基于远场模式的散射体形状成像

对线性抽样法的电磁场逆散射求解进行了研究。为避免迭代和优化法的正问题求解，用积分算子将散射物边界数据映射到散射场的远场模式，针对第一类积分方程的不适定性，用Tikhonov正则化法求解，并用高阶收敛算法确定正则化参数以快速数值实现。数值计算结果表明：线性抽样法＋确定正则化参数的高阶收敛算法可较好地滤除噪声，减少了确定正则化参数的计算量。     

一种高超星图高精度半盲复原算法

针对高超声速飞行器在平流层内应用天文导航时受气动光学效应及运动模糊影响后难以观星和高精度导航的问题，提出一种基于正则化思想的高超星图半盲复原算法。该算法首先针对高超星图的特点进行去噪与星点初提取等预处理操作，接着从图像中提出可用的模糊核信息，并通过融合达到去噪的目的。然后结合天文图像灰度及梯度的稀疏先验分布特性，提出一种针对高超星图的正则化非盲复原模型，利用分裂布雷格曼迭代法等算法迭代估计清晰图像。将本算法与传统星图复原算法、其他最新正则化复原算法进行星图复原与导航效果比较，结果表明本算法复原效果最佳，且能明显改善星点识别正确率及质心坐标计算精度，可用于大幅提高超声速飞行器在平流层中的天文导航适应性及导航精度。     

朔月期间基于SEMOI的卫星自主导航方法研究

为解决朔月期的卫星自主导航,提出了一种利用日地月光学信息(SEMOI)的实现方法。利用朔月期卫星-太阳方向矢量与卫星-地球方向矢量间夹角,由迭代最小二乘法估计历元时刻的卫星定位数据,并以轨道预报方式实现卫星自主导航。给出了计算流程。仿真结果表明,该法的定位精度可满足民用卫星的导航要求。最后讨论了采样周期和敏感器精度等因素对定位精度的影响。     

基于日地月方位信息的月球卫星自主导航

采用自主导航技术，可以降低月球卫星的任务成本，提高其生存能力。现研究了利用太阳敏感器、地球敏感器和月球敏感器测量出的卫星-太阳、卫星-地球和卫星-月球方向矢量作为观测量，采用迭代最小二乘方法、定历元时刻的卫星状态，并以轨道预报的方式实现月球卫星的自主导航。对该自主导航算法进行了数学仿真，分析比较了敏感器精度、部分轨道参数等因素对定位精度的影响，总结了其变化规律。最后对比了迭代最小二乘方法与扩展卡尔曼滤波的导航仿真结果，结果表明前者具有更高的精度。     

低信噪比下快速分裂Bregman迭代ISAR超分辨率成像

针对低信噪比条件下的逆合成孔径雷达ISAR(Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar)超分辨率成像处理问题,提出了一种基于快速分裂Bregman迭代的ISAR超分辨率成像算法.首先,在正则化框架下,将方位分辨率的提高问题转化为一个正则化问题;其次,利用托普利兹矩阵的低位移秩特征和Gohberg-...     

应用引力梯度测量的火星中低轨道航天器自主导航

针对目前行星附近(行星周围中低轨道高度)的自主导航手段有限,且主要依赖地面设备的支持,导航自主性和实时性比较差,精度不高,无法满足未来探测任务的需求的问题,文章提出了使用引力梯度这种天体本身的物理信息对近地行星附近的航天器进行导航的方法。并以火星附近的导航为算例,采用了全新的120阶火星引力场模型计算引力梯度;使用特征值分解法从引力梯度张量矩阵中提取位置信息,并使用非线性迭代方法解算出高阶引力场模型下的精确位置;最后得出在300km火星轨道上,100mE和10mE噪声水平下,三维导航精度分别可以达到300m和30m以内。该导航方法完全自主,并且导航精度高,实时性好,导航结果可靠,有望应用于近地行星的探测任务。     

一种姿态机动辅助下的天文导航系统偏差自校准方法

基于成像型紫外敏感器的自主导航是一种典型的天文导航方法,其精度不仅取决于敏 感器的测量噪声,而且与系统性误差的大小密切相关。针对成像型紫外地球敏感器的特点, 建立了紫外敏感器测量模型。为消除系统误差对自主导航精度的影响,提出了一种姿态机动 辅助下的偏差自校准导航滤波方法,并以紫外地球敏感器测量偏差为例,设计了导航滤波算 法。数学仿真和半物理仿真结果表明,该方法能显著地提高自主导航精度。
     

模型的稀疏选择与参数辨识及应用

基于正则化技术的稀疏成分分析方法可同时完成模型选择和参数估计功能。现分别从迭代算法的设计和对应岭估计的构造两方面切入,研究正则化函数的选取及特点,并深入分析其模型参数辨识的机理,说明正则化参数与广义岭估计的最佳岭参数的耦合性。该方法可操作性强,可保证参数迭代的收敛性,对于正则化函数的构造和参数估计的统计特性分析均有规则可循。缺项多项式和制导工具误差系数求解的数值例子表明,该方法具有有效的一体化模型选择和参数估计功能。     

