基于ATSUKF算法的卫星姿控系统故障估计

针对卫星姿态控制过程中可能发生的执行机构或敏感器故障，提出了一种基于无损卡尔曼滤波（UKF）及偏差分离原理的自适应二阶无损卡尔曼滤波（ATSUKF）算法。首先，提出TSUKF算法，通过UKF处理姿态机动时的非线性并通过偏差分离原理将非线性系统的状态及故障分别估计，避免非线性模型的线性化过程同时降低了计算过程中的矩阵维度。然后，在TSUKF算法的基础上提出了ATSUKF算法，通过滑动窗口内的残差计算自适应矩阵，使滤波器在统计特性不准确的情况下仍然具有较快的收敛速度，特别适用于卫星快速机动过程中的姿态与故障估计。数值仿真结果表明，ATSUKF算法相较于TSUKF算法能有效降低统计特性不准对系统造成的不利影响，实现卫星姿态、执行机构/敏感器故障的快速估计。     

基于模糊奇偶方程的非线性系统传感器故障诊断

 给出了一种非线性系统传感器的故障诊断方法。该方法将T-S 模糊模型、全解耦奇偶方程和参数估计相结合,同时对非线性系统的多个传感器的故障进行检测、隔离与识别。设计出用于产生残差的线性系统全解耦奇偶方程,并给出了全解耦奇偶向量的存在条件,全解耦奇偶方程产生的残差仅对一个传感器故障敏感,而对系统状态、扰动输入和其它传感器输出解耦。引入T-S 模型将全解耦奇偶方程推广到非线性系统中得到了模糊奇偶方程。传感器的故障模型表示为刻度因子和偏差的形式,根据残差信息应用卡尔曼估计方法可识别出故障模型的参数。最后给出了某型号飞机控制系统传感器的故障诊断仿真实例。     

基于UIO的航空发动机执行机构故障诊断

为了提高航空发动机诊断过程中对噪声干扰和模型参数变化的鲁棒性,应用UIO(Unknown Input Ob-server)理论估计发动机动态系统的工作状态,通过干扰正交投影弱化外界干扰对状态估计的影响,处理了航空发动机执行机构的故障诊断问题。对航空发动机执行机构设计一组UIO观测器,其中每个UIO用于监测估计对应执行机构的故障偏移量,计算系统输出理论估计值与发动机实际测量信号间的残差数据,分析残差队列的幅值特性,实现航空发动机执行机构系统的故障检测和隔离。某型涡扇发动机上的实验结果表明,与Kalman滤波算法相比,UIO诊断方法更能鲁棒地检测和隔离出执行机构故障。     

Software implemented transient fault detection in space computer

Computer systems operating in space environment are subject to different radiation phenomena, whose effects are often called “Soft Error”. Generally, these systems employ hardware techniques to address soft-errors, however, software techniques can provide a lower-cost and more flexible alternative. This paper presents a novel, software-only, transient-fault-detection technique, which is based on a new control flow checking scheme combined with software redundancy. The distinctive advantage of our approach over other fault tolerance techniques is the lower performance overhead with the higher fault coverage. It is able to cope with transient faults affecting data and the program control flow. By applying the proposed technique on several benchmark applications, we evaluate the error detection capabilities by means of several fault injection campaigns. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can detect more than 98% of the injected bit-flip faults with a mean execution time increase of 153%.     

