自适应光学技术补偿镜面温度及自重变形研究

论述了在星载高分辨率相机上采用自适应光学技术的必要性;介绍了应用自适应光学技术补偿镜面温度及自重变形的实验原理,进行了计算机模拟计算,并与实验结果进行比较。实验用一块平面反射镜作为缩比模型,应用６１单元自适应光学系统对其进行了闭环校正实验,分析了泽尼克多项式所对应的像差的校正效果。     

扫描辐射计内光路反射镜中SiO2／Ag薄膜系统的失效分析

SiO_2/Ag薄膜系统是扫描辐射计内光路反射镜的主要组成部分。采用高分辨扫描俄歇微探针(SAM)和扫描电镜分析对SiO_2/Ag 薄膜系统失效进行了较为全面的分析研究。通过扫描电镜观察发现,失效的反射镜表面SiO_2薄膜上存在大量析出物,借助于SAM分析,表明这些析出物主要是银和铜,析出物表面伴随有硫化和氧化。SAM的深度剖面结果说明,有析出物存在的区域,各薄膜层中存在原子间的扩散。文章就反射镜中Ag、Cu、和O的扩散和穿透行为进行了讨论,认为SiO_2薄膜致密度较差是导致反射镜失效的主要原因之一。     

交会对接光学成像敏感器反射镜组件微应力装配技术#br#

为了实现交会对接光学成像敏感器的功能、性能，其金属反射镜组件对面形精度和指向精度要求较高.金属反射镜组件在加工和装配过程中会产生装配应力，导致反射镜的面形和指向精度发生变化.在改进装调流程的基础上，首先通过仿真分析确定了反射镜安装螺钉的拧紧力矩；其次，优化了反射镜支架和反射镜安装面的平面度公差，从0.008 mm提高到0.002 mm；选用柔性材料制作过定位尺寸链的零件，对比了改进前后的反射镜指向变化和装配应力，改进后大幅减小，保证了反射镜精度指标要求.反射镜组件在装配到整机后面形和指向精度变化较小，反射镜面形达到PV≤0.2λ，RMS≤0.06λ(原方法数据PV≤0.8λ，RMS≤0.13λ)，反射镜力学和热学环境实验前后反射镜指向变化由≤2′，提高到≤1′，保证了敏感器的测量精度.     

天基激光测距载荷单反射镜组件柔性设计与力热稳定性分析

针对激光通信与测距一体化星间链路载荷轻小型单反射镜组件进行结构设计与力热稳定性研究，开展单反镜柔性支撑机构优化设计，根据运载力学环境与在轨力热环境工况，对反射镜组件进行光机集成分析，验证光机结构的在轨力热稳定性.分析结果表明，双层圆弧形槽口柔性支撑结构在温度拉偏后反射镜的面型精度均方根（RMS）可达λ/72，基频模态为417.93Hz，满足指标要求.进一步对反射镜组件进行动力学分析，随机振动分析结果表明，反射镜加速度响应均方根为11a_rms，满足3σ准则.通过0.2g正弦扫频试验验证了有限元模态分析相对误差为2.23%，实验结果表明，反射镜组件柔性支撑设计合理，力热稳定性分析结果基本准确可靠，满足工况要求.      

大口径反射镜结构参数优化设计

空间光学遥感器分辨率要求的不断提高使其主镜口径也在不断增大,从而对主镜进行轻量化设计就成为空间大口径反射镜工程的关键技术。该文介绍了一种对反射镜轻量化结构进行优化设计的方法,利用MSCPatran软件建立了蜂窝夹芯反射镜的参数化模型;对反射镜的各结构参数进行了灵敏性分析,得到了各参数对反射镜面形精度的影响曲线;根据反射镜的加工工艺,合理地确定结构参数的变化范围,利用正交分解法进行参数优化。     

