纳米铝燃料研究进展

纳米铝代替传统微米铝作为固体火箭推进剂的金属燃料,有助于提高推进剂的燃速、比冲和降低特征信号等。综述了纳米铝燃料合成、活性保持、高温氧化反应机理和在含能材料体系中的分散性能等方面的研究进展,分析了关键技术的发展趋势。最后,给出了下一阶段纳米铝燃料的研究建议:探索各向异性纳米铝燃料合成途径,丰富纳米铝燃料类别;在不降低铝燃料能量的前提下,进行修饰、包覆,提高纳米铝燃料活性;弄清不同反应速率下纳米铝燃料氧化反应过程,明晰纳米铝燃料氧化反应机理;重视铝燃料在含能材料中的分散技术、表征手段,揭示分散状况对燃烧稳定性的影响规律。     

含钪的铝和铝锂合金

钪（SC）是稀土元素，又是过渡族金属，加入铝和铝锂合金中能有效地抑制再结晶，细化晶粒。本文介绍Sc对铝和铝锂合金力学性能、加工、热处理性能、抗热裂纹和焊接性能的重要影响和改善作用。     

铸造法制备颗粒增强铝基复合材料的研究进展

颗粒增强铝基复合材料是当前研究较多、比较成熟、应用较广泛的金属基复合材料。综述了颗粒增强铝基复合材料的制备方法、研究现状。对碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料搅拌铸造工艺中的关键问题进行了分析,提出了今后的研究重点和发展方向。     

水蒸气气氛下铝锂合金反应特性及动力学分析

金属铝具有高的能量密度,为了研究铝的反应活化机制,利用热天平分别研究锂质量含量为0%、1%、2%、5%、10%、20%的铝样品在水蒸气气氛下的反应特性,采用单曲线积分法计算了铝、铝锂合金(锂质量分数分别为10%和20%)与水反应的动力学参数,并对铝锂合金与水蒸气的产物做XRD测试。结果表明,锂含量增大,样品最终增重也会提高;着火温度随锂含量增加而降低,当锂含量超过5%后,着火温度变化不大,约为380℃。通过以上实验计算得出,锂的添加降低了整体反应的表观活化能,促进了铝样品与水的反应。     

固体推进剂铝基燃料高效燃烧的研究进展

铝基燃料作为含能添加剂在固体推进剂中能大幅提升火焰温度,增大发动机比冲,提升推进剂的总体能量。然而,铝基燃料在燃烧过程中经常出现燃烧不完全、燃烧速率低、点火温度高及团聚等现象,严重影响了燃料的燃烧效率。从各个维度总结了铝基燃料燃烧的最新研究进展,指出了各因素的作用原理。介绍了铝基燃料在固体推进剂中的燃烧机理,评述了铝基燃料尺寸、高氯酸铵(AP)颗粒尺寸与级配、表面氟化物包,以及金属氧化物添加剂对铝基燃料燃烧效率的影响。结果表明:采用铝粉表面改性、调节颗粒尺寸与级配、添加多元氧化剂等能有效提高铝基燃料燃烧效率。     

铝锂合金的发展和应用

铝锂合金是继铝镁合金、铝铜合金之后的第三代轻合金结构材料，在研究和应用上我国与俄国、美国的差距甚大。文中介绍了国外铝锂合金的发展．特点和应用情况，以供有关人员参考。     

垫板装配尺寸对铝蜂窝切割机精度的影响

铝蜂窝夹层板在航天航空领域有着广泛的应用,其芯子材料是铝蜂窝叠层块经切割并展开后得到的蜂窝铝芯,因此,蜂窝叠层块的切割尺寸精度直接影响蜂窝夹层结构的尺寸精度。本课题组设计了一台铝蜂窝叠层块切割机,本文通过调整铝蜂窝叠层块切割机前后垫板的装配尺寸,并进行铝蜂窝叠层块切割实验,得到调整前后切割铝蜂窝叠层块的宽度尺寸公差。实验表明,铝蜂窝宽度尺寸精度受前后垫板装配尺寸影响。     

含铝推进剂的燃烧效率

为获得火箭顶级发动机所用推进剂的最优性能,本文就40种低燃速含铝推进剂配方的组分含量变化对其燃烧效率的影响进行了评价.所试验的推进剂由高氯酸铵、铝粉、环四甲撑四硝铵(HMX)和端羟基聚丁二烯组成.依据实验所得的铝凝聚尺寸、燃速和比冲数据可知,当燃速增加时,燃烧效率有增加的倾向;在低 L条件下,当铝凝聚尺寸减小时,比冲效率增加;铝凝聚的程度取决于口袋结构的特性,当口袋中的铝含量及铝与细 AP 质量比下降时,铝凝聚尺寸减小;口袋容积变小时,使用粗 HMX 具有减小铝凝聚尺寸的作用;HMX 的尺寸对燃速没有影响。     

