性灵敏度分析

在Paris-Erdogan裂纹扩展模型的基础上,考虑裂纹扩展模型的随机参数影响,采用裂纹长度失效准则建立了旋转机械转轴裂纹扩展的可靠性模型,应用随机摄动理论和Kronecker代数导出了状态函数的前四阶矩,应用应力-强度干涉理论和四阶矩技术确定了转轴裂纹扩展的可靠度,利用矩阵微分理论和灵敏度技术系统地研究了转轴裂纹扩展的可靠性灵敏度问题.      

Spatially distributed target detection in non-Gaussian clutter

Two detection schemes for the detection of a spatially distributed, Doppler-shifted target in non-Gaussian clutter are developed. The non-Gaussian clutter is modeled as a spherically invariant random vector (SIRV) distribution. For the first detector, called the non-scatterer density dependent generalized likelihood ratio test (NSDD-GLRT), the detector takes the form of a sum of logarithms of identical functions of data from each individual range cell. It is shown under the clutter only hypothesis, that the detection statistic has the chi-square distribution so that the detector threshold is easily calculated for a given probability of false alarm P_F. The detection probability P_D is shown to be only a function of the signal-to-clutter power ratio (S/C)_opt of the matched filter, the number of pulses N, the number of target range resolution cells J, the spikiness of the clutter determined by a parameter of an assumed underlying mixing distribution, and P_F. For representative examples, it is shown that as N, J, or the clutter spikiness increases, detection performance improves. A second detector is developed which incorporates a priori knowledge of the spatial scatterer density. This detector is called the scatterer density dependent GLRT (SDD-GLRT) and is shown for a representative case to improve significantly the detection performance of a sparsely distributed target relative to the performance of the NSDD-GLRT and to be robust for a moderate mismatch of the expected number of scatterers. For both the NSDD-GLRT and SDD-GLRT, the detectors have the constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) property that P_F is independent of the underlying mixing distribution of the clutter, the clutter covariance matrix, and the steering vector of the desired signal     

FOPEN SAR imaging using UWB step-frequency and random noisewaveforms

The detection and identification of targets obscured by foliage have been topics of great interest. Several synthetic aperture radar (SAR) experiments have demonstrated promising images of terrain and man-made objects obscured by dense foliage, by using either linear frequency modulation (LFM) or step-frequency waveforms. We present here the methodology and results of a comparative study on foliage penetration (FOPEN) SAR imaging using ultrawideband (UWB) step-frequency and random noise waveforms. A statistical-physical foliage transmission model is developed for simulation applications. The foliage obscuring pattern is analyzed by means of the technique of paired echoes. The results of the comparative study demonstrates the ability of a UHF band UWB random noise radar to be used as a FOPEN SAR. Advantages of the random noise radar system include covert detection and immunity to radio frequency interference (RFI)     

Resolution of signal sources via spectral moment estimation

In different practical situations it is desired to estimate the number of signal sources and their positions in space or in frequency domain. The first problem is known as the detection or the order estimation and the second one as the resolution. For the resolution problem techniques such as nonlinear least squares (NLSM), high-order Yule-Walker method (HOYW), multiple signal classification (MUSIC), Pisarenko harmonic retrieval method, min-norm method, estimation of signal parameters by rotational invariance technique (ESPRIT), were proposed (Marple, 1987 and Stoica and Moses, 1997). All these high-resolution methods are based on the analysis of the signal covariance matrix. But the covariance matrix is not the only choice to represent the signal spectrum. In different applications (weather radars, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing, ultrasound imaging in medicine, atmospheric turbulence measurements) the signal spectrum can be modeled through its algebraic moments. Recently a number of efficient nonparametric methods have been proposed to estimate the algebraic spectral moments (Monakov, 1999). The presented paper is an attempt to solve the direction of arrival (DOA) problem via estimation of the algebraic spectral moments. A method proposed in the article is comparable in its accuracy with the MUSIC method. At the same time its computational burden is much lower. The method permits to estimate the signal power of sources easily to complete the full spectral line analysis. Additionally the method shows good robustness in situations when signal sources have noticeable spatial extend     