微振动对高分辨率TDICCD图像辐射质量影响

微振动是影响高空间分辨率遥感卫星成像质量的重要因素之一。主要针对微振动对时间延迟积分电荷耦合器件（TDICCD）图像辐射质量的影响规律进行研究,一方面对微振动的影响规律有更深入的研究,另一方面反过来为微振动的抑制提供参考和建议。首先结合成像器件与目标存在相对运动时的曝光成像规律和TDICCD相机成像原理,建立了微振动下TDICCD相机成像的仿真退化模型。然后利用该模型进行仿真计算,得到了仿真退化图像。最后,针对不同的影响因子,包括微振动的振幅、频率以及TDICCD相机级数,分别研究了其对图像辐射质量的影响规律,并结合理论或者工程实际进行分析,其结果基本一致。     

基于数字全息的活体细胞动态相衬显微观察

针对生物活体细胞的观测要求,研究了一种基于数字全息的动态相衬显微实验方法.利用光纤器件和分立光学元件搭建了一套预放大离轴数字全息实验系统,采用无穷远校正显微物镜提高了成像分辨率,同时通过曲率匹配透镜和构造数字相位掩模对相位畸变进行了校正.对小鼠活体骨细胞样品进行了连续动态观察,得到了反映细胞运动和形态变化的相衬显微图像,证明了此方法的可行性.     

X射线实时成像器件缺陷校正方法的研究

对于由射线转换屏和CCD相机组成的X射线实时成像系统而言,成像器件缺陷是影响系统成像质量的重要因素.结合工程实践,分析了射线转换屏缺陷、CCD像元光响应不一致性等成像器件缺陷的特性及其成像规律,提出了一种数学模型和成像器件缺陷校正方法.实验结果表明,该方法对消除成像器件缺陷造成的图像降质有较好的效果.      

卫星遥感图像几何质量的仿真评价

根据卫星图像摄影过程,建立了图像质量评价的数学模型。该模型包括：整机侧视和反射镜侧视两种相机侧视方案,姿态运动、轨道运动、地球自转、地图投影等因素对卫星图像几何质量的影响。并在计算机上分析了图像的几何质量,提出了几何校正方法,为遥感卫星设计提供了有价值的参考。     

卫星胶粘剂出气性质测试和预处理结果分析

根据航天工业总公司标准ＱＪ１５５８—８８，对资源一号卫星用１３种胶粘剂材料出气污染性质进行了标准筛选测试和不同预处理条件下的标准筛选测试。测试在中国微可凝挥发物标准测试设备Ｍｉｃｒｏ—ＶＣＭ上完成。引用的标准和设备与目前国际认定标准ＡＳＴＭ—Ｅ５９５—９０完全一致，所测数据具有国际可比性。测试结果分析表明：真空烘烤预处理可明显降低材料总质量损失（ＴＭＬ），但不能明显更改材料水汽回吸性（ＷＶＲ）。     

Progress in trend studies: Highlights of the TREND2004 Workshop

TREND2004, the third IAGA/ICMA Workshop Long Term Changes and Trends in the Atmosphere, presented a lot of new information and in some way summarized progress over the last few years in the field of long-term trends in the atmosphere–ionosphere system with emphasis on the middle atmosphere and ionosphere. The paper briefly summarizes the results of the Workshop with focus on the mesosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere and presents some new findings. Progress in recent years was substantial in trends in thermospheric density, mesospheric and mesopause region temperature, and in the lower ionosphere (ionized component). On the other hand, principal contradictions remain in trends in the F2 region of the ionosphere, particularly in interpretation of the observed trends.     

电波极化面旋转特性研究

推导了电波极化面旋转角表达式, 利用实测电子浓度、地磁场磁感应强度模与磁倾角剖面,对定高载体、不同天线侧视方向与地球法线夹角、不同地区、不同频段、不同时段、不同太阳活动情况下的电波极化面旋转角进行了仿真, 并对仿真结果进行了分析, 得出了电波极化面旋转角的时域、地域、频域等规律和特性. 为这一领域的深入研究提供了参考.      

