自由剪切层中的三维不稳定性

本文是在文[1]的基础上研究自由剪切层中由Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定波发展而形成的展向大涡结构的三维不稳定性。以大涡结构为基本流动,将稳定性分析归结为二维特征值问题,用pseudo spectral(伪谱)方法数值求解。研究发现:在没有亚谐波存在的情况下,大涡结构的最不稳定的扰动波是流向波长和其相同。展向波数较高,有对流特性的三维扰动波。它在剪切层中的发展与展向涡量的分布有关,大涡结构的涡核不稳定性和辫子不稳定性是流向涡形成的主要力学机制。本文还给出了不同雷诺数下三维扰动波增长率与展向波数的关系,这些结论与实验及数值模拟结果基本一致。     

基于双eN方法的短舱层流转捩影响因素

发展自然层流短舱对提升现代民机的经济性和环保性具有重要意义，而对影响短舱层流转捩的因素进行研究有助于更好地开展短舱的层流设计。本文基于线性稳定性分析方法，将双e^N方法同RANS方程求解器耦合，建立了一套可同时计算T-S（Tollmien-Schlichting）波和横流（CF）驻波诱导转捩的流动转捩预测方法，通过标准椭球算例验证了该方法的正确性，进而研究了来流马赫数、雷诺数、湍流度以及迎角对短舱转捩的影响。结果表明：马赫数和迎角会带来压力梯度的明显改变从而引起转捩位置发生变化；而在此构型的高雷诺数工况下，雷诺数和湍流度对转捩位置影响相对较小，转捩位置移动的区域不超过短舱长度的5%。因此在设计阶段，在高雷诺数条件下保持层流设计要尽量避免较大的逆压梯度，保持顺压梯度。     

湍流度和粗糙度对边界层转捩影响的研究

工程上计算边界层转捩位置,常用以线性稳定性理论为基础的e~N方法。实际上,层流边界层转捩受坏境因素(如湍流度T,粗糙度k和压力梯度等)影响较大。所以作为e~N方法的补充,须寻求一种能同时计算坏境因素影响的方法。现只有湍流模型方法能满足这种要求。     

高雷诺数下跨声速自然层流短舱优化设计

为解决高雷诺数下大涵道比发动机自然层流短舱高维优化设计问题,提取短舱3个基准面实现轴对称自然层流优化设计。通过获得较大范围层流区域,从而降低短舱表面摩擦阻力。采用类别形状函数（CST）参数化、γ-Re_θt转捩模型和遗传算法建立自然层流（NLF）短舱自动优化流程。表明通过优化短舱基准面建立三维NLF短舱设计方法的可行性。进而通过CATIA二次开发构建三维非轴对称NLF短舱,解决了基准面优化后大量数据点的高效导入和曲面生成问题。针对设计的非轴对称NLF短舱,进行了设计点附近迎角、侧滑角、来流马赫数以及湍流度的转捩敏感性分析。结果表明:跨声速状态下,迎角增大层流范围减小;来流马赫数增大层流范围扩大;侧滑角和湍流度对层流范围影响很小。      

Transition study of 3D aerodynamic configures using improved transport equations modeling

As boundary layer transition plays an important role in aerodynamic drag prediction,the proposal and study of transition prediction methods simulating the complex flow phenomena are prerequisite for aerodynamic design. In this paper, with the application of the linear stability theory based on amplification factor transport transition equations on the two-equation shear stress transport(SST) eddy-viscosity model, a new method, the SST-N TS-N CF model, is yielded. The new amplification factor transport equation for the crossflow instability induced transition is proposed to add to the N TS equation proposed by Coder, which simulates Tollmien–Schlichting wave transition. The turbulent kinetic energy equation is modified by introducing a new source term that simulates the transition process without the intermittency factor equation. Finally, coupled with these two amplification factor transport equations and SST turbulence model, a four-equation transition turbulence model is built. Comparisons between predictions using the new model and wind-tunnel experiments of NACA64(2)A015, NLF(2)-0415 and ONERA-D infinite swept wing and ONERAM6 swept wing validate the predictive quality of the new SST-N_(TS)-N_(CF) model.     

