对防止小于雷达管制间隔的航空器相撞问题的探讨

在提供雷达管制服务的工作过程中,管制员须遵守特定雷达管制空域的相关程序和间隔标准,并对其所辖管制空域内的所有航空器负责。间隔标准是航空器与航空器之间安全飞行所需要的间隔,间隔标准的制定,综合考虑了空管系统内设备、技术、人员等各种因素限制(如雷达延迟、管制员反应     

杭州空管中心厉兵秣马迎接雷达管制

杭州管制区将于今年6月实施雷达管制，为了保证此项工作能够按时实施，杭州空管中心航务部及时调整了培训计划并确定了近期的工作重点。4月7日，航务部召开了动员会，对实施雷达管制的前期准备工作进行了布置，做到每项工作有专人负责，限期完成，同时强化对管制员的雷达管制、程序管制及雷达失效情况下的处置能力的培训，为此，航务部提出了五点要求：1．从即日起，航务部领导及技术室培训人员每周最多只安排一天休息，每周的双休日及“五一”假期均安排进行模拟机培训：2．塔台、进近管制室，下夜班的管制员原则上只安排休息一天，     

雷达管制间隔的研究

参考欧洲空域应用雷达最小间隔标准及其所要考虑的因素。结合我国空域结构、空中交通流量、雷达通信设备、管制员素质等方面的综合研究，阐述了在我国空域范围内缩小雷达管制间隔的重要性和可行性。     

空中交通管制中心之间基于AIDC协议的雷达屏幕移交

空中交通管制系统是整个航空运输系统安全运行的核心，空中交通的主要功能是避免飞机与飞机的空中相撞，避免飞机与障碍物相撞，保持安全、有序和高效率的空中交通流动。空中交通管制员在对飞机实施空中交通管制时，依靠多雷达跟踪处理系统来知道飞机的精确位置，当飞机从一个管制区飞往另一个管制区时，管制员需要进行管制责任移交，     

美国空管自动化系统介绍

空管自动化系统是空中交通管制员管理空中交通的主要手段之一,它的主要功能是对多雷达信号进行处理,并将雷达信号与飞行计划动态相关联,使得管制人员面对雷达显示器就可以了解空中交通的实时动态,所管制航空器的具体方位、高度和预计飞行方向等。随着空中流量的不断上升,管制人员的任     

雷达模拟机管制案例课件制作系统的设计

一、引言 随着民航事业的飞速发展，空中交通流量的不断增加，空中交通管制服务将面临严峻的挑战。如何在新形势下进一步提高管制员培训的质量，以更好地为确保飞行安全服务，成为了每一个管制培训工作者思考的问题。要达到这一目标，对培训设备进行不断改进以适应前进中的管制工作，是一个重要的方面。     

班组信息资源共享

信息成为当今世界最重要的资源之一已经被大众所认可。在空中交通管制工作中,信息资源也是必不可少的关键资源,甚至可以认为信息处理是空中交通交通管制的本质。这样说是因为在整个管制过程中,管制员的工作就是通过各种渠道,如：飞机位置报（程序管制）、雷达监视屏（雷达管制）、电话、电报等来获取所需的飞行动态、流量控制、限制等信息资源,经过管制员大脑的分析、判断,做出决策,然后利用陆空通信将决策传达给飞行员这样一个过程（见图1）。     

关于塔台管制员过多使用雷达的情况分析

随着航空运输量的快速增加和空中交通流量的增长。近年来许多大中型机场开始实行塔近分离,即塔台管制席作为独立的管制席位从进近管制席分离出来。作为塔台管制员必须时刻以目视方式持续监控窗外运行的飞机和正在使用的飞行机动区,以保障航班运行安全。但是由于塔近合并运行时养成的习惯,以及雷达监控的直观与方便,不少塔台管制员在工作中仍然把多数精力放在雷达监控上。这样做是否合理?是否能确保安全?应该如何设置雷达监视器位置来避免塔台管制员把过多精力放在雷达监控上?《关于塔台管制员过多使用雷达的情况分析》首次提出了这些问题并试图作了一些解答。这篇文章的意义在于提出了一个容易被人忽视而又关系空管运行安全的细节问题,供业内人士研究和探讨。     

