进气道激波串振荡的模态分解及快速预测

为研究隔离段自激振荡现象,采用2阶时间和空间精度、非结构网格、剪切应力输运(SST) k -ω湍流模型有限体积法程序对二元进气道在高反压下的非定常特性进行数值模拟,成功捕捉到激波串自激振荡现象,在此基础上利用本征正交分解(POD)和动力学模态分解(DMD)方法对其进行分析。结果表明:该自激振荡是低频主导、多频耦合的复杂振荡现象;基于本征正交分解和动力学模态分解构建的预测模型均能准确快速地预测出非定常流场的演变特性,预测误差小于0.2%,前者耗时为0.22 s,后者耗时为0.05 s。      

同心旋流分层火焰的外激脉动特性统计学分析

为了更深入地理解民用航空发动机低排放燃烧室中的同心旋流分层火焰脉动机制，以丙烷为燃料，在100Hz频率的外激条件下对该类旋流火焰的CH*化学发光图像进行高频采样，重点通过本征正交分解法（POD）的统计学分析，提取其时间和空间域内的脉动特征。分析结果表明，旋流火焰中4个最主要的脉动模态分别是轴向振荡、径向振荡、火焰脱落和非对称螺旋运动，并且模态1轴向振荡和模态2径向振荡之间具有显著相关性。POD分析方法可作为中心分级贫油预混燃烧不稳定性机理探索的有效手段。      

Lean blowout characteristics of spray flame in a multi-swirl staged combustor under different fuel decreasing rates

Lean Blow Out (LBO) poses a significant safety hazard when occurring in aero-engines. Understanding the lower stability limits of gas turbine combustors and the characteristics of spray flame close to LBO are imperative for safe operation. The objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of fuel decreasing rates and pressure drops of the injector on LBO performances in a multi-swirl staged combustor equipped with an airblast injector. A set of hardware and control system was developed to realize a user-defined fuel supply law. High-speed imaging was applied to record complete LBO processes under the conditions of linear fuel reduction and stable airflow. Partical Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Mie (PMie) scattering were used to acquire the flow fields and spray fields under non-reacting conditions. Experimental results have shown that LBO limits extend to leaner conditions as the pressure drop of the injector increases. With an increase of the fuel decreasing rate, the exhaust temperature before flame extinction increases, and the LBO Fuel-to-Air-Ratio (FAR) decreases. The time evolution of the integral CH* intensity conforms to a linear function during the LBO process. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) was used to analyze the dynamic characteristics of lean-burn flames. Under different fuel decreasing rates and pressure drops of the injector, flames close to LBO present similar modal spatial distributions, alternately appearing axial, radial, high-order axial, and high-order radial oscillations.     

基于POD和DMD方法的跨声速抖振模态分析

跨声速抖振现象是由于非定常跨声速流动中激波的自激振荡而引起的结构强迫振荡,这种现象在跨声速飞行器中普遍存在,对飞机的结构强度和疲劳寿命有不利影响。基于模态分解的分析方法是进一步发展抖振控制手段的有效工具。本文通过两类典型模态分析方法（本征正交分解（POD）和动态模态分解（DMD））对OAT15A翼型的跨声速抖振现象进行分析,通过对模态频率、翼面压力分布、流场重构误差等方面的研究,将两种模态分解方法进行对比。发现基于频率特征的DMD方法能够准确捕捉抖振的临界稳定特征和抖振主频的典型模态,同时能够更准确反映流场变量在激波间断附近随时间的变化过程;而POD方法尽管在流场重构时具有较小的总体误差,但对激波附近压强随时间的变化历程拟合较差。     

OH与CH2O双组分平面激光诱导荧光对旋流燃烧室火焰结构与脉动特征的研究

介绍了利用平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)技术对航空发动机的旋流燃烧室模型在贫燃状态下工作特性的研究。通过对OH与CH2O双组分进行同步PLIF测量,获得了不同工况下燃烧室反应区以及预热区的瞬态结构信息。应用本征正交分解(POD)方法对OH PLIF的图像进行处理,得到了旋流火焰的主要脉动模态,并通过扩展本征正交分解(EPOD)方法计算出了相应POD模态的CH2O荧光信号分布。实验结果表明:随着燃烧室热功率的增大,火焰的整体结构、脉动模式均出现了明显的变化。在火焰高度增加的同时,轴向不稳定性逐渐增强,涡核旋进(PVC)的脉动特征相对减弱。在较大的热功率下,在燃烧室的外回流区(ERZ)出现未燃烧的燃料。      

