Sumbandilasat—An operational technology demonstrator

Technology advances in sensor, digital technology and a standardised modular satellite bus are enabling a new generation of 80 kg micro-satellites with a better than 6.5 m GSD multi-spectral performance, to be specified, built and deployed with a dedicated launch within 12 months. The result of the standardised modular bus is lower cost, higher reliability and fast deployment. Operational remote sensing with a micro-satellite is thus within reach of individual organisations for dedicated missions. Sumbandilasat (pioneer in the Venda language) is a second generation satellite technology building on the expertise obtained in the Sunsat small satellite programme. The components used to build Sumbandilasat are the result of a technology development program of more than 3 years. Sumbandilasat is an operational technology demonstrator with more than 90% newly developed or improved subsystems and a compact refractive imager as a precursor to the MSMISat satellite with the same multi-spectral band set. The scalable, standardised modular satellite bus architecture enables satellites with a mass of 80–450 kg to be adapted to the specific mission requirements with minimum new engineering effort.     

双模态超音速燃烧室的实验研究

本文设计了由等截面段、扩张段和等截面段构成的超音速燃烧室，并进行了燃烧实验。用一维计算分析实验结果，表明由等截面段、扩张段和等截面段构成的超音速燃烧室，通过一定的喷油方式，能按飞行状态可分别实现超音速燃烧和亚音速燃烧，从而达到把超燃冲压发动机的工作范围下限扩大到飞行马赫数为３。     

On the stress-strain state of film structures in space at electrodynamic deployment

We discuss a possibility of using the Ampere force for deployment and stabilization of film structures in space. It is supposed that a conductor connected with a power supply is deposited on the surface of a thin film, or solar batteries are used as conductors with current. The stress and strain of the thin film, caused by the electric current flow over a circular conductor confining this film, are found. The method of calculating the radial component of the stress tensor in a film, connected with concentric circular conductors with current, is obtained. The distribution of stresses for a film with three conductors is calculated. A possibility of minimizing the magnetic moment of a system of currents is discussed.     

A performance comparison of ultrasonically aided electric propulsion extractor configurations

As a novel propulsion technology, ultrasonically aided electric propulsion (UAEP) offers a high specific impulse and a high thrust density. In this paper, the effects of extractor grid configuration on performance of a UAEP thruster have been investigated by both experimental studies and numerical simulation. Relationships between spray current and operation parameters, including applied voltage, propellant flow rate, and vibration power and frequency, are explored for different extractor mesh sizes and shapes. Numerical simulation is also carried out for a better understanding of the formation of capillary standing waves as well as the electric field distribution in the acceleration zone. Experimental results show that compared with a circular shaped extractor, a reticular shaped extractor is able to produce a higher spray current. The current density increases with a denser mesh, which agrees well with the numerical simulation results. This phenomenon indicates that optimizing extractors with appropriate shapes and sizes can be an effective way to improve the performance of a UAEP system. A performance evaluation based on hydrodynamic and electrostatic calculations indicates that the present UAEP system can produce a thrust competitive to that of the colloid thruster with an emitter array.     

分布式卫星系统的协同导航估计方法

针对分布式卫星系统对合作目标的协同导航估计问题,提出了前端与后端结合的一种分布式协同导航方法。前端基于一致性算法对无迹卡尔曼滤波方法进行改造进而完成设计,后端基于协方差交集算法并利用快速权值计算方法以及非可加性参数融合方法进行设计。最后基于Matlab以及STK轨道传播模型进行了数值仿真,得到了预期的仿真结果,验证了方法的有效性。     

预警卫星H∞回路成形复合控制研究

针对预警卫星系统所具有的建模不确定性与干扰不确定性,为了实现凝视相机对战术弹道导弹的快速、高精度自动跟踪指向控制,设计了具有鲁棒稳定性的星体姿态与相机跟踪指向的复合控制系统.先利用拉格朗日法建立了预警卫星系统的动力学模型,在研究凝视相机对战术弹道导弹跟踪规律的基础上,运用H∞回路成形理论设计了星体姿态和相机跟踪指向的复...     