未来的ATM系统报警

面对我国民航业务量高速增长的实际情况，我国民航各相关部门都面临着如何快速提升安全生产保障能力的发展压力。空管是技术密集型行业，新设备、新技术在空管快速提升安全保障能力方面发挥了重要作用。世界各国都在积极研究如何把新技术应用到飞行管制中来，从而使飞行管制能力能够得到可持续的发展动力。管制雷达是管制员日常实施飞行管制服务的重要设备，在管制飞行量日益增长的今天，如何让管制雷达更加“智能”，向管制员提供更多真实可靠的飞行冲突报警，这对提升管制员的管制服务能力具有重要意义，法国泰雷兹公司在这方面也从事着有益的研究工作。     

浅析飞行进程单的发展与使用

安全和效率贯穿了空中交通管制工作的始末，管制员在工作中每做出一个正确的决策都需要以其大脑中形成的空中交通状况图像作依托，这就要求其能够“情形知晓”，而要获得“情形知晓”，大多数的方式是：与机组通话，填写进程单，或者在更加自动化的系统中输入数据，以及雷达监控。     

Developments in space activities in Poland

Poland has a long-standing tradition in space activities. Polish institutions have participated as co-investigators in almost all European Space Agency (ESA) science projects, as well as on many other missions. However, the first Polish satellite (PW-SAT) was only launched in 2012. Poland was one of the first Eastern European countries to conclude a Cooperation Agreement with ESA in the peaceful use of outer space; it was signed in 1994 and followed by a second in January 2002. Negotiations on Polish membership in the ESA were started in autumn of 2011, and ended in April 2012. Following ratification of the agreement, Poland officially became the 20th Member State of ESA on 19 November 2012. This article examines how Poland is setting its way as a space nation. It describes recent developments in the Polish space programme, including the road to Poland's full membership in the European Space Agency.     

“战术战斧”2003年将装备美军

战斧，是一个耳熟能详的名字，９０年代以来的几场局部战争使其名声大振。自１９９１年以来，美国海军平均每年要消耗１００枚战斧导弹。从海湾战争到科索沃，近千枚战斧从一艘艘美国战舰和潜艇上发射，使得战斧成为美国强权政治的急先锋，也成为对别国实施远距离精确打击的中坚力量。 但近几场局部战争同时也提出了要发展一种造价便宜、全天候作战、精确打击以及可对加固目标进行打击的新型战斧的要求。在这种背景下，战术战斧（ＴａｃＴｏｍ）应运而生。北约空袭南联盟后，美国海军根据战斧巡航导弹的作战使用，开始重新评估未来战斧巡航…     

我国空域管理相关问题初探

随着我国国民经济的迅速发展和改革开放的不断深入，航空领域呈现出前所未有的发展形势，民用航空运输以每年平均10％的速度增长，通用航空的需求与日俱增，军事飞行频繁，对空域资源需求越来越大，空域管理面临的新问题日益突出。本文就我国空域资源相关问题，即如何最大限度地发挥空域资源优势，为不同空域用户提供可靠的空中交通管制服务等问题进行探讨。     

航天科技集团高科技含量展品成为珠海航展亮点

拥有“神舟”、“神箭”等著名宇航品牌，曾经创造了无数辉煌业绩的航天科技集团公司．在第五届珠海航展上又给观众带来了惊喜：除了新一代运载火箭等许多在研产品模型闪亮登场外．神舟5号飞船返回舱精彩亮相，嫦娥1号卫星、环境1号C卫星等产品模型也一同展出。这些科技含量极高的产品虽然用途不同．但细心的观众不难从中看出“可持续发展”的影子，注重环境、保护生态、高效节能已成为航天科技发展的新主题。     

Individual Differences in Object Localization in Virtual Environments

The present research examined the effects of disorientation on human ability to locate objects in space in a virtual environment (VE). Participants were asked to memorize the location of virtual objects, and then they were asked to indicate where the objects were located while they were inside a virtual chamber. This procedure was repeated in both eyesclosed and disoriented conditions. Subject pointing responses were used to measure memory for the relative location of objects in virtual space. This method was extended from previous research in a real-world setting. The results showed systematic individual differences in the effects of disorientation on the ability to locate objects in space. Further, the use of strategies played a role in object localization ability, but strategy use was affected by the individual differences in spatial representations used by subjects.     