1420铝锂合金板材铆接工艺探索

文摘研究了不同铆接工艺(锤击铆、压铆)对1420铝锂合金性能的影响,观察了1420铝锂合金板材在不同破坏模式下微观组织形貌。结果表明,采用压铆工艺较适合1420铝锂合金板材的铆接。     

推进剂用铝粉与水反应特性研究

用高压反应釜实时监测系统原位研究了铝/水反应的放热过程,提取了反应过程中3个特征温度(反应放热起始温度,反应速率最大温度,反应基本结束温度)和反应特征参数(反应放热起始温度点,反应速度,反应放热量),从而建立关于铝/水体系应用于固体推进剂的评价体系。同时,还探究了铝粉粒径、铝/水原料摩尔配比及加热功率对铝/水反应特性的影响规律。结果表明,在30～250℃温度区间内,纳米铝/水体系较微米铝/水体系性能更好,当铝粉粒径大于13μm时,没有明显放热;高功率加热条件有助于激发纳米铝迅速处于高活性状态,降低了反应放热起始温度,并高效释能;纳米铝/水的最佳原料摩尔配比区间为[1∶2,1∶2.2]。     

An endogenous growth pattern of roots is revealed in seedlings grown in microgravity

In plants, sensitive and selective mechanisms have evolved to perceive and respond to light and gravity. We investigated the effects of microgravity on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype Landsberg) in a spaceflight experiment. These studies were performed with the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware system in the middeck region of the space shuttle during mission STS-131 in April 2010. Seedlings were grown on nutrient agar in Petri dishes in BRIC hardware under dark conditions and then fixed in flight with paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, or RNAlater. Although the long-term objective was to study the role of the actin cytoskeleton in gravity perception, in this article we focus on the analysis of morphology of seedlings that developed in microgravity. While previous spaceflight studies noted deleterious morphological effects due to the accumulation of ethylene gas, no such effects were observed in seedlings grown with the BRIC system. Seed germination was 89% in the spaceflight experiment and 91% in the ground control, and seedlings grew equally well in both conditions. However, roots of space-grown seedlings exhibited a significant difference (compared to the ground controls) in overall growth patterns in that they skewed to one direction. In addition, a greater number of adventitious roots formed from the axis of the hypocotyls in the flight-grown plants. Our hypothesis is that an endogenous response in plants causes the roots to skew and that this default growth response is largely masked by the normal 1?g conditions on Earth.     

Mechanisms of spinal motoneurons survival in rats under simulated hypogravity on earth

It was previously shown that different cell types in vivo and in vitro may die via apoptosis under weightlessness conditions in space as well as in simulated hypogravity on the Earth. We assessed survivability of spinal motoneurons of rats after 35-day antiorthostatic hind limb suspension. Following weight bearing, unloading the total protein content in lumbar spinal cord is dropped by 21%. The electrophysiological studies of m. gastrocnemius revealed an elevated motoneurons’ reflex excitability and conduction disturbances in the sciatic nerve axons. The number of myelinated fibers in the ventral root of experimental animals was insignificantly increased by 35-day of antiorthostatic hind limb suspension, although the retrograde axonal transport was significantly decreased during the first week of simulated hypogravity. The results of the immunohistochemical assay with antibodies against proapoptotic protein caspase 9 and cytotoxicity marker neuron specific nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the TUNEL staining did not reveal any signs of apoptosis in motoneurons of suspended and control animals. To examine the possible adaptation mechanisms activated in motoneurons in response to simulated hypogravity we investigated immunoexpression of Hsp25 and Hsp70 in lumbar spinal cord of the rats after 35-day antiorthostatic hind limb suspension. Comparative analysis of the immunohistochemical reaction with anti-Hsp25 antibodies revealed differential staining of motoneurons in intact and experimental animals. The density of immunoprecipitate with anti-Hsp25 antibodies was substantially higher in motoneurons of the 35-day suspended than control rats and the more intensive precipitate in this reaction was observed in motoneuron neuritis. Quantitative analysis of Hsp25 expression demonstrated an increase in the Hsp25 level by 95% in experimental rats compared to the control. The immunoexpression of Hsp70 found no qualitative and quantitative differences in control and experimental lumbar spinal cords. Taken together our results show that (1) rat motoneurons survived after 35-day antiorthostatic hind limb suspension and the changes in neurons had a mostly functional character, and (2) the increased immunoexpression of Hsp25 can be considered as the anti-apoptotic factor.     