Equatorial anomaly according to the Interkosmos-19 data and IRI model: A comparison

The comparison of the IRI model with the foF2 distribution in the equatorial anomaly region obtained by topside sounding onboard the Interkosmos-19 satellite has been carried out. The global distribution of foF2 in terms of LT-maps was constructed by averaging Intercosmos-19 data for summer, winter, and equinox. These maps, in fact, represent an empirical model of the equatorial anomaly for high solar activity F10.7 ~ 200. The comparison is carried out for the latitudinal foF2 profiles in the characteristic longitudinal sectors of 30, 90, 210, 270, and 330°, as well as for the longitudinal variations in foF2 over the equator. The largest difference between the models (up to 60%) for any season was found in the Pacific longitudinal sector of 210°, where there are a few ground-based sounding stations. Considerable discrepancies, however, are sometimes observed in the longitudinal sectors, where there are many ground-based stations, for example, in the European or Indian sector. The discrepancies reach their maximum at 00 LT, since a decay of the equatorial anomaly begins before midnight in the IRI model and after midnight according to the Interkosmos-19 data. The discrepancies are also large in the morning at 06 LT, since in the IRI model, the foF2 growth begins long before sunrise. In the longitudinal variations in foF2 over the equator at noon, according to the satellite data, four harmonics are distinguished in the June solstice and at the equinox, and three harmonics in the December solstice, while in the IRI model only two and one harmonics respectively are revealed. In diurnal variations in foF2 and, accordingly, in the equatorial anomaly intensity, the IRI model does not adequately reproduce even the main, evening extremum.     

Changes in spectral reflectance of wheat leaves in response to specific macronutrient deficiency.

In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants, deficiency of an essential element may drastically affect growth, appearance, and most importantly yield. Wheat, the focus of this study, is one of the crops studied in the CELSS program. Information about nutrient deficiencies in crops grown in controlled environment is essential to optimize food productivity. The main objective of this study was to determine whether deficiency of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (M) alters spectral reflectance properties of wheat leaves. Plants were grown in the greenhouse and growth chamber, in a modified Hoagland's nutrient solution. Spectral reflectance of fully expanded wheat leaves from 280 to 1100 nm, nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, and Ca) and chlorophyll (Chl) were determined when deficiency symptoms were first evident (approximately 6-7 weeks). Chlorophyll content and fresh and dry weight, were used to assess the severity of the nutrient stress. All nutrient deficiencies affected chlorophyll content and generally increased reflectance in the visible (VIS) 400-700 nm and infrared (IR) 700-1100 nm ranges. Magnesium and nitrogen deficiencies had the most pronounced effect on chlorophyll concentration height, and reflectance. All macronutrient deficiencies tested reduced chlorophyll concentration, increase reflectance in the visible range and caused a shift in the position of the red edge (the point of maximum slope on the reflectance spectrum of vegetation between red and near-infrared wavelengths) toward shorter or longer wavelengths; depending upon the element. In the greenhouse, N and Mg induced the greatest increase in reflectance of 33% and 25% in the VI range and 86% and 53% in the IR range, respectively. However, in the growth chamber, an increase of 97% and 25% occurred in the VI range, and 20% and 33% in the IR range, respectively. In the IR range in the growth chamber, P, K, and Ca deficiency caused a reduction in reflectance (412-770 nm). This research indicates that mineral deficiencies and reflectance are not specific to one environment and could have important implications for the design of CELSS in space, and perhaps the future of terrestrial agriculture.     

Calcium signaling in plant cells in altered gravity.

Changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in altered gravity (microgravity and clinostating) evidence that Ca2+ signaling can play a fundamental role in biological effects of microgravity. Calcium as a second messenger is known to play a crucial role in stimulus-response coupling for many plant cellular signaling pathways. Its messenger functions are realized by transient changes in the cytosolic ion concentration induced by a variety of internal and external stimuli such as light, hormones, temperature, anoxia, salinity, and gravity. Although the first data on the changes in the calcium balance in plant cells under the influence of altered gravity have appeared in 80th, a review highlighting the performed research and the possible significance of such Ca2+ changes in the structural and metabolic rearrangements of plant cells in altered gravity is still lacking. In this paper, an attempt was made to summarize the available experimental results and to consider some hypotheses in this field of research. It is proposed to distinguish between cell gravisensing and cell graviperception; the former is related to cell structure and metabolism stability in the gravitational field and their changes in microgravity (cells not specialized to gravity perception), the latter is related to active use of a gravitational stimulus by cells presumebly specialized to gravity perception for realization of normal space orientation, growth, and vital activity (gravitropism, gravitaxis) in plants. The main experimental data concerning both redistribution of free Ca2+ ions in plant cell organelles and the cell wall, and an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration under the influence of altered gravity are presented. Based on the gravitational decompensation hypothesis, the consequence of events occurring in gravisensing cells not specialized to gravity perception under altered gravity are considered in the following order: changes in the cytoplasmic membrane surface tension --> alterations in the physicochemical properties of the membrane --> changes in membrane permeability, --> ion transport, membrane-bound enzyme activity, etc. --> metabolism rearrangements --> physiological responses. An analysis of data available on biological effects of altered gravity at the cellular level allows one to conclude that microgravity environment appears to affect cytoskeleton, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, cell wall biogenesis via changes in enzyme activity and protein expression, with involvement of regulatory Ca2+ messenger system. Changes in Ca2+ influx/efflux and possible pathways of Ca2+ signaling in plant cell biochemical regulation in altered gravity are discussed.     

Differentiation of cartilaginous anlagen in entire embryonic mouse limbs cultured in a rotating bioreactor.

Mechanisms involved in development of the embryonic limb have remained the same throughout eons of genetic and environmental evolution under Earth gravity (1 g). During the spaceflight era it has been of interest to explore the ancient theory that form of the skeleton develops in response to gravity, and that changes in gravitational forces can change the developmental pattern of the limb. This has been shown in vivo and in vitro, allowing the hypergravity of centrifugation and microgravity of space to be used as tools to increase our knowledge of limb development. In recapitulations of spaceflight experiments, premetatarsals were cultured in suspension in a bioreactor, and found to be shorter and less differentiated than those cultured in standard culture dishes. This study only measured length of the metatarsals, and did not account for possible changes due to the skeletal elements having a more in vivo 3D shape while in suspension vs. flattened tissues compressed by their own weight. A culture system with an outcome closer to in vivo and that supports growth of younger limb buds than traditional systems will allow studies of early Hox gene expression, and contribute to the understanding of very early stages of development. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if entire limb buds could be cultured in the bioreactor, and to compare the growth and differentiation with that of culturing in a culture dish system. Fore and hind limbs from E11-E13 ICR mouse embryos were cultured for six days, either in the bioreactor or in center-well organ culture dishes, fixed, and embedded for histology. E13 specimens grown in culture dishes were flat, while bioreactor culture specimens had a more in vivo-like 3D limb shape. Sections showed excellent cartilage differentiation in both culture systems, with more cell maturation, and hypertrophy in the specimens cultured in the bioreactor. Younger limb buds fused together during culture, so an additional set of E11.5 limb buds was cultured with and without encapsulation in alginate prior to culturing in the bioreactor. Encapsulated limbs grown in the bioreactor did not fuse together, but developed only the more proximal elements while limbs grown in culture dishes formed proximal and distal elements. Alginate encapsulation may have reduced oxygenation to the progress zone of the developing limb bud resulting in lack of development of the more distal elements. These results show that the bioreactor supports growth and differentiation of skeletal elements in entire E13 limb buds, and that a method to culture younger limb buds without fusing together needs to be developed if any morphometric analysis is to be performed.     

In vitro plant cell growth in microgravity and on clinostat.

For the study of gravity's role in the processes of plant cell differentiation in-vitro, a model "seed-seedling-callus" has been used. Experiments were carried out on board the orbital stations Salyut-7 and Mir as well as on clinostat. They lasted from 18 to 72 days. It was determined that the exclusion of a one-sided action of gravity vector by means of clinostat and spaceflight conditions does not impede the formation and growth of callus tissue; however, at cell and subcellular levels structural and functional changes do take place. No significant changes were observed either on clinostat or in space concerning the accumulation of fresh biomass, while the percentage of dry material in space is lower than in control. Both in microgravity (MG) and in control, even after 72 days of growth, cells with a normally developed ultrastructure are present. In space, however, callus tissue more often contains cells in which the cross-section area of a cell, a nuclei and of mitochondria are smaller and the vacuole area--bigger than in controls. In microgravity a considerable decrease in the number of starch-containing cells and a reduction in the mean area of starch grains in amyloplasts is observed. In space the amount of soluble proteins in callus tissue is 1.5 times greater than in control. However, no differences were observed in fractions when separated by the SDS-PAGE method. In microgravity the changes in cell wall material components was noted. In the space-formed callus changes in the concentration of ions K, Na, Mg, Ca and P were observed. However, the direction of these changes depends on the age of callus. Discussed are the possible reasons for modification of morphological and metabolic parameters of callus cells when grown under changed gravity conditions.     