GEO卫星GNSS导航在轨长期性能验证与分析

为对地球静止轨道(GEO)全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)自主导航性能进行验证,用通信技术试验卫星二号实际在轨工作数据,在我国首次对GNSS导航的长期在轨性能进行实测和试验,并对导航精度进行评估。介绍了GEO上GNSS导航原理和通信技术试验卫星二号的GNSS导航系统。设计了转移段(GNSS天线未展开)和定点后GNSS天线展开前后的导航性能试验。给出了转移段GPS/GLONASS的可用星数、GNSS的位速解算结果,以及定点后GNSS天线展开前后GNSS捕获的星数与可用星数、位置精度因子和位速精度,并说明了性能试验的有效性。结果表明:在转移段,在GNSS接收机在部分弧段可捕获到导航星4颗以上,位速解算结果正确,且位速一致性好,GNSS导航系统可用;定点后GEO上观测到的GNSS星数量满足自主导航使用要求,获得的位速精度符合仿真预期,GNSS天线展开后位置精度因子和位速精度明显优于展开前。连续48h数据获得的实测位置精度优于30m,速度精度优于0.05m/s。本次在轨试验证明了GNSS用于GEO轨道卫星是可行的,为我国高轨卫星自主导航和在轨自主管理提供了重要支撑。     

ICP算法在地磁辅助导航中的应用

利用地磁信息进行辅助导航是组合导航技术研究的新方向。文中对地磁辅助导航的原理和发展现状进行了介绍,并在分析地磁特征的基础上,研究了利用地磁异常特征进行ICP匹配定位的方法。根据应用环境,对ICP算法进行了以下改进:首先,受模拟退火法的启发,提出采用扇形扫描法搜索最优匹配,推动ICP算法向全局最优迭代;其次,结合RANSAC法,有效地剔除了地磁测量中的野值点,提高了算法的鲁棒性。仿真结果证实了改进算法的良好性能。     

基于半参数建模的弹道目标实时滤波

设计弹道目标的实时跟踪滤波器时,精确的动态建模和测量系统误差自校准是提高滤波精度的重要手段。基于补偿最小二乘原理和Tikhonov正则化定理,将难于参数化的复杂运动成分和测量系统误差表示为非参数分量,建立了基于半参数化建模的弹道递推模型和实时滤波算法,并详细设计了半参数建模时所需的光滑因子、正则化矩阵和窗口宽度等建模参数的在线选取方法。仿真实验和实际数据的计算结果表明,非参数成分可以有效地补偿状态模型误差,且可在线校准测量系统误差,显著改善弹道估计精度。算法已初步应用于实际飞行任务,其中的递推建模方法和参数选择策略对其它实时滤波器的设计同样有参考价值。     

基于lk范数正则化方法的SAR图像超分辨

提高合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像的分辨率对自动目标识别等具有重要意义。为此改进了一种基于lk范数正则化方法，并用于SAR图像超分辨。该方法通过合理开发利用符合SAR成像工程背景的先验知识，构造附加约束，把图像超分辨问题规划为形式简单的带约束优化问题。仿真和实测数据计算结果证实了该方法的有效性。     

地月平动点拟周期轨道探测器自主导航方法研究

地月L2点的拟周期轨道可以用于实现与月球背面的持续通信,具有重要的科学研究价值和广阔的应用前景。针对地月L2点探测器所处的弱稳定拟周期轨道,论证了基于日地月信息的自主导航方法的可行性,并进行了深入分析。首先,推导了会合坐标系下带有星历的精确导航动力学方程;其次,针对弱稳定轨道不同于近地强稳定轨道的特性,在基于日地月方位信息导航的基础上,提出了三种敏感器组合方案。使用迭代最小二乘方法给出导航仿真结果,并结合非线性可辨识性理论对这三种情况下历元状态的可辨识性及可辨识度进行分析。最后,仿真结果表明,使用日地月敏感器以及对地多普勒雷达可以满足历元状态的可辨识性、导航的收敛性以及系统经济性的要求。     

Peculiarities of Estimating the Aircraft Performance Characteristics of the Rocket-and-Space Facilities under Conditions of Fuzzy Data

One possible method is considered of deriving the well-posed (in the sense of A.N. Tikhonov) solutions to the problems of estimating the aircraft performance characteristics. The method is based on the results of measurements of the state parameters and geophysical conditions of the employment of the rocket-and-space facilities under conditions of uncertainty of the a priori data on measurement errors.     