Detection and diagnosis of sensor and actuator failures using IMMestimator

An approach to detection and diagnosis of multiple failures in a dynamic system is proposed. It is based on the interacting multiple-model (IMM) estimation algorithm, which is one of the most cost-effective adaptive estimation techniques for systems involving structural as well as parametric changes. The proposed approach provides an integrated framework for fault detection, diagnosis, and state estimation. It is able to detect and isolate multiple faults substantially more quickly and more reliably than many existing approaches. Its superiority is illustrated in two aircraft examples for single and double faults of both sensors and actuators, in the forms of “total”, “partial”, and simultaneous failures. Both deterministic and random fault scenarios are designed and used for testing and comparing the performance fairly. Some new performance indices are presented. The robustness of the proposed approach to the design of model transition probabilities, fault modeling errors, and the uncertainties of noise statistics are also evaluated     

Modified unscented Kalman filtering and its application in autonomous satellite navigation

In this paper, a modified unscented Kalman filter (UKF) for nonlinear stochastic systems is proposed, and it is applied to autonomous orbit determination for Earth satellites. Based on some standard results about the boundedness of stochastic processes and a new formulation of the unscented transformation (UT), it is demonstrated that the design of the noise covariance matrix plays an important role in enhancing the filter stability. Furthermore, a particular design of the noise covariance matrix is proposed as a modification of the UKF. The modified UKF is less sensitive to the initial error than the usual one. High performance of the modified UKF is illustrated in comparison with the usual one by using the real data obtained from an Earth sensor.     

一种改进的强跟踪UKF算法及其在SINS大方位失准角初始对准中的应用

针对现有的强跟踪无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）算法存在理论依据不足和滤波性能欠佳等问题,从正交性原理出发,通过严谨的推导得到强跟踪UKF成立的充分条件,在此基础上提出一种改进的强跟踪UKF算法。该算法无需求解雅可比矩阵且计算量较小,渐消因子的作用位置以及求解公式均不同于原始的强跟踪滤波器。给出了该算法的流程和渐消因子的求解方法,证明了该算法满足强跟踪滤波器的充分条件,并分析了其渐消因子的作用机理。进行了捷联惯性导航系统（SINS）大方位失准角初始对准仿真,结果验证了所提强跟踪UKF算法的正确性和有效性。     

一种改进的强跟踪 UKF 算法及其在 SINS 大方位失准角初始对准中的应用郭泽,缪玲娟,赵洪松简

 针对现有的强跟踪无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）算法存在理论依据不足和滤波性能欠佳等问题,从正交性原理出发,通过严谨的推导得到强跟踪UKF成立的充分条件,在此基础上提出一种改进的强跟踪UKF算法。该算法无需求解雅可比矩阵且计算量较小,渐消因子的作用位置以及求解公式均不同于原始的强跟踪滤波器。给出了该算法的流程和渐消因子的求解方法,证明了该算法满足强跟踪滤波器的充分条件,并分析了其渐消因子的作用机理。进行了捷联惯性导航系统（SINS）大方位失准角初始对准仿真,结果验证了所提强跟踪UKF算法的正确性和有效性。     

Automatic Checkout and Monitoring in the AN TPQ-27 Radar System

This paper describes automatic monitoring equipment built in to a precision tracking radar system to detect and isolate faults. The purpose of the monitoring equipment is to minimize the mean time to repair faults and to exercise the overall system for pre-mission alignment and calibration. In addition, it is used to periodically check for performance degradation in key areas of the system. The paper describes the design approach used to meet the above requirements. Three types of signals are monitored: analog, digital, and switch closure. A list of each type is given and the technique used to monitor each is described. The design approach for pre-mission alignment and calibration is outlined. Tests performed are: RF alignment of the boresight axis, range tracking accuracy, angle servo calibration and accuracy, and receiver figure of merit measurements.     

基于交互多模估计策略的故障检诊方法

针对多模自适应（ＭＭＡＥ）故障检诊（ＦＤＤ）方法的局限性,提出了一种基于交互多模（ＩＭＭ）估计策略的动态系统中多重故障的检诊方法。交互多模估计是针对包含有结构以及参数的系统的一种效率较好的自适应估计技术,它提供了故障检测、诊断和状态估计的集中框架。通过对在传感器和作动器中含有多个故障飞机的仿真。结果表明,所提供的方法比其它方法能够更快、更可靠地检测和隔离出多重故障。     