Nemaline rod and degeneration of Z band of muscle cell in weightlessness at spaceflight

There are some studies demonstrating the skeletal muscle degeneration associated with the degeneration of Z band and appearance of nemaline rods in experimental animals of the simulation model for spaceflight but not in human heart tissues. In the present study, therefore, we investigated the pathological changes or degeneration in left auricular heart muscles obtained during operations of mitral valves replacement using both electron and light microscopies. The degeneration of Z band even in the myofibrils of comparatively little damaged cell was found. Furthermore, nemaline rods were detected in most of the heart muscle cells. These results suggest that the existence of nemaline rods is involved in the cell injury in the heart muscle of patients with heart disease without nemaline myopathy. Further study is necessary to know whether the similar pathological findings are observed not only in the skeletal muscle but also in the cardiac muscle in experimental animals of the simulation model for spaceflight or in a prolonged spaceflight.     

Metabolic changes in the animals subjected to space flight

The activity of the enzymes involved in aminoacid metabolism (tyrosine aminotransferase, TAT, tryptophan pyrrolase TP, serine dehydratase, SD) with rapid response to glucocorticoids and enzymes requiring for activity increase repeated administration of corticosterone (alanine aminotransferase, ALT, aspartate aminotransferase, AST) in liver, the changes of lipolysis in adipose tissue and the plasma corticosterone levels were studied in rats subjected to space flight (F), in animals from synchron model experiments (SM, simulated conditions of space flight in laboratory) and in intact controls (C). The increase of plasma corticosterone concentration and of the activity of rapidly (TAT, TP, SD) and slowly activating enzymes (ALT, AST) was found in F group 6-10 hr after space flight (18.5 days on biosatellite COSMOS 1129). This suggested the presence of acute-stress (associated primarily with the landing) and chronic stress induced hypercorticosteronemia during the flight. After the short 6-day period of recovery the plasma corticosterone concentrations and the activities of liver enzymes returned to control levels. The exposition of animals to repeated immobilization stress showed higher response of corticosterone levels in flight rats as compared to intact controls. No changes in basal lipolysis were observed in flight rats in comparison to intact controls, however the stimulation of lipolysis by norepinephrine was lower in animals from F and SM groups. This lower response of lipolytic processes to norepinephrine was found in flight animals also after six days period of recovery. These results showed that there are important changes in the regulation of lipolytic processes in adipose tissue of rats after space flight and in the conditions of model experiments.     

Shuttle-era experiments in the area of plasma flow interactions with bodies in space

A new experimental approach is discussed in general terms, that can be adopted in the Shuttle/Spacelab era starting in the 1980s for studies in the area of plasma flow interactions with bodies in space. The potential use of the Space Shuttle/Orbiter as a near Earth plasma laboratory for studies in the area of Space Plasma Physics and particularly in the area of Solar-System Plasmas is discussed. This new experimental approach holds great promise for studies in the Supersonic and sub-Alfvenic flow regime which has applications to the motion of natural satellites around their mother planets in the Solar-system (e.g. the satellite Io around the planet Jupiter). A well conceived experimental and theoretical program, can lead to a better physical understanding regarding the validity and range of applicability of using gas-dynamic, kinetic and fluid approaches in describing collisionless plasma flow interactions with bodies in a variety of flow regimes.In addition to the above scientific aspects of the program, significant technological advances can be achieved regarding the interaction of space probes in planetary atmospheres/ionospheres and the reliability of using various plasma diagnostic devices on board spacecraft and large space platforms.     

Fundamental Constraints on the Coherence of Probing Signals in the Problem of Maximizing the Resolution and Range in the Stroboscopic Range of Asteroids

The problem of coherence violation in stroboscopic ranging with a high resolution in the range due to mutual phase instability of probing and reference radio signals has been considered. It has been shown that the violation of coherence in stroboscopic ranging systems is equivalent to the action of modulating interface and leads to a decrease in the system sensitivity. Requirements have been formulated for the coherence of reference generators in the stroboscopic processing system. The results of statistical modeling have been presented. It was shown that, in the current state of technology with stability of the frequencies of the reference generators, the achieved coherence is sufficient to probe asteroids with super-resolving signals in the range of up to 70 million kilometers. In this case, the dispersion of the signal in cosmic plasma limits the value of the linear resolution of the asteroid details at this range by the value of ~2.7 m. Comparison with the current radar resolution of asteroids has been considered, which, at the end of 2015, were ~7.5 m in the range of ~7 million kilometers.     

