Survey of maneuvering target tracking. Part V. Multiple-model methods

This is the fifth part of a series of papers that provide a comprehensive survey of techniques for tracking maneuvering targets without addressing the so-called measurement-origin uncertainty. Part I and Part II deal with target motion models. Part III covers measurement models and associated techniques. Part IV is concerned with tracking techniques that are based on decisions regarding target maneuvers. This part surveys the multiple-model methods $the use of multiple models (and filters) simultaneously - which is the prevailing approach to maneuvering target tracking in recent years. The survey is presented in a structured way, centered around three generations of algorithms: autonomous, cooperating, and variable structure. It emphasizes the underpinning of each algorithm and covers various issues in algorithm design, application, and performance.     

民用飞机短舱防冰系统冻雾天试验方法研究

基于民航25部适航规章1093(b)(2)条款民用飞机短舱防冰系统在冻雾天环境中的性能要求,通过构建开放式结冰条件模拟装置,对民用飞机短舱防冰系统在特定的地面冻雾条件下的性能进行了验证,并在真实的航空发动机运转条件下进行适航验证试验,详细给出了民用飞机短舱防冰系统地面冻雾天试验的方法。结果表明:试验方案科学合理,试验方法符合短舱防冰系统对民航25部适航规章的要求,并在某型飞机上得到成功应用。该试验方法可为其他型号飞机地面冻雾天试验提供参考。     

Peformance of dynamic programming techniques forTrack-Before-Detect

“Track-Before-Detect” (TBD) is a target tracking technique where no threshold is applied at each measurement frame. Instead, data are processed over a number of frames before decisions on target existence are made. The track is returned simultaneously with the detection. A simple algorithm is presented and demonstrated via simulations. A detailed analysis enables detection and tracking performance to be predicted for particular algorithm parameters. Good performance is observed at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), with rapid degradation as SNR is reduced further. For some cases the detection performance does not improve regardless of how many frames of data are processed. Tracking performance may also be poor even though detection performance is good     

一款国产民机旅客氧气面罩的防火性能测试

旅客氧气面罩作为旅客氧气系统的重要组成部分,是一种常见的为旅客提供应急氧气的分氧装置,随着国产大飞机项目的深入开展,依照国际通用标准研制了一款持续气流旅客氧气面罩。由于旅客氧气面罩在民用飞机上的广泛装备,要求其必须具备优良的防火性能。针对CCAR-25-R4的第25.853条款和附录F第一部分的防火性能要求,对适航条款进行分析,通过对所研制面罩主体部分的硅胶和聚氯乙烯材料进行模拟切块制样,采用CCAR-25-R4附录F第Ⅰ部分(b)(5)的测试方法对所制备的试样进行水平燃烧试验。结果表明,面罩材料的水平燃烧试验燃烧速率为0,满足CCAR-25-R4附录F第Ⅰ部分第(a)(1)(iv)条款所规定的水平燃烧试验燃烧速率不得超过64mm/min的要求,研制的旅客氧气面罩防火性能满足适航要求。     

Omega: system status update-1988

Activity at the US Coast Guard Omega Navigation System Center is reviewed. A prime area of emphasis has been to make further progress in the transition to a mature operating system. Among the topics discussed are operations and control, electronics equipment, civil engineering subelements, the federal radionavigation plan, and system performance. Part of the transition will involve the development of a proper mission statement for continued operations     

A Novel Ego-Motion Compensation Strategy for Automatic Target Tracking in FLIR Video Sequences taken from UAVs

Tracking targets in forward-looking infrared (FLIR) video sequences taken from airborne platforms is a challenging task. Several tracking failure modes can occur; in particular, discontinuities due to platform's motion can produce the so called ego-motion failure leading to unrecoverable errors in tracking the target. A novel ego-motion compensation technique for UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) is proposed. Data received from the autopilot can be used to predict the motion of the platform, thus allowing to identify a smaller region of the image (subframe) where the candidate target has to be searched for in the next frame of the sequence. The presented methodology is compared with a recently robust algorithm for automatic target tracking; experimental results show that the proposed motion estimation approach helps to improve performance both in terms of frames processed per second (targets are searched in smaller regions) and in terms of robustness (targets are correctly tracked for all the sequence's frames).     

