硬式着陆器和半硬式着陆器

文章主要讨论了两种类型的着陆器，即硬式着陆器和半硬式着陆器。介绍了利用动态分析方法探究作用着陆器和平台上的冲击载荷及着陆缓冲装置的有效性的过程和结论，最后建议性的提出了着陆缓冲器的初样设计方案。     

月球着陆器有效载荷着陆冲击响应分析

针对传统月球着陆器着陆冲击分析方法未能准确考虑结构柔性对有效载荷着陆冲击响应影响的缺点,提出了一种基于非线性瞬态动力学的着陆器有效载荷着陆冲击响应分析方法。以某型月球着陆器为对象,取其搭载的月球车为研究的有效载荷,建立月球着陆器着陆冲击非线性有限元分析模型。通过分析结果与试验结果对比,验证了模型及方法;进而分析了3种工况下月球车的着陆冲击响应,并研究了着陆器机体及着陆腿结构柔性对其着陆冲击响应的影响。研究结果表明：该方法较之传统着陆冲击分析方法可更为准确的分析有效载荷的着陆冲击响应;着陆器机体和着陆腿结构弹性均能起到减缓月球车着陆冲击响应的作用,其减缓效果分别为0.54g和0.52g,而二者共同作用的减缓效果更是达到了1.54g;着陆腿弹性对所有有效载荷的着陆冲击响应均有减缓作用,但机体结构柔性的减缓作用对其他有效载荷是否适用则需进行有针对性的分析。
     

基于离散元方法的月球着陆器冲击月壤过程分析

月球着陆器在着陆过程中会产生巨大的冲击作用。为了研究月壤材料对着陆器的缓冲作用,文章针对月壤在细观尺度下的离散分布特性,采用离散元方法建立月壤的计算分析模型。在此基础上,简化着陆器模型仅考虑着陆腿的缓冲性能,对着陆过程中着陆器与月壤相互作用的动力冲击过程进行数值分析。通过调整着陆器的质量以及着陆速度,对着陆器着陆过程中的冲击深度、加速度以及冲击力进行了计算分析,研究了月壤对着陆器的缓冲性能。计算结果表明,月壤材料对着陆器有很好的缓冲作用,这为实现安全稳定的软着陆提供了新的研究方向。采用离散元方法分析着陆器在着陆冲击过程中冲击力的变化规律有助于着陆器结构的合理设计和安全性能评估。     

月球着陆器着陆稳定性仿真分析

随着中国深空探测的发展,在月球表面进行着陆探测成为新的关注热点,因此月球着陆器的着陆稳定性研究成为一项重要课题。文章利用ADAMS软件及其用户子程序,对一种可展开四腿式月球着陆器的着陆稳定性进行了研究,研究结论为着陆器的着陆缓冲机构及总体设计提供参考。     

月球着陆器典型故障模式分析

为提高月球着陆器着陆可靠性,需识别潜在的故障模式对稳定性着陆带来的影响。建立了着陆器的动力学模型,给出了着陆器着陆时的七种极限工况,作为故障模式分析的基础;针对动力下降段三种典型故障模式,即主发动机延时关机、储箱残留液体着陆和触月信号延迟发出,建立与延时关机对应的上抛、平抛运动和数学关系,与残留液体着陆等效的单摆模型,施加触月信号延迟发出所产生的推力曲线,利用Adams软件进行动力学仿真;结果表明储箱残留液体着陆影响较小,另外两种故障模式使着陆时抗倾倒性能和缓冲性能恶化,增加着陆不稳定性。     

月球着陆器着陆缓冲性能研究

首先基于MSC.Nastran/MSC.Adams软件建立了模拟月球着陆器的动力学模型,并利用模拟月球着陆器在地面冲击试验来验证仿真模型的正确性,重点关注缓冲机构与结构连接处的载荷,结构特征点的加速度响应,以及缓冲器的工作行程。然后利用模拟着陆器地面试验结果修正动力学分析模型,研究表明：着陆器结构和缓冲机构的柔性对缓冲性能具有较大的影响。最后,把动力学分析模型中的模拟结构更换成真实结构,进行着陆器在月球表面的着陆冲击仿真分析,从而获得模拟着陆器地面试验与着陆器在月面着陆的冲击缓冲性能差异。     

月球着陆器软着陆机构着陆稳定性仿真分析

介绍了软着陆机构仿真模型,提出了着陆稳定性判据和稳定性边界的离散化搜寻策略,并以实际算例给出了由着陆器着陆瞬时的竖直速度、水平速度、偏航角和月面倾角等主要影响因素确定的着陆稳定性边界。分析结果表明：对称着陆比非对称着陆更稳定;横向速度较大时支柱联接点容易发生强度破坏;当着陆面存在坡度时,横向速度沿下坡方向相对于沿上坡方向而言,着陆器更容易翻倒。
     

月球着陆器着陆缓冲机构设计方法研究

着陆缓冲机构是着陆器实现月球或行星探测软着陆的关键部件之一,它直接关系到软着陆探测任务的成败.文章根据着陆缓冲机构的功能和特点,提出了从概念设计、方案比较到方案确定、详细分析和试验验证的方案设计流程,并结合月球着陆器着陆缓冲机构的研制经验,对每个阶段的设计方法进行了阐述,可供后续深空探测任务着陆缓冲机构设计借鉴和参考.     