过氧化氢自燃点火器的试验研究

采用分段可拆卸的点火器,对带后向台阶的横向喷注器、气液同轴喷注器、不同喉部直径的喷管等结构进行了试验研究。后向台阶高度为7mm的喷注器比13mm的后向台阶火焰稳定效果更好。在相同温度和室压下,横向喷注器的自燃能力优于气液同轴喷注器,喷管收缩比越大,越利于自燃。     

带移动负载海上浮筒系统运动响应特性初步研究

将某类海上自动作业系统简化为带移动负载的浮筒系统,其中负载简化为外径为180mm、约50kg重的柱型体,浮筒为外径533mm的圆筒;初步设计了浮筒系统的主参数。在此基础上,采用频域数值模拟计算,获得了浮筒自由状态下的固有周期和运动响应传递函数(RAO);再采用时域模拟方法,预报了3级海况下(JONSWAP谱)浮筒系统整体的运动响应特性,给出了运动响应幅值、最小干舷高度等特性参数,可为相关装备设计提供技术参考和借鉴。     

Application of a magnetohydrodynamic element in the control loop of a rotating spacecraft with a spike antenna

The problem of stabilization of a rotating spacecraft with a flexible spike antenna located along the axis of spacecraft rotation is considered. A magnetohydrodynamic element is used as a final-control element in the control loop of spacecraft attitude, and the solar direction sensor serves as a measuring device. At the first stage of investigation, the problem of stability is considered for stationary and non-stationary modes of rotation of the spacecraft with a flexible antenna and with a cavity partially filled with a low-viscosity liquid.     

Observation of Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes in the RELEC space experiment on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vernov</Emphasis> satellite

The RELEС scientific payload of the Vernov satellite launched on July 8, 2014 includes the DRGE spectrometer of gamma-rays and electrons. This instrument comprises a set of scintillator phoswich-detectors, including four identical X-ray and gamma-ray detector with an energy range of 10 kev to 3 MeV with a total area of ~500 cm² directed to the atmosphere, as well as an electron spectrometer containing three mutually orthogonal detector units with a geometric factor of ~2 cm² sr. The aim of a space experiment with the DRGE instrument is the study of fast phenomena, in particular Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGF) and magnetospheric electron precipitation. In this regard, the instrument provides the transmission of both monitoring data with a time resolution of 1 s, and data in the event-by-event mode, with a recording of the time of detection of each gamma quantum or electron to an accuracy of ~15 μs. This makes it possible to not only conduct a detailed analysis of the variability in the gamma-ray range, but also compare the time profiles with the results of measurements with other RELEC instruments (the detector of optical and ultraviolet flares, radio-frequency and low-frequency analyzers of electromagnetic field parameters), as well as with the data of ground-based facility for thunderstorm activity. This paper presents the first catalog of Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. The criterion for selecting flashes required in order to detect no less than 5 hard quanta in 1 ms by at least two independent detectors. The TGFs included in the catalog have a typical duration of ~400 μs, during which 10–40 gamma-ray quanta were detected. The time profiles, spectral parameters, and geographic position, as well as a result of a comparison with the output data of other Vernov instruments, are presented for each of candidates. The candidate for Terrestrial gamma-ray flashes detected in the near-polar region over Antarctica is discussed.     

Estimation of potential abilities of middle atmosphere density measurements from a near-Earth orbit within the UV wavelength range

Analysis of errors in atmospheric density measurements by lidar on board the ISS is performed. It is shown that using as the lidar transmitter a Nd:YAG laser with moderate parameters of emission at a wavelength of 353 nm and a receiving mirror diameter of 0.4 m, it is possible to cover with a 10% measurement error a height range, on average, from 40–60 km and 30–40 km in the nighttime and daytime, respectively, down to the troposphere. Working with emission at 266 nm with a 10% error, it is possible to move to the heights of the mesosphere (70 km) and penetrate the atmosphere down to a height of 40 km. Thus, the use of two harmonics makes it possible to assimilate the height range of atmospheric density measurements from on board the ISS beginning from 70 km and down to the troposphere.     

橡胶减振垫在航天器中的应用及验证

文章针对某航天器振动试验过程中出现的自锁阀及其安装支架振动响应放大问题,提出了一种采用橡胶减振垫的解决措施,给出了增加减振垫后设备安装的刚度模型及其分析,并通过振动试验验证了这种方法的有效性。试验结果表明:采用橡胶减振垫可以较好地解决部分航天器上仪器设备在振动环境条件下响应超标的问题,措施简单有效,满足使用要求,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

弹性飞行器的传感器位置设计

为了消除飞行器的气动弹性与控制系统之间的互相影响,必须适当选择传感器的安装位置。用现代控制理论的方法研究了弹性飞行器传感器的平面设置,提出了带常参数的最优过程模型,建立了旨在抑制弹性振动的性能指标。把庞特里亚金极大值原理与样条拟合方法结合起来,得到了用于速率陀螺设置的简单公式。实例分析和计算表明,利用该方法所得的结果比根轧迹方法简单、准确。     