基于POD方法的跨声速轴流压气机转子叶顶间隙流场分析

以跨声速轴流压气机转子NASA Rotor 36为对象,研究了叶顶间隙流场的非定常流动特性。在数值模拟结果的基础上,采用本征正交分解(POD)方法获取POD模态和时间系数分布规律,进一步分析了近失速工况下叶顶间隙流场的流动特性。结果表明:在近失速工况下,叶顶间隙流场的主导频率为叶顶泄漏涡频率,约为0.6倍转子通过频率;能量较高的POD模态决定了叶顶泄漏涡的波动频率和幅值,低能量的高阶涡则影响流场的细微结构;同时发现,前5阶POD模态就可以很好地重构流场,这为低阶模型的应用提供了一定的理论指导。      

Nonlinear Analysis of a Family of LC Tuned Inverters

four widely used self-oscillating dc-to-square-wave parallel inverters which employ an inductor-capacitor tuned network to determine the oscillation frequency are reduced to a common equivalent RLC network. The techniques of singular-point analysis and state-plane interpretations are employed to describe the steady-state and transient ient behavior of these circuits and to elucidate the three possible modes of operation: quasi-harmonic, relaxation, and discontinuous. Design guidelines are provided through a study of the influence of circuit parameter variations on the characteristics of oscillation and on frequency stability. Several examples are provided to illustrate the usefulness of this analysis when studying such problems as transistor emitter-to-base junction breakdown during oscillations and the design of starting circuits to insure self-excited oscillations in these inverters.     

Large-eddy simulation and linear acoustic modeling of entropy mode oscillations in a model combustor with coolant injection

Lean-burn combustor is particularly susceptible to combustion instability and the unsteady heat release is usually considered as the excitation of the self-maintained thermo-acoustic oscillations. The transverse coolant injection is widely used to reduce the temperature of burnt gas, but on the other hand, it will introduce temperature fluctuation inside the combustor. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the influence of the coolant injection on combustion instability, and evaluate its dynamic feature. In this paper, Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) of the self-excited pressure oscillations in a model combustor with coolant injection is carried out. The analysis of transient flow characteristics and the identification of the pressure modes confirm that one of the low frequency pressure oscillations is related to entropy fluctuations, which is known as rumble combustion instability. The LES results show that transient coolant injection is another excitation of temperature fluctuation other than unsteady combustion. The amplitude of the entropy mode oscillation increases with increasing coolant air mass whereas the change of its frequency is insignificant. According to the major feature of entropy wave oscillation caused by coolant injection, a compact coolant injection model is proposed and applied in the One Dimensional (1D) Acoustic Network Method (ANM). Key correlations used in the model match well with LES data in low frequency range. This means that the coolant injection model is a complex one reflecting the interaction of the fluctuating coolant mass, pressure and temperature. Finally, the combustion instability frequencies and modes predicted by acoustic network method are also in good agreement with LES results.     

贫燃预混旋流火焰燃烧不稳定性的实验

实验研究了常温常压条件下贫燃预混旋流火焰的燃烧不稳定性.结果表明:不稳定燃烧时,火焰结构发生显著变化,呈现大尺度运动的特点.燃烧室所发生的燃烧不稳定性是纵向自激式振荡,是燃烧室与预混段之间的耦合,振荡频率由整个系统决定.随着当量比的提高,燃烧经历了由稳定到不稳定,并达到有限循环脉动的过程.流动脉动和火焰的相互作用,是激发和维持振荡的主要原因,需要深入研究不稳定燃烧性产生和得以维持的机理.      

外激作用下自激热声系统的非线性动力学响应

在高温高压燃烧实验台上,以频率ff为78~716Hz,幅值A为0.026~0.629的外激信号激励有自激响应的同心分层旋流部分预混预蒸发火焰热声系统,研究其非线性动力学响应。结果表明:系统的自激频率fn为366.85Hz;当外激频率和自激频率的比值为1.022, 幅值A为0.629时,火焰主要被外激频率其谐波控制,其状态轨迹密集在很窄的封闭带中;当外激频率和自激频率的比值与A在其他的范围时,火焰不仅在ff和fn处响应,还在谐频、结合频和分频处响应。说明当外激幅值足够大并且外激频率靠近自激频率时,火焰发生锁相;当火焰未锁相时,出现了谐频、结合频以及分频的非线性响应,火焰准周期振荡。受迫范德波尔振荡器模型能够预测锁相、奇数谐频以及结合频2fn±ff。      

冲压发动机超声速进气道流动自激振荡研究

当冲压发动机超声速进气道工作在一定条件下时,会出现自激振荡现象.采用数值模拟方法研究了某超声速进气道结构的自激振荡现象,分析了振荡时进气道内流场的变化过程.研究表明发生自激振荡时进气道中流动产生大幅脉动,造成进气道壁板结构承受周期变化的气动载荷,载荷振荡频谱中包含多个特征频率,其与声模态频率相重合,表明自激振荡现象与声模态的相关性.      