月球着陆器软着陆动力学建模与分析综述

为解决着陆器研发过程中着陆稳定性、能量吸收和载荷缓冲等问题,需要开展大量的软着陆动力学仿真分析。文章研究分析了过去几十年中,腿式月球着陆器软着陆动力学仿真数学模型的发展过程及一些最新的建模方法。针对软着陆动力学仿真数学模型的3个方面：着陆器模型、月面模型和着陆腿足垫与月壤的接触模型,给出了各种建模方法之间的联系,并对着...     

两种着陆模式下的着陆器缓冲机构构型优化

分别建立了着陆器在非0高度关机着陆模式下、触地关机着陆模式下的动力学仿真模型。基于仿真模型,应用全因子实验设计方法分析了着陆器在两种着陆模式下的软着陆性能,得到了软着陆极恶劣工况。为了获得软着陆性能最佳的着陆器设计方案,研究了着陆缓冲机构构型参数对软着陆性能的影响。结合仿真模型与实验设计方法获取样本点,构造了极恶劣工况下描述软着陆性能指标值、着陆缓冲机构构型参数之间映射关系的响应面模型。之后利用响应面模型与第二代非劣排序遗传算法(NSGA-II)实现了着陆缓冲机构构型参数的优化。将优化后的参数代入仿真模型验证,着陆器在两种着陆模式下的抗翻倒能力、底面抗损坏能力均得到提升。     

NASA'S Robotic Lunar Lander Development Project

Over the last 5 years, NASA has invested in development and risk-reduction activities for a new generation of planetary landers capable of carrying instruments and technology demonstrations to the lunar surface and other airless bodies. The Robotic Lunar Lander Development Project (RLLDP) is jointly implemented by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). The RLLDP team has produced mission architecture designs for multiple airless body missions to meet both science and human precursor mission needs. The mission architecture concept studies encompass small, medium, and large landers, with payloads from a few tens of kilograms to over 1000 kg, to the Moon and other airless bodies. To mature these concepts, the project has made significant investments in technology risk reduction in focused subsystems. In addition, many lander technologies and algorithms have been tested and demonstrated in an integrated systems environment using free-flying test articles. These design and testing investments have significantly reduced development risk for airless body landers, thereby reducing overall risk and associated costs for future missions.     

Lunette: A network of lunar landers for in-situ geophysical science

Over the last 3 years, a team at JPL has worked to design a new concept for a small, low cost lander applicable to a variety of in-situ lunar exploration activities. This concept, named Lunette, originated as a design which would exploit potential excess capacity of EELV launches by being compatible with the EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA). The original Lunette mission concept would have allowed up to six low cost landers to be delivered to a targeted region of the moon, with landings separated by a few km, allowing establishment of a regional network with a single, shared launch. The original concept faced limits in the extent of regional distribution of landing sites since all six landers were dependent on a single solid rocket braking motor. In the last year the Lunette team has focused on a modification of the original ESPA-based concept to a design that would allow launch of multiple individual landers (each with its own braking stage) on a single launch vehicle, where each lander would be capable of independent targeting and landing. With such an implementation, the entire lunar surface could be accessed for establishment of network nodes that could enable high priority geophysical measurements on a scale not seen since Apollo. The present paper discusses the current state of the design of the Lunette geophysical network lander, as well as describing mission design, science operations, and an innovative design solution allowing the lander to take critical data continuously, even over the lunar night, without the need for radioisotope power systems.     

近距空间链路协议概述

近距链路是小范围、双向、固定或移动的无线通信链路,一般应用于无人探测器、着陆器、行星探测器及静止轨道舱之间的相互通信。文章介绍了近距空间链路协议的原理及特性,讨论了近距链路协议的层结构和传输单元（PLTU）的构成,分析了Proximity-1（近距空间链路协议）的业务类型,并对近距链路协议的应用进行了展望。     

Use the water: In-situ resource technology for icy-surface landers

Robotic landers serve vital reconnaissance roles in the exploration of planetary surfaces, but are constrained by deliverable payload size and environment survivability. Although the Mars exploration rovers (MER) have shown incredible survivability, their solar power source limits the science output per sol. Future landers will be larger, and will incorporate more sophisticated data-collection and analysis packages, which will likely bring with them an increased demand for power. Anticipating this demand, we propose an innovative hybrid power system combining a primary radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) with a secondary alkaline fuel cell. This combination provides the opportunity to utilize more effectively the energy produced by the RTG, to produce and store O₂ and H₂ via electrolysis of melted ice, and use this obtained O₂ and H₂ in a variety of ways, including as fuel for a regenerative fuel cell. This hybrid system has applications ranging from planetary rovers and deep-space probes to human habitats.     