影响高校德育工作的几个消极因素

本文市场经济、社会消极现象、应试教育、高等教育及德育教育自身缺陷等方面对高校德育工作的消极影响加以分析，立足现实，提出问题，与高等教育工作者，德育工作者共同探讨，以求改进完善高校德育工作。作者坚信，真正找到了问题所在，也就找到了解决问题的切入点。     

2006年世界著名宇航公司竞争卫星发射市场

世界各大宇航公司在激烈的竞争中度过了2006年。新年伊始,让我们回过头来看看这些公司在2006年卫星发射市场上的竞争情况。     

Ariane transfer vehicle in service of man in orbit

The Ariane transfer vehicle (ATV), an Ariane 5 borne, unmanned propulsion vehicle, is designed to transport the logistics needed to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) and the man tended free flyer (MTFF) step 2 with pressurized and unpressurized cargo and to dispose the waste. The ATV is an expendable vehicle and is disposed of by a safe atmospheric burn up. In accordance with the AR5 schedule it should be operational in 1996 for missions toward ISS and beyond the year 2000 for MTFF 2 missions. The main constituents of the proposed ATV are the modified AR5 third stage L5, an upgraded VEB steering the launcher as well as the ATV and the P/L-adaptor providing mechanical and umbilical links to the payload. The mechanical part of the RVD-kit will be placed on the payload-module, the main RVD sensors are located on the adaptor and the needed computer intelligence will be integrated on the VEB. To minimize the development, and recurring costs, the ATV concept fully complies to the idea of maximum use of existing hardware and software, mainly from the AR5, Hermes and Columbus programs thus minimizing development and recurring costs. The ATV is compatible to ISS, MTFF and OMV and is able to transport logistic modules compatible with NSTS and U.S.-expendable launchers.     

Entrapment of bacteria in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite

Cells of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were genetically modified to produce green fluorescent protein, were entrapped in fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite. The bacteria were used to inoculate NaCl-saturated aqueous solutions, which were allowed to evaporate and precipitate halite. The number, size, and distribution of fluid inclusions were highly variable, but did not appear to be affected by the presence of the bacteria. Many of the inclusions in crystals from inoculated solutions contained cells in populations ranging from two to 20. Microbial attachment to crystal surfaces was neither evident nor necessary for entrapment. Cells occurred exclusively within fluid inclusions and were not present in the crystal matrix. In both the inclusions and the hypersaline solution, the cells fluoresced and twitched, which indicates that the bacteria might have remained viable after entrapment. The fluorescence continued up to 13 months after entrapment, which indicates that little degradation of the bacteria occurred over that time interval. The entrapment, fluorescence, and preservation of cells were independent of the volume of hypersaline solution used or whether the solutions were completely evaporated prior to crystal extraction. The results of this study have a wide range of implications for the long-term survival of microorganisms in fluid inclusions and their detection through petrography. The results also demonstrate the preservation potential for microbes in hypersaline fluid inclusions, which could allow cells to survive harsh conditions of space, the deep geologic past, or burial in sedimentary basins.     

Inflection points in the development of energy in space

Basing his comments around a report on the Space Power Systems 1997 conference, ‘Energy and Space for Humanity’, held in Montreal, 24-28 August 1997, Richard Boudreault describes the progress made in getting the concept of power from space accepted by the terrestrial utilities. Increasing worries about the sustainability of current power sources together with deregulation of power distribution make space power more attractive. However, the high cost of access to space is a barrier, though this is starting to fall.