Using radiation risk for assessment of space radiation hazard

Radiation hazard caused by exposure during a spaceflight is characterized by radiobiological consequences at all levels of organism. These consequences have a stochastic nature. Even deterministic effects are basically random quantity having all attributes of such mathematical values. The radiation risk is defined in this case as an additional probability of health damage or as a death probability in extreme case. For the manned spaceflight additional peculiarity of a human’s exposure is added. A natural space radiation environment has a stochastic character because solar particle events and crew of a spacecraft can be exposed to dose from background level up to lethal one.The report presents a procedure of radiation risk assessment for quantitative expression of radiation hazard level during a flight and using this value for developing protection recommendations. It is emphasized that the risk value is connected specifically with the time interval of possible hazard’s existent. The form of risk representation must be chosen depending on a time scale of radiobiological processes induced by the exposure (expressing in fact the radiation hazard model). Surviving function specified for the crewmember mortality rate changed by the professional exposure must be used for risk calculation. Solar particle events determine a stochastic character of radiation environment in space that must be taken into account for a risk assessment. The reliability of radiation risk assessment can be used for this goal.     

气闸舱泄复压热力过程研究

为满足航天员出舱活动的需要,出舱活动飞船气闸舱在满足载人飞船密封舱一般要求外,还需经历泄压和复压两个热力过程。伴随气闸舱的泄复压过程,舱内空气因泄压而发生热力膨胀降温现象,因复压而出现热力压缩升温现象;复压用气瓶在气闸舱复压过程中压力急剧降低也出现降温现象,其降温程度将影响气闸舱复压后舱内温度水平。运用热力学方法对气闸舱泄复压热力过程进行分析,并通过地面和在轨飞行试验验证了分析的正确性,本文工作将为后续载人航天器气闸舱的热控设计提供参考。     

基于Modelica的载人航天器环热控系统建模仿真

为了给载人航天器乘员营造一个良好的生活工作环境,需要将众多空气环境参数控制在指标范围内。文章结合载人航天器专业知识,基于Modelica统一建模语言建立了一种载人航天器环热控系统仿真分析模型;利用该模型仿真分析了温湿度控制风机取不同转速时,载人航天器空气环境参数随乘员代谢水平的变化趋势。结果表明:在其他参数不变的情况下,温湿度控制风机转速越大,空气温度越低,相对湿度越高;乘员代谢水平变化对空气环境参数有显著影响,通过调节系统运行参数可将各空气参数有效控制在指标范围内。舱体温度与氧分压、二氧化碳分压、舱体相对湿度有密切关系且相互影响,不可单独分析。     

S781白漆电子辐照后光学性能退化的恢复与保护

为了深入认识和抑制航天器材料空间辐照损伤在地面环境中的恢复,在模拟的空间环境下对S781白漆进行了90keV电子辐照试验。研究了电子辐照后,试样分别在真空环境下、真空室注入空气后和空气中储存几小时后辐照诱发的光谱反射系数和太阳吸收比的变化。结果表明,S781白漆光学性能退化的恢复主要发生于与空气接触的数分钟内。此外,液氮环境对S781白漆的电子辐照损伤和光学性能退化具有保护作用。液氮的保护机制不仅在于它抑制了氧在材料表面的化学吸附,还在于它对辐照诱发缺陷的冻析效应。     

3σ准则应用对结构疲劳损伤评价的影响分析

工程研究中经常要应用3σ准则来实现随机振动过程的时域、频域转换。文章应用疲劳损伤分析的频域方法,讨论了3σ准则的应用对于振动疲劳损伤累积评价结果的影响。应用满足Rayleigh分布的窄带模型及其4种典型的修正方法分析疲劳影响因子,数值模拟结果表明,3σ截断后的疲劳损伤累积仅占全部疲劳损伤累积的约70%（取m=6）,与材料疲劳参数m有关,且基于窄带模型的疲劳影响因子分析方法具有一定程度的通用性。     