基于A*和TEB融合的行人感知无碰跟随方法

移动机器人通过跟随一个指定行人实现导航是一种便捷的方式。针对行人跟随中的机器人跟随和避障问题,提出了一种基于路径规划的无碰跟随方法。该方法结合激光点云分割提供的非行人障碍信息生成静态障碍代价地图,并根据3D行人定位结果,利用基于无迹卡尔曼滤波器（Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF）和最近邻联合概率数据关联（Nearest Near Joint Probabilistic Data Association,NN-JPDA）的多行人跟踪器估计干扰行人运动状态,进而生成动态行人代价地图。在此基础上,基于A^*的全局规划器结合静态障碍代价地图输出指向目标行人的全局路径,而基于时间弹性带（TEB）算法的局部规划器也将动态行人代价地图纳入考虑范围以规划优化的局部路径,这能够帮助机器人实现行人感知的避障且跟随全局路径。通过低频全局规划与高频局部规划结合的方式实现对目标行人安全无碰的跟随。实验验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Sensor/actuator fault diagnosis based on statistical analysis of innovation sequence and Robust Kalman Filtering

In this paper, an approach to detect and isolate the aircraft sensor/actuator faults affecting the mean of the Kalman filter innovation sequence is presented. The effects of the sensor and actuator faults in the innovation process of the channels are investigated, and a decision approach to isolate the sensor and actuator faults is proposed. When a Kalman filter is used, the decision statistics change regardless of whether the fault is in the sensors or in the actuators, whilst when a Robust Kalman Filter (RKF) is used, it is easy to distinguish the sensor and actuator faults. A novel feature of this diagnostic method is that the innovation sequence based fault isolation algorithm has been presented and hence, the sensor/actuator fault detection and isolation problem has been solved. The categories (or classes) of the likely faults are not demanded. The statistical characteristics of the system are not required to be known after the fault has occurred. In the simulations, the longitudinal dynamics of an aircraft control system are considered, and the detection and isolation of pitch rate gyro faults and actuator faults affecting the mean of the innovation sequence are examined.     

Integrated active fault-tolerant control using IMM approach

An integrated fault detection, diagnosis, and reconfigurable control scheme based on interacting multiple model (IMM) approach is proposed. Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) is carried out using an IMM estimator. An eigenstructure assignment (EA) technique is used for reconfigurable feedback control law design. To achieve steady-state tracking, reconfigurable feedforward controllers are also synthesized using input weighting approach. The developed scheme can deal with not only actuator and sensor faults, but also failures in, system components. To achieve fast and reliable fault detection, diagnosis, and controller reconfiguration, new fault diagnosis and controller reconfiguration mechanisms have been developed by a suitable combination of the information provided by the mode probabilities from the IMM algorithm and an index related to the closed-loop system performance. The proposed approach is evaluated using an aircraft example, and excellent results have been obtained     

基于循环统计量的直升机齿轮箱轴承故障早期检测

在分析齿轮箱振动信号的基础上,提出了基于循环统计量的轴承故障早期检测方法,阐述了表征故障的一维和二维循环平稳特征。该方法利用信号与噪声具有不同循环频率的特性实现了信噪分离,能够比较容易地从复杂背景中提取出微弱的特征信息。最后在某型直升机齿轮箱轴承故障的早期检测中进行了实验验证。结果表明,该方法优于功率谱和解调分析,能够提取故障的早期特征。     

基于循环平稳时间序列的齿轮裂纹故障早期检测

在分析齿轮振动信号的基础上 ,结合其具有循环平稳性的特点 ,提出了基于线性几乎周期时变 AR模型的故障早期检测方法 ,推导了基于高阶循环累积量的模型参数辨识算法 ,具有抑制加性平稳噪声的优点。最后在某型直升机齿轮裂纹故障早期检测中进行了应用 ,结果表明该方法具有很好的预测能力 ,利用模型残差的峭度能够检测和预报早期裂纹故障 ,同时为根据正常样本检测旋转机械故障提供了一种思路      

采用序列概率比方法检测航空发动机传感器软故障

提出基于卡尔曼滤波和序列概率比方法进行某型涡扇发动机控制系统传感器软故障检测新方法.研究了采用修正的序列概率比方法处理滤波残差,检测传感器软故障;并将该方法与残差加权二乘算法WSSR(Weighted Sum of Squared Residual)检测传感器软故障过程进行了对比.仿真结果表明,序列概率比方法较WSSR法所需决策时间短,适合于航空发动机传感器软故障检测.      