SSO及GEO典型太阳质子事件单粒子翻转率估算

文章根据NOAA卫星和GOES卫星的测量数据,对太阳质子事件期间地球同步轨道（GEO）和太阳同步轨道（SSO）的质子辐射情况进行考察。采用Bendel双参数模型对GEO和SSO由质子引起的器件单粒子翻转率进行估算,并分析了影响翻转率的因素。在器件敏感度一定的情况下,单粒子翻转率与大于能量阈值的质子总通量以及质子能谱硬度呈正相关。SSO与GEO的质子辐射及单粒子翻转预测对比研究结果表明:由太阳质子事件引起的SSO质子能谱比GEO的要“软”。太阳质子事件对SSO卫星的影响与对GEO卫星的影响之间存在相关性。两轨道上DRAM型的D424100V器件和SRAM型的HM6516器件的翻转率比值接近,SSO翻转率约为GEO的13%～22%,而双极型93L422器件翻转率比值则在26%～57%之间。通过对比SSO与GEO翻转率的比值和两轨道辐射程度的比值发现,不同的器件对能谱硬度的反应各异,原因是每种器件产生SEU的能量阈值不同。     

Serotonin in individual hypothalamic nuclei of rats after space flight on biosatellite Cosmos 1129.

The experiment on Cosmos 1129 was based on our results obtained in rats exposed to single or repeated restrain stress in the laboratory. These results have convincingly demonstrated a significant increase of serotonin concentration (5-HT) in the hypothalamus in acutely stressed rats. This response, which was found also in the isolated hypothalamic nuclei, was diminished in repeatedly (40 times) immobilized rats. While the concentration of 5-HT was unchanged in the majority of the hypothalamic nuclei of animals subjected to cosmic flight, an increase was recorded only in the supraoptic nucleus (NSO) and a decrease in the periventricular nucleus. These findings demonstrate that only few areas of the hypothalamus respond to cosmic flight with changes of 5-HT concentration and suggest either that long-term cosmic flight cannot be an intensive stressor or that during the flight the rats became already adapted to its long-term effect. However, the exposure of flight rats to repeated immobilization stress resulted in a significant increase of 5-HT in the NSO, para-ventricular and dorsomedial (NDM) nuclei. It should be noted that we have never seen any changes of 5-HT concentration, tryptophan hydroxylase and monoamineoxidase activities in repeatedly (40 times) immobilized rats. On the other hand, the increase of 5-HT concentration in the NDM is a typical finding after seven exposures of rats to immobilization on Earth, daily for 150 min. In the experiment COSMOS 1129 such an increase of 5-HT concentration in the NDM was found not only in the flight group but also in the control group of rats subjected to five daily exposures of immobilization stress. With respect to these findings, the increased 5-HT concentrations observed in some isolated hypothalamic nuclei in the flight group of rats exposed after landing to repeated immobilization stress suggest that long-term space flight and the state of weightlessness do not represent a stressogenic factor with respect to the serotoninergic system in the hypothalamus.     

A simulation model for the analysis of Space Station gas-phase trace contaminants.

A simulation model for the analysis of gas-phase trace contaminants in the cabin air of the NASA Space Station Reference Configuration was developed at the NASA Langley Research Center. The model predicts changes in trace contaminant concentrations from both physical and chemical sources an sinks as a function of time. Simulations were performed in which values for relative humidity, temperature radiation intensity, pressure, and initial species concentrations were constrained to values for the parameters measured and modeled in the continental tropics at the Earth's surface. Species concentrations simulated using the model compared favorable with concentrations in the continental tropics which demonstrated that the chemical mechanism in the trace contaminant model approximates changes atmospheric species concentrations. The sensitivity of initial species concentrations to producing change in additional species concentrations was also assessed. Results from the model indicated that chemical reactions will be important in determining the composition of cabin air in the Space Station. It is anticipated that the trace contaminant model will be useful in assessing the impact of experiments a commercial operations on the composition of the cabin air in the Space Station.     

Model estimations of possible climatic changes in 21st century at different scenarios of solar and volcanic activities and anthropogenic impact

We have made estimations of climatic changes in the 21st century at different scenarios of changes in the solar and volcanic activities using ensemble calculations with the help of a three-dimensional climatic model taking the carbon cycle into account. This model was developed in the Oboukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences. An ensemble of scenarios is used for possible changes of the solar radiation flux in the 21st century, based on different methods of extrapolation of the data for the period 1610–2000. Along with this, different scenarios of volcanic activity in the 21st century are used. The results of thus made calculations are indicative of a rather small role played by the solar activity variations in changes of the global mean annual near-surface temperature in the 21st century as compared to the expected anthropogenic impact. Model changes of the global near-surface temperature in the 21st century (possible variations of the solar radiation and volcanic activity included) are characterized by a general increase determined in the main by anthropogenic SRES scenarios.