Skylab experiment results: hematology studies

These studies were designed and coordinated to evaluate specific aspects of man's immunologic and hematologic systems which might be altered by or respond to the space flight environment. The biochemical functions investigated included cytogenetic damage to blood cells, immune resistance to disease, regulation of plasma and red cell volumes, metabolic processes of the red blood cell, and physical chemical aspects of red blood cell functions. Only minor changes were observed in the functional capacity of erythrocytes as determined by measuring the concentrations of selected intracellular enzymes and metabolites. Tests of red cell osmotic regulation indicated some elevation in the activity of the metabolic dependent Na-K pump, with no significant alterations in the cellular Na and K concentrations or osmotic fragility. A transient shift in red cell specific-gravity profile was observed on recovery, possibly related to changes in cellular water content. Measurements of hemoconcentration (hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, red cell count) indicated significant fluctuations postflight, reflecting observed changes in red cell mass and plasma volume. There was no apparent reticulocytosis during the 18 days following the first manned Skylab mission in spite of a significant loss in red cell mass. However, the reticulocyte count and index did increase significantly 5 to 7 days after completion of the second, longer duration, flight. There were no significant changes in either the while blood cell count or differential. However, the capacity of lymphocytes to respond to an in vitro mitogenic challenge was repressed postflight, and appeared to be related to mission duration. The cause of this repression is unknown at this time. Only minor differences were observed in plasma protein patterns. In the second mission there were changes in the proteins involved in the coagulation process which suggested a hypercoagulative condition.     

低温动态准双轴拉伸加载下HTPB推进剂的热老化性能

为分析热老化后三组元端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂在低温动态准双轴加载下的性能，开展了不同热加速老化时间、不同温度和应变率条件下推进剂的准双轴拉伸力学性能试验及扫描电镜(SEM)观察试验。试验结果表明：热加速老化前后，推进剂的拉伸曲线趋势、力学性能变化规律及细观损伤形式保持一致，改进型非线性模型能够更好地描述1~100 s -1 应变率范围内典型力学性能参数随热老化时间的非线性变化关系。随温度降低，老化后推进剂的断面形貌由“脱湿”变为AP颗粒断裂，热老化、低温以及高应变率载荷的叠加使得推进剂的细观损伤变得更加严重，但准双轴拉伸时损伤程度相比单轴拉伸时有所减弱。热老化32 d、74 d和98 d后-50 ℃、 14.29 s -1 加载条件下的最大伸长率分别为未老化时室温、0.40 s -1 条件下数值的28.79%、27.58%和25.63%，该参数定义可为分析长期贮存后战术导弹SRM药柱在低温点火条件下结构完整性失效的准则提供数据支持。     

强激光辐照下充压壳体损伤特征温度分析

提出了损伤特征温度的理论表述,该物理量表征的是材料结构达到强度极限时的温升大小,同时其对应的是壳体出现开裂损伤时满足的最低能量条件。通过建立有限元模型,给出了激光加载下损伤特征温度的计算方法及结果,对加载功率密度和内压的影响关系进行了讨论,并预估了不同功率密度加载时壳体的损伤时间。结合数值模拟结果,开展了相关试验研究,并进行了讨论。研究表明,激光功率密度和壳体内压对损伤特征温度有不同的影响关系,该物理量对试验设计具有重要参考价值。     

Effect of volatile metabolites of dill, radish and garlic on growth of bacteria

In a model experiment plants were grown in sealed chambers on expanded clay aggregate under the luminance of 150 W/m2 PAR and the temperature of 24 degrees C. Seven bacterial strains under investigation, replicated on nutrient medium surface in Petri dishes, were grown in the atmosphere of cultivated plants. Microbial response was evaluated by the difference between colony size in experiment and in control. In control, bacteria grew in the atmosphere of clean air. To study the effects of volatile metabolites of various plant on microbial growth, the experimental data were compared with the background values defined for each individual experiment. Expanded clay aggregate, luminance, temperature, and sealed chamber (without plants) for the background were the same. Volatile metabolites from 28-days old radish plants have been reliably established to have no effect on the growth of microbes under investigation. Metabolites of 30-days old dill and 50-days old garlic have been established to have reliable bacteriostatic effect on the growth of three bacterial strains. Dill and garlic have been found to have different range of effects of volatile substances on bacterial growth. Volatile metabolites of dill and garlic differed in their effect on the sensitivity spectrum of bacteria. An attempt has been made to describe the obtained data mathematically.     