自激振荡预混燃烧的实验

通过动态压力测量、化学自发荧光相同步测量的方法对自激振荡燃烧动力学过程进行了实验研究,分析了不同空气流量、化学当量比和边界条件对振荡燃烧过程的影响.实验结果显示,燃烧热负荷的提高会导致燃烧段压力脉动幅值的提高,使燃烧更加不稳定.化学当量比越接近熄火极限,压力脉动的频率越高.同时燃烧室进出口边界条件的改变也会对振荡频率产生影响.     

模型燃烧室中值班火焰稳定器的燃烧不稳定性研究

针对值班火焰的燃烧不稳定性问题，通过试验得到了不同当量比工况下的火焰结构、压力脉动信号和热释放脉动信号。对脉动信号进行傅立叶分析，获得了脉动信号的频率和振幅。结果表明，随着当量比增加，火焰形态发生变化，燃烧室内发生了164Hz三阶模态向109Hz二阶模态的转换。对火焰平均结构、火焰瞬态结构和火焰正交分解（POD）结果进行分析后发现，漩涡脱落频率和燃烧室某一阶声学模态耦合是维持燃烧不稳定性的机理，耦合的强弱和漩涡脱落的尺度大小决定了热声振荡的振幅大小，火焰形态的变化导致热释放中心位置的变化是引起模态转换的机理。     

厚液膜敞口型离心喷嘴自激振荡特性试验

为了解补燃循环液氧煤油发动机预燃室煤油离心喷嘴的自激振荡特性,在大气环境下开展了厚液膜敞口型离心喷嘴自激振荡特性试验研究。无外加激励条件下,使用水作为工作介质,通过增加喷嘴长度的方法实现了敞口型离心喷嘴旋流腔液膜增厚和内流过程持续自激振荡。采用脉动压力传感器和高速相机记录了喷前压力、旋流腔气涡和喷注雾化的振荡特性。研究发现：喷嘴自激振荡过程中,旋流腔气涡周期性地"间断"和"贯通",气涡"间断"时喷注过程具有显著的Klystron效应;喷前压力、旋流腔气涡和喷注雾化过程的振荡频率接近且不同喷注压降条件下振荡频率基本保持在10~45 Hz之间,喷注压降对振荡过程的影响较小,喷前压力相对振荡峰值与其振荡频率显著相关;喷嘴的自激振荡过程可能由旋流腔内的液膜流动过程和气涡流动过程的耦合作用主导。     

同心旋流分层预混火焰的动力学模态分析

为了探究同心旋流分层火焰的不稳定燃烧问题,需要对火焰的动态脉动特性进行分析。采用高速摄像捕捉了自激和外激条件下同心旋流分层预混火焰的CH*化学发光动态图像,利用动力学模态分解(DMD)方法研究其主导脉动模态,提取出了相关模态的空间形态和脉动幅值,证明燃烧组织方式的改变会对火焰脉动的形态和规律产生影响。研究发现:模态分解可以反映分层旋流火焰的动态响应特征,并能解析脉动空间结构,验证火焰形态和外激频率对火焰动态响应的影响,其规律和火焰传递函数结果符合,且在分层比0.5～2内提高分层比使释热中心转移到预燃级和主燃级的剪切层内,300Hz～400Hz释热脉动将加强。验证了DMD方法适用于处理分析复杂分层旋流火焰的脉动特征,可为燃烧振荡控制提供参考。     

部分预混燃烧室热声不稳定及火焰结构实验分析

为探明旋流部分预混燃烧室热声不稳定特性及其与火焰结构关系，进行了自激热声实验。采用重构相图解析压力脉动、采用瑞利指数表征其与热释放率脉动关系、采用本征正交分解获得火焰相干结构。结果表明:随当量比增加，压力脉动呈现低振幅脉动、间歇振荡、极限环振荡和低振幅脉动，脉动频率受腔体1阶纯声学模态（特征频率约80.8 Hz）控制。未发生振荡，瑞利指数维持在零值；热声不稳定时，瑞利指数在零值以上。本征正交分解表明，极限环振荡，前2阶模态（模态能量占比55%以上）火焰分布沿纵向发生变明和变暗交替变化，由连续涡脱落导致，且模态时间系数频率83.2 Hz与压力脉动频率83.3 Hz一致；低当量比，模态无明显空间分布规律；间歇振荡，主导模态为火焰轴对称热释放率变化；高当量比，火焰仅外边缘沿纵向发生大尺度脉动。      