应用Transition k-kl-ω转捩模型对内冷叶片气热耦合的数值模拟

选取NASA-Mark Ⅱ跨声速叶片为算例,研究了Transition k-kl-ω转捩模型在内冷叶片气热耦合计算中的应用,探讨了整场耦合与冷却通道内采用对流换热系数准则耦合的差异。结果表明,该转捩模型相比其它全湍流模型能够更准确预测附面层内的层流和转捩状况;由于Transition k-kl-ω转捩模型转捩前期采用层流动能来描述扰动的发展,避免了使用含有来流湍流度的经验公式,引入了"分裂机制"来描述层流与湍流脉动间的相互作用,并且在旁路转捩和自然转捩源项模化中加入了Tollmien-Schlichting波的影响,对强激波后的温度计算相比常用的间歇因子转捩模型与实验值更吻合;换热系数准则耦合用于冷却通道传热计算,避免了冷却通道边界条件带来的误差,计算结果与实验吻合较好,更易于工程应用。     

Application of focused laser differential interferometer to hypersonic boundary-layer instability study

Accurate prediction of hypersonic boundary-layer transition plays an important role in thermal protection system design of hypersonic vehicles. Restricted by the capability of spatial diagnostics for hypersonic boundary-layer study, quite a lot of problems of hypersonic boundary-layer transition, such as nonlinearity and receptivity, remain outstanding. This work reports the application of focused laser differential interferometer to instability wave development across hypersonic boundary-layer on a flared cone model. To begin with, the focused laser differential interferometer is designed and set up in a Mach number 6 hypersonic quiet wind tunnel with the focal point in the laminar boundary-layer of a 5 degree half-angle flared cone model. Afterwards, instability experiments are carried out by traversing the focal point throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer and the density fluctuation along the boundary-layer profile is measured and analyzed. The results show that three types of instability waves ranging from 10 kHz to over 1 MHz are co-existing in the hypersonic boundary-layer, indicating the powerful capability of focused laser differential interferometer in dynamic response resolution for instability wave study in hypersonic flow regime; furthermore, quantitative analyses including spectra and bicoherence analysis of instability waves throughout the hypersonic boundary-layer for both cold and heated cone models are performed.     

超声速混合层转捩过程实验研究的进展

超声速湍流机理的实验研究是一件十分困难的工作.在2000年以来,本研究小组在低噪声超声速混合层风洞研究、超声速流动精细结构测量技术研究方面取得了重要进展,这给超声速混合层湍流精细结构的研究奠定了基础.为了研究超声速混合层及其气动光学问题,在研制的超声速混合层风洞中,主要以基于纳米技术的平面激光散射技术(Nano-trace Planar Laser Scattering,简称NPLS)为基础,研究了几种对流马赫数的超声速混合层从层流到湍流转捩过程K-H不稳定涡的空间结构,以及K-H不稳定涡的空间结构随着时间的发展过程.实验结果清晰地反映了湍流混合的不稳定性与转捩的精细结构,以及转捩过程的展向精细结构.     

不可压平板边界层转捩机理

基于扰动形式N-S方程,从空间模式的角度,采用Fourier伪谱及MPI(massage passing interface)并行方法,模拟了不可压平板边界层从层流到湍流的转捩过程.通过对计算统计数据的分析,比较了不同幅值入口扰动引起的转捩过程的同异.研究结果表明:当层流中扰动幅值逐渐增大后,非线性作用将修正平均流剖面,表现为不稳定区域逐渐扩大,很多高次谐波被激发.当平均流剖面被修正到一定程度时,不稳定区域变得很大,这使得更多的高次谐波被快速激发并迅速增长,即转捩过程开始.由于大量谐波快速增长导致扰动能量快速增长,同时,扰动能量的快速增长又进一步加速了平均流剖面的快速修正,即平均流剖面的不稳定特性发生了改变,这样的相互作用使得层流快速变为湍流,因此,平均流剖面不稳定特性的改变在转捩过程中起到了关键作用.      