Tolerance of anhydrobiotic eggs of the Tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus to extreme environments

Tardigrades are tiny (less than 1?mm in length) invertebrate animals that have the potential to survive travel to other planets because of their tolerance to extreme environmental conditions by means of a dry ametabolic state called anhydrobiosis. While the tolerance of adult tardigrades to extreme environments has been reported, there are few reports on the tolerance of their eggs. We examined the ability of hydrated and anhydrobiotic eggs of the tardigrade Ramazzottius varieornatus to hatch after exposure to ionizing irradiation (helium ions), extremely low and high temperatures, and high vacuum. We previously reported that there was a similar pattern of tolerance against ionizing radiation between hydrated and anhydrobiotic adults. In contrast, anhydrobiotic eggs (50% lethal dose; 1690 Gy) were substantially more radioresistant than hydrated ones (50% lethal dose; 509 Gy). Anhydrobiotic eggs also have a broader temperature resistance compared with hydrated ones. Over 70% of the anhydrobiotic eggs treated at either -196°C or +50°C hatched successfully, but all the hydrated eggs failed to hatch. After exposure to high-vacuum conditions (5.3×10(-4) Pa to 6.2×10(-5) Pa), the hatchability of the anhydrobiotic eggs was comparable to that of untreated control eggs.     

星用微波集成电路TaN薄膜电阻的功率耐受值研究

氮化钽(tantalum nitride, TaN)薄膜电阻电路是星载放大器、功分器等典型产品中必不可少的组成部分。在较大功率信号施加的条件下,TaN埋嵌电阻部位热效应较强,出现电路失效或烧毁的可能性也较其他部位大。星载微波单机应用环境条件恶劣,对于薄膜电阻的应用可靠性要求极高,常规侧重高温工况,热处理等条件下的氮化钽电阻功率耐受性研究无法得到实际星载应用工况中氮化钽电阻的功率特性,势必需要通过模拟实际应用工况和边界条件,通过设计制作氧化铝基板上不同尺寸TaN薄膜电阻样件,测量在施加不同电流的工况下电阻表面和电阻电极的温度,并根据电阻表面最大允许温升对应的电流,计算出可耐受的最大功率,完成了TaN薄膜电阻的功率耐受性研究。研究结果表明,在基板厚度一定时,随着电阻面积增大,薄膜电阻耐受功率呈增大趋势;较大尺寸薄膜电阻的功率耐受随着基板厚度的增加而降低。此研究结果对后续优化星用微波电路设计,提高宇航微波产品应用可靠性,减少不必要的设计冗余,有重要意义。     

防热复合材料的烧蚀机理与模型研究

烧蚀材料在高温环境中因物理、化学和力学因素造成质量损失，影响其性能。建立相应的热化学和热力学烧蚀模型，分析其传热特性和力学性能的演化规律，建立材料的热毁损判据，是复合材料防热结构设计所面临的重要问题。本文综述了近年来文献中对炭基复合材料烧蚀机理的研究，并对几种烧蚀模型进行了评价。     

载人飞船密封舱漏热问题研究

密封舱漏热是载人飞船热控系统设计中必须考虑的一个关键因素,是影响飞船热平衡和舱内温度的一项重要参数。建立了求解密封舱漏热的热物理模型,分析了各种参数对密封舱漏热的影响。结果表明：（1） 在一定温度范围内,密封舱漏热与舱内空气温度近似呈线性关系;（2） 返回舱漏热高于轨道舱,主要原因是导热热阻的基数偏小;（3） 漏热随外热流增大而减小,返回舱漏热波动较大,调节其热控涂层的α_S和ε_h值将导致返回舱漏热和漏热波动出现相反变化,为同时减小漏热和漏热波动,推荐采用较低α_S和ε_h 值的热控涂层;（4） 返回舱漏热受舱内壁对流换热系数影响较大,特别在2W/(m^2·K)附近。
     

Species and temperature exchange in the atmosphere of “BION-M” spacecraft

On going flights of Foton satellites allow to carry out research in the following domains: effect of space flight and outer space factors such as microgravity, artificial gravity and space radiation on physical processes and biological organisms. Experts from many Russian and foreign scientific institutions participated in the research. Over a period of time from 1973 to 1997 there were launched 11 BION satellites designed by the Central Specialized Design Bureau for carrying out fundamental and applied research in the field of space biology, medicine, radio physics and radiobiology with participation of specialists from the foreign countries.The goal of the present investigation was in developing a numerical simulator aimed at determining gas concentration and temperature fields established inside the scientific module of the spacecraft “Bion-M” and to perform optimization studies, which could meet strong requirements for air quality and temperature range allowable for operation of different biological experiments.     

