On the evolution of weak discontinuities in radiative magnetogasdynamics

A method of wavefront analysis is used to analyze the formation of shock waves in a two-dimensional steady supersonic flow past plane and axisymmetric bodies in radiative magnetogasdynamics. The gas is assumed to be perfectly conducting and to be permeated by a magnetic field orthogonal to the trajectories of the gas particles. The medium is taken to be sufficiently hot for the effects of thermal radiation to be significant, which is treated by the optically thin approximation to the radiative transfer equation. Transport equations, which lead to the determination of the distance at which the first characteristic could intersect with a successive one and also to conditions, which insure that no shock will ever evolve on the wave front, are derived. The effect of upstream flow Mach number and the magnetic field strength on the behavior of the wavefront are examined.     

On the breakdown of wave fronts of characteristics in an ideal dissociating gas

Using the method of characteristics, the problem of breaking or non-breaking of waves is studied in a plane cylindrically or spherically symmetric flow of an ideal dissociating gas. It is investigated as to how the effects of dissociation and that of the wave front curvature influence the breaking or non-breaking of waves. In a symmetrical converging gas motion a remarkable difference between the behaviours of cylindrical and spherical waves is discovered.     

斜切反喷管性能分析

固体火箭发动机前端斜切反喷管，其结构简单、作用时间短、气动型面具有尖点，并在超音速区有台阶，喷管内存在一系列激波，并伴有流动分离现象。本文从雷诺平均的非定常Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｔｏｋｅｓ方程出发，结合采用Ｂｏｌｄｗｉｎ－Ｌｏｍａｘ代数湍流模型，利用时间相关法及ＭａｃＯｃｏｒｍａｒｋ两步显格式求解，模拟了斜切反喷管流场。计算得到的壁面压强分布与风洞吹风实验测得的压强分布相一致。该方法可应用于斜切反喷管的     

Uniform solution for the flow past a slender body with an attached shock wave in radiative magnetogasdynamics

A systematic perturbation scheme is used to study the propagation of a weak shock wave attached to a slender body in a supersonic flow of plasma with thermal radiation and investigate as to how the coupling between the radiative transfer and magneto-hydrodynamic phenomena affects the flow field. The analytical solution of the flow field has been presented up to the second order of ε. The shape of the shock wave attached to the slender body of revolution is obtained, which however can be expressed explicitly in terms of known functions when the radiative decay length is of the same order as the typical body length. Also, the shock angle at the tip of the projectile is obtained.     

火星进入气体辐射加热研究进展

针对飞行器进入火星大气时气体辐射加热对防热设计带来不确定性，在简述火星探测和气体辐射研究的发展历程的基础上，对火星进入气体辐射加热研究的进展进行综述。首先，针对火星大气环境描述了气体辐射加热的概念和问题由来。其次，重点综述了近年来火星进入气体辐射加热基础模型的数值和试验研究进展，其中包括：热化学非平衡气体动力学、气体辐射特性和辐射传输的计算模型与方法等数值研究；地面测试设备、试验技术和模拟火星大气环境的气体辐射测量与验证等试验研究。再次，综述了流动辐射耦合和后体气体辐射加热等火星进入器设计方面开展的研究。最后，对未来火星进入气体辐射加热研究进行了展望，提出了研究建议。     

Mathematical models of high temperature flow in gas ducts of rocket engines

Results are given on certain dynamic properties of a high temperature and pressure gas flow. The investigation concerns the effect of sonic processes on the transfer of external signals by the flow and of the gas nonidealities on the properties of a linear and a nonlinear mathematical model of the jet nozzle. The investigation was conducted by the method of small parameters for differential equations of the dynamics of the gas flow, with the help of invariants of these equations, and estimates of solutions with arbitrary signals of a specific class. The results lead to estimates of errors due to usual simplifications of gas flow models such as linearization of jet nozzle equations and neglect of sonic processes. The errors of the latter kind are shown to depend on the Mach number and smoothness of signals. Accurate and approximate models of nozzle flow are obtained useful for controllability analysis of rocket engines. Some computation examples are given.     