导航星座的任务重构技术研究

以COMPASS卫星导航星座为对象,研究了导航任务的重构技术。首先,对COMPASS卫星导航星座的主要性能进行了分析和仿真;其次,分析了星座中部分卫星失效后对导航性能的影响;最后,提出了分别利用在轨运行的高、中、低轨卫星及临近空间飞行器进行任务重构的方法,并对重构后的导航性能进行了仿真。仿真结果表明：提出的任务重构方法对于保证导航星座的正常运行是有效的。同时,对于研究飞行器应急测控技术具有借鉴意义。     

Destructive materials thermal characteristics determination with application for spacecraft structures testing

In many practical situations it is impossible to measure directly thermal and thermokinetic properties of analyzed composite materials. The only way that can often be used to overcome these difficulties is indirect measurements. This type of measurements is usually formulated as the solution of inverse heat transfer problems. Such problems are ill-posed in mathematical sense and their main feature shows itself in the solution instabilities. That is why special regularizing methods are needed to solve them. The general method of iterative regularization is concerned with application to the estimation of materials properties. The objective of this paper is to estimate thermal and thermokinetic properties of advanced materials using the approach based on inverse methods. An experimental–computational system is presented for investigating the thermal and kinetics properties of composite materials by methods of inverse heat transfer problems and which is developed at the Thermal Laboratory of Department Space Systems Engineering, of Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI). The system is aimed at investigating the materials in conditions of unsteady contact and/or radiation heating over a wide range of temperature changes and heating rates in a vacuum, air and inert gas medium.     

基于多圆交汇的天文定位与组合导航方法

惯性/天文组合导航系统具有全自主、抗干扰能力强等特点,在一些特殊的导航领域受到了人们的高度重视。本文研究了一种天文多圆交汇迭代定位算法,具有数值计算稳定,适合任意多颗导航恒星参与计算的优点,并能同时计算出对应的定位误差协方差阵;在此基础上,将捷联惯性导航系统与天文导航系统组合,构成了扬长避短的组合导航系统,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法实现捷联惯导与天文定位两者的信息融合。最后进行了仿真实验,其结果表明,该天文定位算法简单有效,定位误差模型准确,组合后的系统具有较高的精度。     

Space assets for demining assistance

Populations emerging from armed conflicts often remain threatened by landmines and explosive remnants of war. The international mine action community is concerned with the relief of this threat. The Space Assets for Demining Assistance (SADA) undertaking is a set of activities that aim at developing new services to improve the socio-economic impact of mine action activities, primarily focused on the release of land thought to be contaminated, a process described as land release. SADA was originally initiated by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). It has been implemented under the Integrated Applications Promotion (IAP) program of the European Space Agency (ESA).Land release in mine action is the process whereby the demining community identifies, surveys and prioritizes suspected hazardous areas for more detailed investigation, which eventually results in the clearance of landmines and other explosives, thereby releasing land to the local population. SADA has a broad scope, covering activities, such as planning (risk and impact analysis, prioritization, and resource management), field operations and reporting.SADA services are developed in two phases: feasibility studies followed by demonstration projects. Three parallel feasibility studies have been performed. They aimed at defining an integrated set of space enabled services to support the land release process in mine action, and at analyzing their added value, viability and sustainability. The needs of the mine action sector have been assessed and the potential contribution of space assets has been identified. Support services have been formulated. To test their fieldability, proofs of concept involving mine action end users in various operational field settings have been performed by each of the study teams. The economic viability has also been assessed.Whenever relevant and cost-effective, SADA aims at integrating Earth observation data, GNSS navigation and SatCom technologies with existing mine action tools and procedures, as well as with novel aerial survey technologies. Such conformity with existing user processes, as well as available budgets and appropriateness of technology based solutions given the field level operational setting are important conditions for success. The studies have demonstrated that Earth observation data, satellite navigation solutions and in some cases, satellite communication, indeed can provide added value to mine action activities if properly tailored based on close user interaction and provided through a suitable channel. Such added value for example includes easy and sustained access to Earth observation data for general purpose mapping, land use assessment for post-release progress reporting, and multi-source data fusion algorithms to help quantify risks and socio-economic impact for prioritization and planning purposes. The environment and boundaries of a hazardous area can also be better specified to support the land release process including detailed survey and clearance operations. Satellite communication can help to provide relevant data to remote locations, but is not regarded as strongly user driven. Finally, satellite navigation can support more precise non-technical surveys, as well as aerial observation with small planes or hand-launched UAV's.To ensure the activity is genuinely user driven, the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) plays an important role as ESA’s external advisor. ESA is furthermore supported by a representative field operator, the Swiss Foundation of Mine Action (FSD), providing ESA with a direct connection to the field level end users. Specifically FSD has provided a shared user needs baseline to the three study teams. To ensure solutions meet with end user requirements, the study teams themselves include mine action representatives and have interacted closely with their pre-existing and newly established contacts within the mine action community.