Effect of Vertical Deflections and Ocean Currents on a Maneuvering Ship

Vertical deflections and ocean currents introduce errors into ship's inertial navigation systems (SINS). In the absence of exact knowledge, these quantities may be treated as distance-dependent stationary random processes. However, these distance-dependent random processes enter SINS as time-dependent error sources. The autocorrelation functions of these time functions depend on the manner in which the ship maneuvers. An equation relating the time-dependent autocorrelation function to the distance-dependent autocorrelation function is derived. The time-dependent autocorrelation function is obtained for four different situations. The first two examples are ships steaming at constant heading and constant, but not necessarily known, velocity. The third example involves a ship tracking back and forth over the same path. The last example describes a ship that steams at a constant speed but changes heading in a random manner.     

具有随机参数的周期性结构振动分析的谱方法

为了探讨整圈连接的涡轮叶片组内各个叶片的制造偏差对叶片组振动的影响,本文利用一个具有周期性随机参数的结构模型来近似地模拟叶片组结构,并提出了分析这种结构的振动的一种谱方法。假定结构参数的标准差为微小量,因而可应用摄动法。将周期性随机结构参数展开成付氏级数,从而求解结构的自由振动和受迫振动,求得结构的频率和振型,以及共振振幅及其方差估计。论证了主振型的正交性,分析了此结构共振的特殊条件。算例表明,分析结果与实验结果具有相同的量级。     

微小卫星剩磁在轨标定技术研究

 基于微小卫星姿态确定系统常采用无陀螺配置方案，克服环境干扰力矩的影响并提高微小卫星姿态确定的精度是此类姿态确定系统的关键。分析了星上稳定剩余磁场对无陀螺微小卫星姿态确定的干扰机理，建立了卫星剩余磁矩与磁强计偏置标定模型。以磁强计、太阳敏感器作为姿态敏感器件，并采用扩展卡尔曼滤波器实现标定算法，为无陀螺磁测微小卫星消除剩磁干扰，获得高精度姿态估计提供了一种新方法。仿真结果表明：该方法能准确估计卫星剩余磁矩与磁强计偏置，磁强计偏置的标定精度在1 nT左右，剩余磁矩的标定精度为0.000 1 A·m²量级，有效消除了剩磁对无陀螺卫星姿态确定的影响，显著提高了姿态确定精度，滤波器能在500 s内收敛。     

固体火箭发动机内弹道平衡段的计算机随机模拟

介绍计算机随机模拟固体火箭发动机内弹道平衡段压力的方法。文中视各个性能参数为随机变量，使用ＥＤＦ检验等方法，确定了它们的统计分布。根据这些性能的参数的统计分布，通过随机抽样，得到了它们的模拟样本值，进而计算出压力值。     

基于概率分析法的歼击机导引效能

 基于传统的概率分析法提出一种评估歼击机导引效能的方法。以发现距离作为整个导引阶段的随机变量,提出导引效能指标。将歼击机在水平面内的航向导引分为远距导引与近距导引,分别把导航站引起的导引误差、歼击机对目标的拦截角作为随机变量,分析歼击机进入机载雷达发现区和武器攻击区的情况。通过计算机载雷达的累积发现概率给出发现距离函数。最后以某型歼击机使用中程空空导弹拦截目标为例,计算歼击机向目标的成功导引概率、有效导引距离及有效导引角度,分析主要参数对导引概率的影响规律。该方法可应用于歼击机空战时导引概率的计算。     

不完全概率信息的压杆稳定可靠性鲁棒设计

将可靠性设计理论和鲁棒设计方法相结合, 讨论了不完全概率信息的压杆稳定可靠性鲁棒设计问题, 提出了稳定可靠性鲁棒设计的计算方法.把可靠性灵敏度溶入可靠性优化设计模型之中, 将稳定可靠性鲁棒设计归结为满足可靠性要求的多目标优化问题.在基本随机参数的前四阶矩已知的情况下, 通过计算机程序可以实现不完全概率信息的压杆稳定可靠性鲁棒设计, 迅速准确地得到不完全概率信息的压杆稳定可靠性鲁棒设计信息.