大负荷低压涡轮叶型分离转捩流动的大涡模拟

应用动力模式大涡模拟数值方法,对来流无扰动、不可压、雷诺数为5×104(基于进口速度和轴向弦长),定常来流条件下大负荷低压涡轮叶型(Pak B)叶型吸力面非定常分离转捩流动进行了三维数值模拟。在与相关实验数据的对比基础之上,对非定常流动物理信息进行了详细的分析讨论,揭示了计算来流状态下的Pak B叶型吸力面非定常分离转捩流动机理。结果表明,由无粘Kelvin-Helmholtz机制产生的、空间线性增长的初始二维不稳定性在分离剪切内诱导展向旋涡形成并脱落,脱落过程中的展向涡在非线性增长的三维不稳定性作用下发生变形并最终破碎成湍流。计算得到的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性特征频率处于相关实验测量范围内。     

γ-Re_(θt)-CF转捩模型在Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型中的推广及验证

横流(CF)不稳定性是三维流动中诱发转捩的一项非常重要的因素,考虑到γ-Reθt-CF转捩模型对流向Tollmien-Schlichting波和横流波不稳定性引起转捩的判定均是完全基于当地变量,且Spalart-Allmaras(SA)湍流模型计算效率高,因而将γ-Reθt-CF转捩模型与SA湍流模型相结合,并将其引入开源Standford University Unstructured(SU2)计算流体力学分析平台。为了考察和验证模型的预测精度,分别使用原始γ-Reθt模型和γ-Reθt-CF-SA模型,对NLF(2)-0415后掠翼型和标准6∶1椭球模型进行了转捩预测数值模拟。算例结果表明,γ-Reθt-CF-SA模型的计算结果与试验数据吻合程度远远优于原始γ-Reθt模型,γ-Reθt-CF-SA模型能正确地预测出三维流动中的横流不稳定性引起转捩的现象。     

高压燃气涡轮径向内冷叶片气热耦合的数值分析

采用气热耦合方法对采用径向内冷方式的MarkⅡ型跨声速高压燃气涡轮金属导叶进行数值模拟,通过分析叶片通道内的传热和流动过程发现叶片表面附面层内流动非常复杂,包含层流流动、转捩和湍流流动状态,所以只有使用转捩模型计算的叶片附面层内流动与实际情况相符,叶片壁面温度和换热系数分布与实验结果吻合的较好,使用其他湍流模型由于不能准确描述附面层内流动而使得计算结果误差相对较大,但是所有的湍流模型都能很好的模拟附面层以外流动.      

The role of transition in high-lift low-pressure turbines for aeroengines

The fan of a high bypass ratio turbo fan engine produces up to 80% of the total thrust of the engine. It is the low-pressure (LP) turbine that drives the fan and, on some engines, a number of compressor stages. The unsteady aerodynamics of the LP turbine, and in particular, the role of unsteady flow in laminar–turbulent transition, is the subject of this paper.The flow in turbomachines is unsteady due to the relative motion of the rows of blades. In the LP turbine, the wakes from the upstream blade rows provide the dominant source of unsteadiness. Because much of the blade-surface boundary-layer flow is laminar, one of the most important consequences of this unsteadiness is the interaction of the wakes with the suction-side boundary layer of a downstream blade. This is important because the blade suction—side boundary layers are responsible for most of the loss of efficiency and because the combined effects of random (wake turbulence) and periodic disturbances (wake velocity defect and pressure fields) cause the otherwise laminar boundary layer to undergo transition and eventually become turbulent.This paper discusses the development of unsteady flows in LP turbines and the process of wake-induced boundary-layer transition in low-pressure turbines and the loss generation that results. Particular emphasis will be placed on unsteady separating flows and how the effects of wakes may be exploited to control loss generation in the laminar–turbulent transition processes. This control has allowed the successful development of the latest generation of ultra-high-lift LP turbines. More recent developments, which harness the effects of surface roughness in conjunction with the wakes, are also presented.     

基于升华法实验研究后掠翼三维边界层的转捩

在西北工业大学的低湍流度风洞,采用升华法研究不同雷诺数下后掠翼上表面的转捩现象。实验发现雷诺数较低时,后掠翼上的转捩由流向不稳定触发,转捩位置在最小压力点之后,转捩分界为一条直线;当雷诺数足够大时,转捩由横流驻波不稳定触发,转捩提前到最小压力点之前,转捩分界呈现尖楔形状。该结果表明升华法不但能够较准确地分辨出后掠翼上的转捩位置,还能够区分不同的转捩机理,判断转捩是由流向不稳定还是横流驻波不稳定触发。此外,实验中还发现在横流驻波不稳定增长较大时,升华法能够提供转捩上游区域边界层内的横流不稳定信息;当横流驻波不稳定进一步增强时,该不稳定受模型表面粗糙度的影响较大,萘的喷涂有可能会影响到升华法的结果。     

