日本将实施4星气候监测计划

日本宇宙开发事业团（ＮＡＳＤＡ）预计将在２０００年４月开始实施一项包括４颗卫星的全球气候监视计划。ＮＡＳＤＡ目前已申请了大约１．２亿日元（合１００万美元），用于对２颗拟于２００５年发射的全球变化观测卫星（ＧＣＯＭ——ＧｌｏｂａｌＣｈａｎｇｅＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎＭｉｓｓｉｏｎ）进行研究。这笔研究经费尚待日本空间活动委员会的批准。第一颗卫星称为ＧＣＯＭ－Ａ１，其重点任务是大气监测。第二颗卫星是ＧＣＯＭ－Ｂ１，将携带５种遥感器，其重点任务是地球观测。它们的２颗后继星ＧＣＯＭ－Ａ２、Ｂ２，将于２０１０…     

熔盐反应法生长Bi－Pb－Sr－Ca－Cu－O系超导单晶

利用熔盐反应法生长了Ｂｉ－Ｐｂ－Ｓｒ－Ｃａ－Ｃｕ－Ｏ系超导单晶．这种方法容易生长高纯的Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣｕＯｘ和Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣａＣｕＯｘ单晶，也已生长了２２１２和２２２３相交生的片状单晶，其中（Ｂｉ，Ｐｂ２Ｓｒ２Ｃａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏｘ相的体积分数约５０％．利用电子衍射图样，ＸＲＤ，ＥＤＡＸ和磁化率的测量对晶体结构、组分和超导电性进行了研究．     

Bi_(1.9)Pb_(0.3)Sr_(2.0)Ca_(1.7)Mg_(0.3)Cu_(3.1)O_x 超导块材弱连接区的低磁场性

通过对在不同外磁场下Ｂｉ１．９Ｐｂ０．３Ｓｒ２．０Ｃａ１．７Ｍｇ０．３Ｃｕ３．１Ｏｘ超导块材的交流磁化率的测量，获得了样品内晶粒间和晶粒内对外场的不问响应范围．通过与粉状样品实验结果的比较和Ｘ光分析，认为块状样品在温度为１００Ｋ左右出现的抗磁台阶是样品内晶粒间超导弱连接的一种抗磁效应．对弱连接区有效钉扎力Ｆｐ和临界电流密度Ｊｃ与外场Ｈ的关系进行了讨论．     

熔盐反应法生长Bi—Pb—Sr—Ca—Cu—O系超导单晶

利用烷盐反应法生长了Ｂｉ－Ｐｂ－Ｓｒ－Ｓｒ－Ｃａ－Ｃｕ－Ｏ系超导单晶，这种方法容易生长高纯的Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣｕＯｘ和Ｂｉ２Ｓｒ２ＣａＣｕＯｘ单晶，也已生长了２２１２和２２２３相交生的片状单晶，其中（Ｂｉ，Ｐｂ）２Ｓｒ２Ｃａ２Ｃｕ３Ｏｘ相的体积分数约５０％，利用电子衍射图样，ＸＲＤ，ＥＤＡＸ和磁化率的测量对晶体结构、组分和超导电性进行了研究。     

全球个人卫星通信系统将露端倪

美国“轨道通信公司”（ＯＲＢＣＯＭＭ）将在１９９４年第一季度用空射飞马座火箭发射两颗低轨道数据通信卫星，并将在１９９５年之前用飞马座火箭一箭八星３次发射２４颗相同的卫星，建成由２６颗卫星组网的全球个人卫星数据通信服务网。这种卫星重约３９公斤，发射时呈折叠状态，在轨道上太阳电池帆板和天线展开后，宽２．１米，长３．６米。此全球卫星数据信息服务网是世界上第一个个人卫星通信系统。它可以为世界上几乎所有地方的个人用户提供定位和信息交换等业务，还允许拥有个人电脑的用户使用与该系统有联系的普通通信线路，将电脑…     

高分辨率雷达卫星遥感的商业化

高分辨率雷达卫星遥感的商业化□□继雷达星－１之后，１９９８年２月２７日加拿大空间局（ＣＳＡ）选定美国轨道科学公司下属的ＭａｃＤｏｎａｌｄＤｅｔｗｉｌｅｒ公司（ＭＤＡ）承造雷达星－２。ＣＳＡ预定于２００１年底发射雷达星－２。雷达星－２的地面分辨率为３ｍ...     

IML—2计划与现状

日本宇宙开发事业团就有关预定于１９９４年７月进行的第２次国际微重力实验室（ＩＭＬ－２）的计划内容以及准备情况概述如下。１．ＩＭＬ－２计划概要ＩＭＬ－２计划是以美航宇局（ＮＡＳＡ）为中心，通过国际合作实施的空间实验计划。由参加的各国将各自准备的实验装置，搭载在哥伦比亚号航天飞机的空间实验室上，利用微重力环境进行各种生命科学和材料科学实验。（１）推动计划的办事处：ＮＡＳＡ生命、材料科学应用局（ＯＬＭＳＡ）（２）计划实施综合中心：ＮＡＳＡ马歇尔空间飞行中心（ＭＳＦＣ）（３）任务梗概：任务时间　１３天（…     

高T_cBi－Pb－Sr－Cu－Ca－O系氧化物超导材料的Meissner效应和磁屏蔽效应

对高ＴｃＢｉ－Ｐｂ－ｓｒ－Ｃｕ－Ｃａ－Ｏ系氧化物超导材料的多晶块状、多晶粉末状和单晶等三种样品的Ｍｅｉｓｓｎｅｒ效应和磁屏蔽效应进行了仔细测量和分析．块状样品具有较强的磁屏蔽能力，在ＺＦＣ（Ｚｅｒｏ－ＦｉｅｌｄＣｏｏｌｅｄ）和ＦＣ（ＦｉｅｉｄＣｏｏｌｅｄ）两种过程中，超导体的体积比之差最大约１０％左右（μ０Ｈ≈２００Ｘ１０－４Ｔ）；粉末样品和单晶样品的磁屏蔽能力很小（７７Ｋ）．     

超音速轴对称有旋流特征线法的计算程序

编写了一个ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ７７程序，计算了Ｍａ０为２．０￣５．０的超速轴对称有旋流Ｃａｕｃｈｙ问题的一些特征线网，但推进方向是从初值线在物面，这样，可以对物形进行反设计，在设计科波机时，可以选用这种流场中的流面作为其升力面的组成部分。     

惊心动魄的撞击

说到天体撞击事件，人们不禁联想到１９９４年７月“苏梅克－利维９”号彗星与木星相撞时惊天动地的一幕。这颗被木星引力拉开分裂的彗星，首块碎片以每小时２０万千米的速度和２０００亿吨TNT当量的威力猛撞木星大气层，掀起了高达３０００千米的羽状光柱。彗星的２１个亚核相继撞击着木星，使得这个大行星伤痕累累，其中的一个创面黑斑直径达数万千米，大大超过了地球。而６５００万年前的一颗直径约１０千米的天外来客撞击地球后，竟使统治地球生命舞台长达１．６亿年的恐龙及地球上８０％的生物遭受了灭顶之灾。足见天体撞击是何等的…     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.