带热电式二位PID调节的热电偶检定炉

在检定热电偶时,《检定规程》(JJG—73)中规定,当采用双极法检定热电偶时,要求读数一周炉温变化不超过1℃。如果一炉检定五支热电偶,读数一周的顺序如下:标准→被检1→被检2→被检3→被检4→被检5→被检5→被检4→被检3→被检2→被检1→标准。目前大多数工厂的热电偶检定炉仍然是采用手调动作使炉温“恒定”,在检定点温度附近进行测量的。如图1所示:     

热电偶检定规程宣贯材料(连载之三)—规程的讲解

一、标准铂铑_(10)—铂热电偶检定规程(JJG—75—82)1.概况标准铂铑_(10)—铂热电偶检定规程(以下简称新规程)经国家计量局1982年5月27日批准,并自1983年6月1日“起施行,代替规(G)热—5—65。     

常用热电偶温度与电势互换公式

本文将常用的热电偶分度表,依照实际使用的需要,线性回归出电势(E)→温度(T)的多项式,并将镍铬-考铜热电偶补上温度(T)→电势(E)的多项式回归公式,供从事计算机测温控温的同行们使用中参考。该回归公式一律采用单精度计算,是便于在各种类型的计算机(包括单板机、单片机)上都可以使用。回归公式拟合精度高,既适合一般温度测控场合,也适用于要求严格的检定部门。回归的热电偶种类为:铂铑_(10)-铂(S)、铂铑_(30)-铂铑_6(B)、镍铬-镍硅(铝)(K)、镍铬-考铜(EA-2)。     

N型热电偶合金及铠装偶系统的热电势稳定性

通过与 K 型热电偶合金的热电势稳定性数据的对比,证明 N 型热电偶合金在1000℃以上的长期热电势稳定性、在250～650℃的短期热电势稳定性及在25～225℃的抗微扰性均明显优于 K 型热电偶合金。在700℃附近,N 型热电偶合金发生一定的热电滞后,其热电偶的塞贝克系数的净变化值约为1.5%。通过与铠装 K型热电偶及其外管合金铠装的 N 型热电偶的对比,证明 Nicrosil 铠装 N 型热电偶系统具有良好的热电势稳定性。     

微差法检定工业用镍铬——镍硅热电偶的自动化

在石油、化工、冶金、机械和电力工业的测温系统巾。大量和广泛地使用着镍铬-镍硅热电偶。为保证测温的正确性,对使用中的热电偶需要进行定期检定。为此以往一般在工厂中采用双极比较法,用稳压器、调压器、管式炉作恒温设备,用0.05级直流电位差计和三等标准铂铑-铂热电偶作标准仪     

TUR值不能满足计量检定要求的解决方法探讨

在计量检定工作中,常会遇到测量不确定度比(Test Uncertainty Ratio,简称TUR)值不能满足计量检定要求的情况,针对这种情况,提出了两种解决方法以供探讨:1.使用保护带(Guardbanding)策略,降低误判风险;2.通过加强不确定度评定技巧,减小计量标准的不确定度,使TUR值达到检定要求。     

关于热电偶冷端补偿问题的探讨

热电偶测量的是偶丝两端———测量端 (亦称工作端 )和冷端 (亦称参考端 )的温度差 ,因此必须知道热电偶冷端的温度 ,才能最终测量出热电偶测量端的温度。热电偶的冷端在生产实际中大都采用冷端补偿法来解决 ,与热电偶配合使用的温度指示仪表大都带有冷端补偿系统 ,国家检定规程将测量热电势的误差与冷端补偿误差合并检定 ,这样的方法 ,必须在标准装置中 ,配备补偿导线 ,从而将大幅降低标准装置的准确度。这对准确度不高、功能单一的仪表来说 ,完全适用 ,但对目前新颖的高准确度、多功能、智能化的测温仪表 (主要是一些先进的进口仪表 )就会遇到一些困难 ,为了更准确对这些仪表进行计量检测 ,我们采用各种方法来消除补偿导线引起的误差 ,从而可以对高准确度的热电偶测温仪表进行计量。我们也可以对冷端补偿进行单独的计量 ,这样通过分别对直流电压测量准确度和冷端补偿的准确度的计量 ,就可以更加准确地评定多功能、智能化的测温仪表的准确度。     

AT-1型全自动测温电桥

ＡＴ - 1型全自动测温电桥是为标准铂电阻温度计的自动测量设计的 ,可以自动平衡完成测量并直接显示欧姆值和温度值。测量过程中不需要联接外部标准电阻 ,操作过程用中文提示 ,使用非常简便、快捷 ,抗干扰性能强 ,适用于一、二等铂电阻温度计的计量检定 ,以及需要用铂电阻温度计测量温度的一切测量领域。ＡＴ - 1提供的软件可完成定点法、比较法的检定测量 ,并按检定规程的要求打印出证书 ,也可对被测温度长期连续监测 ,给出温度变化曲线与测量值 ,也可与其他设备构成全自动温度监控或测量系统。ＡＴ - 1型性能指标完全可替代价格昂贵的各种…     

AT-1型全自动测温电桥

ＡＴ -1型全自动测温电桥是为标准铂电阻温度计的自动测量设计的 ,可以自动平衡完成测量并直接显示欧姆值和温度值。测量过程中不需要联接外部标准电阻 ,操作过程用中文提示 ,使用非常简便、快捷 ,抗干扰性能强 ,适用于一、二等铂电阻温度计的计量检定 ,以及需要用铂电阻温度计测量温度的一切测量领域。ＡＴ -1提供的软件可完成定点法、比较法的检定测量 ,并按检定规程的要求打印出证书 ,也可对被测温度长期连续监测 ,给出温度变化曲线与测量值 ,也可与其他设备构成全自动温度监控或测量系统。ＡＴ -1型性能指标完全可替代价格昂贵的各种进…     

用冰点作检定温度计的固定点的研究

介绍了利用标准铂电阻温度计在水三相点和冰点进行长期测量的结果，并将其数据进行分析比较。测量结果表明：两种方法测得的Ｒ＿０值之差平均不到１ｍＫ，与国外文献中的数据基本相符。因此，对于检定多数铂电阻温度计和一、二等水银温度计以及热电偶等，用冰点已足够。     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.