基于DMD方法的超声速进气道喘振特性分析

采用非定常数值仿真方法对典型超声速进气道的喘振现象进行了研究，并引入动力模态分解(DMD)方法对小喘和大喘流动特性进行了分析，获取了小喘及大喘的流场振荡特征，其中DMD得到的1阶模态反映了时均流场特征、2阶模态反映了主频振荡流场特性。在此基础上，针对小喘与大喘的相互关系进行了研究，结果表明:进气道内小喘流动包含大喘的流场振荡特性，小喘状态是进气道由不喘到大喘状态的中间状态，由小喘向大喘演化过程中，进气道内一些流动特征逐渐减弱并趋于稳定收敛，大喘的流场结构整体上比小喘状态更为稳定。      

Experimental of combustion instability in NTO/MMH impinging combustion chambers

This paper presents an experimental study into dynamics of chamber pressure and heat release rate during self-excited spinning and standing azimuthal mode in NTO/MMH (nitrogen tetroxide/monomethylhydrazine) impinging combustion chambers. Nine cases including two combustion chamber configurations were conducted. The operating conditions of all unstable cases were located in the instability region according to Hewitt empirical correlation. The results show that chamber pressure oscillations keep pace with the corresponding OH* chemiluminescence intensity over the whole combustion region in the spinning and standing modes. It is indicated that the Rayleigh index is positive over the whole combustion area in all the unstable cases. A significant supersonic flame front structure of the first-order spinning mode was found in a cylindrical chamber, which means that a detonation wave could exist in the cylindrical chamber without a center body. The pressure and heat release rate oscillations at the pressure node are nonnegligible although their amplitudes are lower than those at the pressure antinode in the first-order standing mode with an annular chamber. Besides, the dominant frequency of pressure and heat release rate oscillations at the pressure node is twice as high as that at the pressure antinode.     

A numerical study on flame and large-scale flow structures in bluff-body stabilized flames

Large Eddy Simulations(LES) in conjunction with the Flamelet Progress Variable(FPV) approach have been performed to investigate the flame and large-scale flow structures in the bluff-body stabilized non-premixed flames, HM1 and HM3. The validity of the numerical methods is first verified by comparing the predicted velocity and composition fields with experimental measurements. Then the evolution of the flame and large-scale flow structures is analyzed when the flames approach blow-off. The analysis of instantaneous and statistical data indicates that there exists a shift of the control mechanism in the recirculation zone in the two flames. In the recirculation zone, HM1 flame is mainly controlled by the mixing effect and ignition mainly occurs in the outer shear layer. In HM3 flame, both the chemical reactions and mixing are important in the recirculation zone. The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition(POD) results show that the fluctuations in the outer shear layer are more intense in HM1, while the flow structures are more obvious in the outer vortex structure in HM3, due to the different control mechanism in the recirculation zone.It further shows that the flow structures in HM1 spread larger in the intense mixing zone due to higher temperature and less extinction.     

基于全连接神经网络的分层旋流火焰燃烧振荡预报

燃气轮机贫油预混低排放燃烧室容易发生燃烧振荡,在宽工况极端条件下燃烧主动控制有潜力成为抑制燃烧振荡的有效方法。然而主动控制系统依赖于对燃烧振荡的快速监测和准确预报,因此有必要针对不同的燃烧振荡预报手段开展研究和验证。本文以甲烷预混同心分层旋流火焰的图像为基础,采用降低图像分辨率和提取火焰结构特征参数这两种不同的方式对火焰图像信息进行简化处理,并使用全连接神经网络对燃烧振荡进行预报研究。结果发现,两种方式都可以较为准确地预报燃烧振荡,精度均达到90%以上。预报精度随着图像分辨率的增加而升高,在极低的图像分辨率(3*3)下,预报精度也能达到90%以上。此外,对根据火焰平均图像提取的结构特征参数进行了敏感性分析,捕捉到了系统稳定性的转变,但参数变化范围受训练集限制。本文提出的基于数据驱动方法对燃烧振荡的预报时间小于2 ms,为实现燃烧振荡实时在线预报提供了支持。