H2／O2燃烧的超声速非平衡流动的数值模拟

本文从包含组分方程的完全ＮＳ方程出发，采用ＮＮＤ格式和Ｈ２／Ｏ２燃烧模型，通过求解ＮＳ方程，模拟了具有压缩拐角的二维管道和球头两类激波点火、燃烧流动。计算清楚地给出了流场中的激波，爆震波以及各种物理量的分布，并分析了激波、爆震波及其相互之间的合。在此基础上，讨论了稀释剂添加情况对流场的影响。计算中为了解决耦合方程组的刚性，提高计算的稳定时间步长，对化学生成源项，妥善地采用了隐式处理技术。     

Recent experiments in laser supported absorption waves

Recent experimental studies with laser supported absorption waves, arising from intense laser radiation incident upon various surface materials, are discussed. The propagation characteristics of both subsonic (laser supported combustion), intensity about 10⁵ W/cm², and supersonic (laser supported detonation), intensity greater than 10⁶ W/cm², waves are described, including the dependence of wave speed on laser intensity, beam diameter, gas density and laser wave length. Measurements of the plasma properties in such waves are described, and the analysis of these data allows conclusions identifying the dominant transport mechanism in such waves. It is also concluded that in the LSC (subsonic) case, radial flow ahead of and within the wave are dominant features of the wave structure. The equipment and laser facilities used in the experiments are also discussed.     

某固体火箭发动机点火启动过程三维流场一体化仿真

以某固体发动机的燃烧室和喷管为一体化研究对象,采用三维流场控制方程,应用有限体积法计算了发动机点火启动过程中燃烧室和喷管内燃气的流场特性。发动机药柱上的着火点最初出现在药柱星角尖上,然后向四周扩展;在药柱点火初期,燃气压力波先于火焰峰到达喷管;随着燃烧室内燃气压力升高,压力沿轴向分布逐渐平缓;当喷管进口压力与出口背压比达到某一值时,喷管扩张段内出现一道激波,随着压力比的升高,激波最终移出喷管,燃气流速在喷管出口处达到最大值。     

Shock waves in water foams

Propagation of shock waves in tubes filled with water foams is studied using pressure gauges. Low amplitude shock waves consist of a precursor which propagates at a velocity slightly less than the acoustic velocity in the gas, and of a main compression wave which propagates slower than the precursor. Stronger shock waves have a single front. Maximum pressure rise in the incident and reflected shock waves cannot be calculated using one-dimensional conservation equations at the shock front. It is suggested that the flow of the liquid in foam cells has to be taken into account in order to predict the behavior of shock waves in foams. The nature of the gas which fills the cells is shown to have a strong effect on the quenching of blast waves in foams.     

两相跨音速喷管流动

对气相和颗粒控制方程分别应用时间相关法和特征线法,完成了两相跨音速喷管流场的计算。这是一个两相完全耦合的数值解方法。计算表明,该计算方法是成功的。     

气体辐射与流场耦合对火星进入热环境影响

采用火星大气物理化学模型,求解带辐射源项的三维热化学非平衡N S方程,对探路者号火星探测器进入过程中的高温流场和热环境进行了数值模拟,分析了气体辐射与非平衡流场耦合效应对流场和热流的影响。结果表明：1)探路者号火星探测器流场热化学非平衡效应显著,CO 2 气体发生大规模离解,高度低至 28.5 km 仍存在热力学非平衡效应;2)热力学与化学非平衡效应的影响均与表面催化特性相关,完全催化热流要高于完全非催化热流50%以上;3)高温流场中的CO组分会产生较强的气体辐射加热,辐射热流与对流热流的比值为15%～45%,靠近肩部区域比值最大;4)气体辐射对非平衡流场的冷却效应使激波脱体距离减小;与非耦合方法相比,采用耦合方法得到的辐射热流降低约12%～25%。     

Modeling of combustor swirl flows

Swirl is used extensively in gas turbine combustors, principally as a means of controlling flame size, shape, stability and combustion intensity. Rapid progress has been made in recent years in the development of mathematical models of combustor swirl flows which simulate the processes of turbulence, combustion, fuel droplet sprays, radiation and pollutant formation, and solve the resulting equations via a computational procedure, which seeks an optimum path to the solution of the governing set of several simultaneous nonlinear partial differential equations. This paper looks at recent advances in the modeling of combustor swirl flows, its aim being to review the difficulties, discuss developments, demonstrate that useful predictions are already being made, and indicate in what areas further research may be useful.     