液环泵叶轮叶片轴向叶顶间隙微射流流动机理及性能分析

液环泵的轴向间隙泄漏流对其水力性能有重要的影响,为了抑制其叶片轴向叶顶间隙泄漏流动,提升水力性能,以2BEA-203型液环泵为研究对象,在叶片轴端间隙引入微射流,采用数值模拟方法对比分析微射流对间隙泄漏流场及液环泵性能的影响机理。分析结果表明:轴向间隙射流能够有效地抑制间隙泄漏,液环泵的效率及真空度均在一定范围内提升。叶片轴向间隙内射流孔出口处会形成一相对高压区,微射流排挤占用一部分间隙的流道,部分射流与压力面泄漏流相互作用形成间隙涡,阻滞泄漏流动,使得叶片间隙泄漏流强度降低,叶片背面后方的泄漏涡前移。液环泵叶轮轴向间隙泄漏流存在复杂的时空分布特征,湍动能分布由吸气区沿叶旋方向逐渐增强,受微射流抑制作用,射流型叶轮间隙吸力面侧的湍动能强度要明显弱于原型叶轮间隙;泄漏流强度沿弦线方向逐渐减弱,微射流的部分流体沿弦线方向流入叶片轴向间隙,排挤占用下游间隙的流道,提升了叶顶间隙的密封性能。      

民用飞机短舱防冰系统冻雾天试验方法研究

民航规章25部1093(b)(2)条款要求短舱防冰系统在冻雾天环境中性能满足要求,通过构建开放式结冰条件模拟装置,对民用飞机短舱防冰系统在特定的地面冻雾条件下的性能进行了验证,试验对象是装机后的短舱防冰系统,在真实的飞机发动机运转条件下进行适航验证试验,表明短舱防冰系统对民航25部适航规章1093(b)(2)条款的符合性,详细给出了民用飞机短舱防冰系统地面冻雾天试验的方法。该试验方法成功在某型飞机上实施,试验方案科学合理,试验方法可以为其他型号飞机地面冻雾天试验提供参考。     

固体火箭冲压发动机补燃室硅基绝热层烧蚀模型

为了评估固冲发动机硅基绝热层的烧蚀性能,对硅基绝热层的烧蚀形成机制进行了分析并建立了数值模型。硅基绝热层烧蚀由气动冲蚀,化学烧蚀,颗粒剥蚀三个部分构成。数值结果表明,硅基绝热层失效的主要原因是气动冲蚀,化学烧蚀与颗粒剥蚀影响较小。理论计算同试验获得的烧蚀形态基本吻合,冲压发动机严重烧蚀部位在进气道两侧的下游区域。从结构设计上看,冲压发动机防隔热设计的重点应是降低冲压发动机气流冲蚀影响。     

螺旋桨滑流与机翼之间气动干扰影响研究

基于多参考系方法,利用RANS方程对某型螺旋桨飞机的全机有滑流和无滑流空间流场进行了数值模拟,分析了滑流在机翼干扰作用下的发展趋势,机翼气动特性在滑流作用下的改变,滑流对飞机失速特性的影响。研究结果表明,螺旋桨旋转卷起的涡流经机翼时被切割成上下两部分,形成了绕机翼的横向二次流,机翼的存在改变了滑流的涡量分布和涡的结构。在弦向,滑流影响最严重的部位是机翼前缘,滑流旋转效应改变了机翼绕流的当地迎角,加速效应增加了桨后气流的速度,这是引起机翼气动特性改变的主要原因。虽然滑流的诱导作用使机翼外段提前发生了分离,但是其推迟了机翼根部分离现象的发生,改善了飞机的失速特性。     

性能保证条件下航空电子高速交换机的加速方法

 以保证航空电子互连网络的确定性延迟和高带宽为目的,建立航空电子交换式以太网（AFDX）承载于波分复用（WDM）之上的架构,兼容AFDX的延迟确定性和WDM的带宽可扩性,满足航空电子互连网络对实时性和高带宽的要求。通过对实时通信中周期性数据帧的分析,提出光波聚合加速方法,对输入端到达的数据帧进行重新分配和整型,充分利用每条光波的带宽资源,减少交换使用的波长数。在性能保证条件（100%通过率下保证有界延迟）下,对使用光波聚合方法的交换机制进行了数学推导。最后通过计算机仿真,以网络延迟时间率和加速因子为性能衡量指标推证了该加速方法的优越性和可行性。     

Adaptive polarimetric target detection with coherent radar. II.Detection against non-Gaussian background

For pt. I see ibid., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1194-1206 (2001).This paper presents the derivation of a polarimetric coherent adaptive scheme to detect a radar target against a non-Gaussian background. This completes the results presented in Part I for the Gaussian background. A Texture Free-Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (TF-GLRT) detector is derived that exploits the polarimetric characteristics of the received radar echoes to improve the detection performance. The proposed polarimetric detector is shown to have Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) when operating against compound-Gaussian clutter with unknown parameters. Its performance is fully characterized by both theoretical analysis and simulation. Moreover, the application to recorded radar data demonstrates the performance improvement achievable in practice     

TWO－LEVEL MULTI－POINT APPROXIMATION METHOD FOR OPTIMUM DESIGN OF COMPLICATED STRUCTURES

ＴＷＯ－ＬＥＶＥＬＭＵＬＴＩ－ＰＯＩＮＴＡＰＰＲＯＸＩＭＡＴＩＯＮＭＥＴＨＯＤＦＯＲＯＰＴＩＭＵＭＤＥＳＩＧＮＯＦＣＯＭＰＬＩＣＡＴＥＤＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＳＨｕａｎｇＨａｉ；ＸｉａＲｅｎｗｅｉ（ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＳｐａｃｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎ...     