月球着陆环境模拟试验装置的研制

伽马关机敏感器是保证月球着陆器稳定着陆的重要设备,在发射前,须在模拟环境中进行准确的标定测试。月球着陆环境模拟试验装置则是为伽马关机敏感器的准确标定提供试验环境的重要装置。月球着陆环境模拟试验装置由真空容器、真空获得系统、三维着陆模拟系统、模拟月壤环境、场景监视系统以及测控系统组成。该试验装置不仅可以用于伽马关机敏感器的标定试验,而且能够用于月球着陆器的着陆模拟试验。     

火星探测器推进系统初步设想

火星探测是深空探测的重要内容之一,全面了解和掌握火星探测器的特点对进行火星探测具有重要意义.本文分析了国外火星探测器推进系统的系统组成和工作原理,介绍了我国火星探测器推进系统的初步设计方案,结合工程应用现状,提出了火星探测器推进系统的关键技术.     

宽频角振动地面模拟试验设备的研制

为了解并减小探月着陆系统之敏感器容易受到宽频角振动影响的任务风险,有必要进行宽频角振动地面模拟试验。文章首先提出了宽频角振动的振动转换结构和测量方法,在此基础上完成了试验设备的研制,之后针对探月着陆系统成像敏感器遭遇的角振动环境进行了地面模拟测试。测试结果表明:该试验设备的宽频角振动模拟频率范围为0~2000 Hz,控制精度达到±15%（2σ）,同时还可模拟包括平移和转动在内的着陆系统刚体运动。该设备已用于敏感器在角振动环境下的地面模拟试验验证。     

仿猫月球着陆缓冲机构设计与缓冲特性研究

针对现有被动式铝蜂窝月球着陆器缓冲力波动大、无法重复使用的问题,提出一种基于磁流变缓冲器的仿猫月球着陆缓冲机构。首先,开展了不同高度平台的家猫跳落实验,对其跳落着陆姿态与前/后腿触地冲量进行了分析,探究其缓冲吸能机理;实验结果表明猫后腿的缓冲吸能占比更高。其次,结合猫跳落实验与中国嫦娥系列月球着陆器参数,设计了一种新构型仿猫着陆缓冲机构,并将其与嫦娥着陆器进行了仿真分析对比。结果表明,所提出的仿猫月球着陆缓冲机构,其机体最大加速度降低了18.3%,具有更为出色的着陆性能。其前腿缓冲吸能贡献约为40%,后腿的缓冲贡献度约为60%,与家猫高台跳落实验结果基本吻合,验证了仿猫月球着陆缓冲机构设计方案的合理性。     

可复用小型月表着陆器设计优化及仿真分析

针对传统着陆器缓冲装置无法复用的不足,提出了一种可重复使用的小型着陆器,通过各关节上的摩擦制动装置吸收着陆冲击能量,由电机及扭簧组件实现再次起飞后着陆腿的姿态恢复,可满足多点飞跃探测的月表探测任务。完成了一维落震中单套着陆腿在竖直方向上的缓冲吸能动力学分析;基于径向基(RBF)代理模型,面向三种典型着陆工况,采用多目标协同优化方法,对单套着陆腿各关节制动扭矩进行了优化,优化后的缓冲吸能关节可有效降低着陆器在落震过程中的加速度峰值。最后进行了整机多工况落震仿真分析,结果表明,各着陆响应均满足设计要求,也可保证良好的着陆过程稳定性,可为中国后续开展星表单次任务多点位探测提供一种可行的解决方案。     

The Mars Sample Return Project.

The Mars Sample Return (MSR) Project is underway. A 2003 mission to be launched on a Delta III Class vehicle and a 2005 mission launched on an Ariane 5 will culminate in carefully selected Mars samples arriving on Earth in 2008. NASA is the lead agency and will provide the Mars landed elements, namely, landers, rovers, and Mars ascent vehicles (MAVs). The French Space Agency CNES is the largest international partner and will provide for the joint NASA/CNES 2005 Mission the Ariane 5 launch and the Earth Return Mars Orbiter that will capture the sample canisters from the Mars parking orbits the MAVs place them in. The sample canisters will be returned to Earth aboard the CNES Orbiter in the Earth Entry Vehicles provided by NASA. Other national space agencies are also expected to participate in substantial roles. Italy is planning to provide a drill that will operate from the Landers to provide subsurface samples. Other experiments in addition to the MSR payload will also be carried on the Landers. This paper will present the current status of the design of the MSR missions and flight articles.