基于COSMIC掩星精密定轨数据的等离子体层电子含量研究

等离子体层是日地环境重要的组成部分.本文利用COSMIC掩星精密定轨数据经处理后得到的podTec文件获取等离子体层电子含量（PEC）对等离子体层进行研究.将podTec数据进行处理后获得的PEC（pod-PEC）和IRI-Plas经验模型提供的PEC （IRI-PEC）进行对比,发现pod-PEC与IRI-PEC符合得较好.在低（0°—20°）、中（20°—50°）、高（50°—90°）修正地磁纬度带下,分析了COSMIC在太阳活动极大年（2014年）3,6,9和12月的pod-PEC,得到如下结论:PEC随着纬度升高而逐渐减少,且3,9月PEC在中低纬关于磁赤道的南北对称性较好,6月北半球各纬度带的PEC明显高于南半球同一纬度带的值,而12月情况则完全相反,南半球中纬的PEC甚至会等于北半球低纬的PEC值;PEC在白天高而晚上低,高纬地区的PEC昼夜变化不明显;PEC具有明显的季节性.对于北半球,一年中PEC最大值出现在春季,冬秋季次之,夏季最低,具有明显的年度异常现象.      

Differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum vegetative cells into spores during Earth orbit in space.

We reported previously that emerged amoebae of Dictyostelium (D.) discoideum grew, aggregated and differentiated to fruiting bodies with normal morphology in space. Here, we investigated the effects of space radiation and/or microgravity on the number, viability, kinetics of germination, growth rate and mutation frequency of spores formed in space in a radiation-sensitive strain, gamma s13, and the parental strain, NC4. In gamma s13, there were hardly spores in the fruiting bodies formed in space. In NC4, we found a decrease in the number of spores, a delay in germination of the spores and delayed start of cell growth of the spores formed in space when compared to the ground control. However, the mutation frequency of the NC4 spores formed in space was similar to that of the ground control. We conclude that the depression of spore formation might be induced by microgravity and/or space radiation through the depression of some stage(s) of DNA repair during cell differentiation in the slime mold.     

太阳光谱辐射强度变化对地球能量平衡的影响分析

目前太阳对地球能量平衡影响的研究大都是以太阳总辐射通量密度作为输入参数的. 本文以美国航空航天局（National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA）太阳辐射与气候实验项目的卫星实测数据为基础,对太阳上升相（2010年上半年）和下降相（2007年12月）期间太阳光谱变化对地球能量平衡的影响进行了研究. 结果表明,2010年上半年较强的太阳总辐射通量密度主要是由紫外及红外波段的能量增强引起的,其在200～400nm 和760～4000nm波段内的平均能量分别增加了0.11%和0.05%,而在 400～760nm可见光区的能量却呈减小趋势,平均减小量为0.05%. 通过对MLS2.2全球臭氧日数据进行再分析后发现,相对于2007年12月,2010年上半年平流层臭氧浓度也有所增加,其中在太阳紫外辐射呈现较大增强的2月和3月,其臭氧增量也相对较大,最大值分别出现在33km和40km处,值为0.6mL·m-3和0.62mL·m-3. 因此,可见光区能量减弱与平流层臭氧浓度增加的双重削弱作用致使虽然2010年上半年的太阳总辐射通量密度较大,但是到达对流层顶的太阳辐射却有所减小,最大减小量出现在3月,值为0.15W·m-2. 这一结果说明,太阳活动或总辐射通量密度的增强也有可能对地球对流层系统起到冷却作用.