复杂结构优化设计的二级多点逼近方法

提出了一种独特的多元逼近函数,它具有良好数值稳定性和直观意义。该逼近函数结合二级多点逼近概念形成了更完善的相应优化算法。将本文方法用于梁结构优化设计,且直接选取梁剖面细节尺寸作为设计变量而不引入特殊的中间变量。算例表明,本文方法具有令人满意的计算效率,从而也验证了方法的广泛适用性。     

箭载SINS快速自对准技术

为适应运载火箭快速发射需求，捷联惯导系统采用自对准技术逐渐取代了复杂的光学瞄准系统。针对初始对准中Kalman滤波器收敛缓慢的问题，提出了基于低通滤波的运载火箭快速自对准方法。该方法基于凝固惯性系自对准算法，采用移动窗双矢量构造方案，实现了自对准实时解算。通过在凝固惯性系间姿态转换矩阵后端引入低通滤波器，降低杆臂效应引起的有害加速度影响，保证自对准精度。该方法不需要进行复杂的Kalman滤波运算，能够快速收敛，工程实现简单。数字仿真和试验数据表明，采用基于低通滤波的凝固惯性系自对准方法可以达到Kalman滤波对准同等级精度的同时缩短对准时间到5min以内，验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于启发式信息的中文姓名识别方法

提出了一种以姓氏和互信息作为启发式信息探测潜在姓名,对上下文进行局部全切分,最后利用隐马尔科夫模型为工具识别姓名的新方法。本方法将姓名识别,汉语分词,词性标注结合为一体,总体上提高了姓名识别的性能,一定程度上解决了分词错误对姓名识别带来的影响。实验结果表明本文提出的方法是有效的。     

AOS自适应帧长传输算法研究

以自适应帧长传输的高级在轨系统(AOS)为对象,从提高系统吞吐量出发,对包信道复用、虚拟信道(VC)复用及帧同步技术进行研究并提出相关的算法。包信道和VC复用算法可有效解决传统固定长度帧的生成与传输问题,降低复用时延,提高复用效率;帧同步算法则解决已有算法受帧长度标识误码影响较严重的问题,提升帧同步性能和数据处理可靠性。在分析、推导并仿真各算法性能公式和参数的基础上,对系统吞吐量性能进行仿真比较。结果表明,新算法能够很好地适应AOS自适应帧长系统,保证系统高吞吐量性能。     

一种航空发动机全状态性能模型

采用基于脊背特性的压气机和涡轮部件性能的参数表示方法建立了航空燃气涡轮发动机全状态性能仿真计算模型.使用该模型对某单轴涡喷发动机的地面节流特性进行了计算模拟,并且与传统的发动机性能模型的计算结果进行了对比.结果表明:主要截面参数的平均相对误差不超过07%,说明该模型在慢车以上转速与传统模型具有相同的计算精度.使用该模型同时对该单轴涡喷发动机的空中风车状态、地面起动加速的全过程、以及减速全过程进行了数值模拟,验证了该模型的全状态性能仿真能力,计算结果定性地符合发动机在各个不同工作状态的物理特征及变化趋势.      

Optical moving target detection with 3-D matched filtering

Three-dimensional (3-D) matched filtering has been suggested as a powerful processing technique for detecting weak, moving optical targets immersed in a background noise field. The procedure requires the processing of entire sequences of frames of optical scenes containing the moving targets. The 3-D processor must be properly matched to the target signature and its velocity vector, but will simultaneously detect all targets to which it is matched. The results of a study to evaluate the 3-D processor are presented. Simulation results are reported which show the ability of the processor to detect targets well below the background level. These results demonstrate the capability and robustness of the processor, and show that the algorithms, although somewhat complicated, can be implemented readily. Some effects on the number of frames processed, target flight scenarios, and velocity and signature mismatch are also presented. The ability to detect multiple targets is demonstrated     

Analysis of multiframe target detection using pixel statistics

Current track-before-detect (TBD) algorithms are developed and analyzed using a path statistic for each potential object trajectory. However this path statistic does not characterize overall performance gain. We propose a pixel-based statistic. This allows the TBD approach to be characterized as an image enhancement algorithm with detection gains compared with single frame detections. It is shown that for the TBD approach to have superior detection over single frame detection the target signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) must be greater than a threshold SNR in order to overcome the uncertainty in the target path. Tradeoffs are made for a class of velocity constrained target paths in terms of the detection gain with respect to the maximum target velocity and number of frames integrated