超临界自然层流机翼设计及基于TSP技术的边界层转捩风洞试验

为了实现绿色航空节能减排的目标，层流设计技术成为飞行器设计者的研究热点。对于跨声速客机而言，超临界自然层流机翼设计技术将显著减小飞行阻力，提升气动性能，减少燃油消耗和污染物排放。首先，基于高精度边界层转捩预测技术耦合翼型优化设计系统，实现超临界自然层流翼型设计；经过合理的翼型配置，形成超临界自然层流机翼。转捩数值模拟分析结果表明，超临界自然层流机翼的层流流动特性良好。然后，以比例为1：10.4的试验模型在荷兰高速低湍流度风洞进行边界层转捩风洞试验，使用温度敏感材料涂层（TSP）技术拍照获得机翼表面在不同马赫数、雷诺数和迎角工况下的层流-湍流分布。最后，通过超临界自然层流机翼边界层转捩试验结果，探讨了该类型机翼的转捩特性随来流参数的变化规律，总结了超临界自然层流机翼设计的关键因素。此外，该模型也可用来验证边界层转捩预测技术在超临界、高雷诺数工况下的预测精度。     

Prediction of Boundary Layer Transition Based on Modeling of Laminar Fluctuations Using RANS Approach

This article presents a linear eddy-viscosity turbulence model for predicting bypass and natural transition in boundary layers by using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The model includes three transport equations, separately, to compute laminar kinetic energy, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate in a flow field. It needs neither correlations of intermittency factors nor knowledge of the transition onset. Two transition tests are carried out: flat plate boundary layer under zero ...     

有压梯度边界层流中湍流斑形成的机制研究

人们虽然对层流向湍流转捩过程的研究已经付出了许多艰辛的努力,但仍然有一个重要的物理现象还没有弄清楚,即有压梯度边界层转捩过程中湍流斑形成的理论机制以及湍流斑的运动特征是什么?这些问题正有待于人们做进一步的深入探索.本文提出一种以壁面局部脉冲的初始小扰动场来模拟有压梯度边界层流中湍流斑形成的物理模型.采用直接数值模拟的方法研究有压梯度边界层流中湍流斑产生的理论机制和发展规律;数值结果显示,它们在好多方面与湍流斑的基本特征相符.     

槽流的亚临界转捩与局地湍流

在中低雷诺数时,处于线性稳定的槽道流若受到强扰动可发生亚临界转捩变为湍流。近年人们对该类转捩机理的研究取得重要进展。对于平板泊肃叶流,亚临界转捩之初是稀疏湍流态,其特征结构是远间隔的包含小尺度涡和高低速条带的大尺度的湍流带,可倾斜伸长。该阶段的湍流占比有上限但并非雷诺数的单值函数。随着雷诺数的增加转捩进入平衡局地湍流态,即存在统计定常态,其湍流占比是雷诺数单值函数,可由定向逾渗模型描述。进一步增加雷诺数,湍流带的分裂愈发频繁,最终流场会布满湍流带,在更高的雷诺数时变为均匀湍流。论文概述了为比拟亚临界转捩过程所提出的动力学模型,以及为定量表征管流、平板库艾特流和平板泊肃叶流转捩过程的相似性所提出的局地稳定性参数,并在最后对槽道流亚临界转捩研究的发展做了简要展望。     

压气机静叶栅层流分离泡转捩与角区分离数值模拟与实验

采用γ-Reθ转捩模型对某可控扩散叶型(CDA)平面叶栅全攻角范围进行了三维数值计算，通过对比数值计算结果与叶栅实验吻合较好。在此基础上，分析了进口来流湍流度和雷诺数变化对叶栅表面层流分离、转捩以及角区分离的影响。结果表明:进口湍流度低于5%时，吸力面存在层流分离，当进口湍流度大于5%后，层流分离移除，但转捩会一直存在；随着进口湍流度或雷诺数增加，吸力面和压力面转捩位置均会前移；随着进口湍流度增加，吸力面角区分离会有所减小，雷诺数增加对角区分离的影响不大。      

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.