Surface tension driven-flow in non-coalescing liquid drops

A fluid-dynamic model of two non-coalescing liquid drops of the same liquid, pressed against one another in the presence of thermocapillary convection, is proposed to correlate experimental results on the deformation of the drop surfaces, on the pressure distribution and on the thickness of the air film between the drops. The two-point boundary value problem for the Gauss-Laplace hydrostatic equation, subjected to the constant volume constraint, is solved by a shooting method to evaluate the shapes of the drops for different values of the applied pressure jump across the surface exposed to a constant pressure ambient. The flow fields in the liquid drops and in the air layer are obtained by numerical solutions of the dynamic problem. The numerical results which qualitatively agree with the experimental ones, explain why an air film could be created between the two drops and show that film thicknesses of some microns exist with excess pressures of the same order of magnitude of the pressure needed to deform the drops.     

Experiments on velocity augmentation of spherical flames by grids

Using spherical wire mesh screens with a wire diameter d and a mesh size l, an experimental study was carried out involving homogeneous mixtures of propane/air, ethylene/air, acetylene/air and with oxygen enriched air. Streak photographs of the processes were taken, yielding information on the flame propagation speeds inside and outside the screen. The ratio of the two speeds immediately before and after crossing the screen, α, can be interpreted as practically equivalent (for the same “heat release”) to the ratio of flame velocities relative to the unburned gas, i.e. Values of (α − 1) are correlated with the Reynolds number based on the wire thickness d, density and viscosity of the unburned gas and flame propagation speed inside the wire mesh. The experiments were repeated with two and three spheres of different diameters, e.g. inner screen 9 cm in diameter and outer screen 18 cm in diameter or three screens, 9, 13.5 and 18 cm, respectively. The second screen usually added a factor of 2 on the value of α. The third screen produced very little additional effect. The highest value of α we ever obtained for mixtures with air was about 12 (for acetylene/air). With oxygen enriched air the situation is quite different. If the flame velocity of the laminar flame relative to the unburned gas exceeds 2 m/sec, the value of α may increase up to a level corresponding to detonation.     

复合材料层合板受低速冲击后的力学性能的实验研究

利用落锤装置，对玻纤／环氧和碳纤／环氧两种复合材料层合板进行了低速低能量的冲击实验研究。利用传感器技术记录了落锤冲击试样过程中的速度曲线，计算了冲击动能和材料损伤时的能量吸收，通过数学处理得到了冲击载荷和冲击点位移曲线。测量了层合板受冲击后的剩余弯曲强度和剩余弯曲弹性模量，得出了两种复合材料层合板的能量吸收门槛值。结果表明，碳纤／环氧的能量吸收门榄值比玻纤／环氧低，但是前者有较宽的能量吸收容限。和     

Ti/CFRP超混杂层板的研究与应用展望

Ti/CFRP超混杂层板具有高比强度、高损伤容限及优异的疲劳性能,是航空航天领域的重要选材对象之一。界面性能决定了层板综合力学性能的好坏,是Ti/CFRP层板目前的研究热点。首先综述了钛和钛合金不同表面处理工艺;然后介绍了Ti/CFRP层板力学性能试验及理论预报的研究现状;最后通过分析Ti/CFRP层板航空航天领域的现有应用情况,展望了Ti/CFRP层板未来潜在的应用方向。     

The effects of prolonged weightlessness and reduced gravity environments on human survival

The manned exploration of the solar system and the surfaces of some of the smaller planets and larger satellites requires that we are able to keep the adverse human physiological response to long term exposure to near zero and greatly reduced gravity environments within acceptable limits consistent with metabolic function. This paper examines the physiological changes associated with microgravity conditions with particular reference to the weightless demineralizatoin of bone (WDB). It is suggested that many of these changes are the result of physical/mechanical processes and are not primarily a medical problem. There are thus two immediately obvious and workable, if relatively costly, solutions to the problem of weightlessness. The provision of a near 1 g field during prolonged space flights, and/or the development of rapid transit spacecraft capable of significant acceleration and short flight times. Although these developments could remove or greatly ameliorate the effects of weightlessness during long-distance space flights there remains a problem relating to the long term colonization of the surfaces of Mars, the Moon, and other small solar system bodies. It is not yet known whether or not there is a critical threshold value of 'g' below which viable human physiological function cannot be sustained. If such a threshold exists permanent colonization may only be possible if the threshold value of 'g' is less than that at the surface of the planet on which we wish to settle.