一种基于模型误差预测的UKF方法

UnscentedKalman滤波器（UKF）对本质非线性系统具有估计精度高、收敛速度快和容易实现等优点,但是对系统的模型误差比较敏感。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于模型误差预测的UKF方法,称为PUKF（PredictiveUnscentedKalmanFilter）。它利用非线性预测滤波器（NPF）的模型误差预测过程,能够对不准确的系统模型进行实时修正,弥补了UKF方法的不足。仿真结果表明,相对于原始的UKF方法,新方法从滤波精度、收敛速度和收敛的稳定性等几个方面,显著提高了非线性滤波的性能。PUKF可适用于模型不确定、非线性较强系统的滤波。     

A Diagnostic Tree Approach for Fault Cause Identification in the Attitude Control Subsystem of Satellites

Space and Earth observation programs demand stringent guarantees ensuring smooth and reliable operations of space vehicles and satellites. Due to unforeseen circumstances and naturally occurring faults, it is desired that a fault-diagnosis system be capable of detecting, isolating, identifying, or classifying faults in the system. Unfortunately, none of the existing fault-diagnosis methodologies alone can meet all the requirements of an ideal fault- diagnosis system due to the variety of fault types, their severity, and handling mechanisms. However, it is possible to overcome these shortcomings through the integration of different existing fault-diagnosis methodologies. In this paper, a novel learning-based, diagnostic-tree approach is proposed which complements and strengthens existing efficient fault detection mechanisms with an additional ability to classify different types of faults to effectively determine potential fault causes in a subsystem of a satellite. This extra capability serves as a semiautomatic diagnostic decision support aid to expert human operators at ground stations and enables them to determine fault causes and to take quick and efficient recovery/reconfiguration actions. The developed diagnosis/analysis procedure exploits a qualitative technique denoted as diagnostic tree (DX-tree) analysis as a diagnostic tool for fault cause analysis in the attitude control subsystem (ACS) of a satellite. DX-trees constructed by our proposed machine-learning-based automatic tree synthesis algorithm are demonstrated to be able to determine both known and unforeseen combinations of events leading to different fault scenarios generated through synthetic attitude control subsystem data of a satellite. Though the immediate application of our proposed approach would be at ground stations, the proposed technique has potential for being integrated with causal model-based diagnosis and recovery techniques for future autonomous space vehicle missions.     

无迹卡尔曼滤波器在惯导初始对准中的应用研究

滤波技术在惯导系统初始对准中的应用是一项重要的研究内容,随着非线性滤波技术的发展,如何通过新的滤波技术来提高初始对准的性能近年来得到了广泛关注。文章针对可扩展卡尔曼滤波器存在着计算复杂和滤波不稳定的缺点,尝试了一种新的非线性滤波器——无迹卡尔曼滤波器。针对所采用的非线性初始对准模型的特点,对无迹卡尔曼滤波器进行了简化,将简化后的无迹卡尔曼滤波器应用于非线性初始对准中,得到了较好的对准效果。     

基于UKF自主定姿方法研究

轻小型飞行器在飞行中卫星导航失效时,余度控制回路要求导航系统具有自主确定姿态的能力.提出了基于IMU的输出确定水平姿态的方法,并采用UKF实现飞行中的实时滤波估计.对某无人机实际飞行的MEMS型IMU数据进行了仿真,结果表明该方法给出的姿态角信息满足控制精度需求.将UKF与EKF滤波估计结果进行比较,UKF更具有优越性.