碳化材料三维烧蚀热响应有限元计算研究

针对碳化烧蚀热防护材料三维温度场计算问题进行了研究。采用弹簧松弛法模拟防热层表面后退运动,应用化学反应动力学模型描述材料内部热解过程,内部温度场计算模型考虑了防热材料的热传导、热解吸热、热解气体在碳化层内的流动以及热解气体与碳化层之间的热交换。对控制方程采用有限元方法进行离散,时间方向采用Newton-GMRES隐式迭代推进求解。将计算结果与经典程序的计算结果及实验数据进行了比对,初步验证了计算方法的可靠性,并通过球头算例展示了程序对三维问题的良好处理能力。     

斜切反喷管流场的数值模拟

为了在级间分离期间提供反推力，许多固体火箭发动机前端都装有一组斜切反喷管。由于反喷管的气动型面具有许多尖点，并且在超声速区有一个台阶，喷管内存在一系列激波，而且亚声速区和超声速区互相混杂。本文用时间相关法数值模拟了反喷管流场，控制议程用Ｍａｃ Ｃｏｒｍａｃｋ显格式求数值解，边界参数采用物理边界条件和从双特征线方法推导来的有效的特征方法为计算，为于固壁边界点，在不同的区域采用不同的方法对计算方程组求     

高超声速化学平衡流辐射流场数值解

本文用数值方法研究了高超声速大钝头体绕流辐射流场。采用粘性激波层控制方程和平衡化学反应气体模型。辐射部份包括连续辐射和线辐射。采用切平板辐射输运模型解决了空间推进的问题，计算结果表明：辐射传热与飞行器再入飞行速度，高度及头部半径密切相关，在计算的条件下，当再入速度小于７．６公里／秒时，辐射传热的影响可以忽略，当再入速度为１１公里／秒左右时，辐射传热可以与对流传热相比拟。当再入速度更大时，辐射传热远     

冲压发动机进气道流场数值模拟

采用有限体积法对积分形式的Navier-Stokes方程组进行空间离散，所获得的常微分方程用多步Runge-Kutta方法求解。数值模拟了某导弹冲压发动机进气道的三维流场，给出了不同反压条件下该进气道的内外流场结构和表面压强分布，并分析了进气道内激波与附面层的相互作用现象。     

高空飞行环境中液体运载火箭底部热环境研究

采用数值模拟和飞行测试验证相结合的方法对液体运载火箭高空对流/辐射耦合换热问题开展系统深入研究。基于燃气多组分输运Navier-Stokes方程、热辐射方程、Realizable k-ε两方程湍流模型，建立了高空含自由流的运载火箭燃气喷流流动模型。辐射模型采用离散坐标法(DOM)，空间离散采用二阶迎风TVD格式，对多个典型飞行高度火箭底部热流进行大型并行计算，将数值结果与试验数据进行广泛对比，验证了计算模型的精度和有效性。数值研究表明，火箭底部辐射热流在刚起飞阶段达到最大值，随着飞行高度上升，辐射热流逐渐降低，火箭底部对流热流表现为先升高后降低的趋势，并在20 km高空达到峰值。本文的预测分析方法对液体运载火箭底部热防护设计具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。     

液体火箭发动机热力组件动力学模型

 为了评判不同假设条件下得出的几种热力组件动力学模型的特点和适用范围,对其频率特性进行分析,并探讨了主要参数的影响规律。对于双组元非等温燃气流,在低频范围内采用考虑熵波效应的绝热流动模型更加精确。燃烧温度与混合比关系的无量纲斜率值越大,推进剂流量波动产生的熵波影响越明显。通过在分布参数流动模型中添加指数衰减率来表示熵波随频率的增大而耗散。改进的声学模型形式简单,既能在低频范围内描述熵波,又能在高频范围表征熵波的耗散,可以在很宽的频率范围内合理地描述燃气流动的动态特性。     

Surface effects on the free vibration behavior of postbuckled circular higher-order shear deformable nanoplates including geometrical nonlinearity

This investigation deals with the free vibration characteristics of circular higher-order shear deformable nanoplates around the postbuckling configuration incorporating surface effects. Using the Gurtin–Murdoch elasticity theory, a size-dependent higher-order shear deformable plate model is developed which takes account all surface effects including surface elasticity, surface stress and surface density. Geometrical nonlinearity is considered based on the von Karman type nonlinear strain–displacement relationships. Also, in order to satisfy the balance conditions between bulk and surfaces of nanoplate, it is assumed that the normal stress is distributed cubically through the thickness of nanoplate. Hamilton?s principle is utilized to derive non-classical governing differential equations of motion and related boundary conditions. Afterwards, an efficient numerical methodology based on a generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is employed to solve numerically the problem so as to discretize the governing partial differential equations along various edge supports using Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto grid points and pseudo arc-length continuation technique. A comparison between the results of present non-classical model and those of the classical plate theory is conducted. It is demonstrated that in contrast to the prebuckling domain, for a specified value of axial load in the postbuckling domain, increasing the plate thickness leads to higher frequencies.