带鸭翼的弹性高超声速飞行器非线性控制

高超声速飞行器纵向静不稳定、非最小相位和突出的弹性效应等特性给飞行器控制系统设计带来严峻挑战。针对该问题,文中采取鸭翼作为附加俯仰控制舵面与升降舵进行联动控制的策略,以改善高超声速飞行器的非最小相位特性和严重的弹性效应,从而达到提高控制性能的目的。首先,给出了考虑弹性模态的高超声速飞行器动力学模型;其次,研究了鸭翼对飞行器非最小相位特性以及弹性模态响应的影响,并给出合适的鸭翼布局位置和鸭翼/升降舵联动增益参数;最后,采用基于反馈线性化方法和LQR理论的非线性控制器对弹性飞行器进行控制,对比分析了鸭翼联动控制对闭环控制性能的改善作用。研究结果表明,合理的鸭翼配置可以缓解系统的非最小相位特性带来的不利影响,同时避免了控制输入对特定弹性模态的激励,从而达到提高弹性高超声速飞行器控制性能的目的。     

一种非接触式微小飞片速度原位测量技术

文章提出了一种新的微小飞片平均速度原位测量技术,并研制了速度测量装置。在飞片的飞行路径上设置片激光,通过测量飞片经过片激光的时间间隔及对应的飞行距离,便可获得飞片的平均速度。测量装置的主要部件是高频激光器和高灵敏度光电接收器,无其他复杂或者大型设备,易于与激光驱动微小飞片发射装置等配套衔接,操作方便,成本低。大量试验数据表明,测量装置工作稳定可靠,对厚度不小于3μm、速度不大于10 km/s的飞片,速度测量精度优于5%。     

基于不同动力引力辅助模型的木星转移轨道设计

针对木星转移轨道设计中动力引力辅助模型选择问题展开了研究。首先,介绍了近心点机动和甩摆后机动2种动力引力辅助模型,给出了2种模型下最优脉冲机动速度增量的解算方法;然后,基于动力引力辅助模型,提出了包含引力辅助的行星际转移轨迹初始设计方法;最后,以木星探测任务转移轨迹设计为例,对比了不同动力引力辅助模型下探测器的燃料消耗情况。仿真结果表明:相比于甩摆后机动方式,近心点轨道机动方式更加节省燃料。基于近心点机动引力辅助模型,最终完成了金星-地球-地球引力辅助序列的木星转移轨迹初始设计,为我国未来采用引力辅助方式的深空探测任务提供了一定的参考。     

一种复杂外形航天器投影面积计算的Monte Carlo方法

针对航天器投影面积的计算问题，借鉴统计学中Monte Carlo技术的思想，结合计算几何学中基本的射线与三角形相交理论，提出一种鲁棒性和通用性都较好的计算复杂外形航天器沿任意方向投影面积的Monte Carlo方法，详细给出方法实现过程，采用共享存储模式实现了方法的并行化，以充分利用当前高性能计算领域主流的多核处理器技术。以投影面积存在解析解的单面圆形平板和欧洲空间局SAMSON小卫星在典型姿态下的投影面积验证了方法的可靠性以及对复杂工程外形的适用性。该方法可应用于SAMSON和GOCE卫星大量姿态下投影面积的计算，分析赤纬和赤经对投影面积的影响，为卫星的姿态和轨道控制提供输入参数。     

Flower卫星星座设计方法研究

介绍了一种具有共地面轨迹和良好相位特性的新颖的Flower卫星星座设计方法。与常见的星座设计方法不同,在地球中心固定坐标系中可以更好的体现Flower星座的特点。通过Flower星座模型参数与星座中卫星轨道参数之间的关系式,实现了Flower星座的研究设计软件SatSim。结合Satellite Tool Kit仿真软件,给出了利用Flower星座设计一个能为GEO卫星进行导航的卫星导航系统实例,探讨了将Flower星座广泛应用于更多卫星星座系统设计的可能。     

Variable structure maneuvering control with time-varying sliding surface and active vibration damping of flexible spacecraft with input saturation

This paper presents a dual-stage control system design method for the three-axis-rotational maneuver and vibration stabilization of a spacecraft with flexible appendages embedded with piezoceramics as sensors/actuators. In this design approach, attitude control system and vibration suppression were designed separately using lower order model. The design of attitude controller was based on variable-structure control (VSC) theory leading to a discontinuous control law. To accomplish asymptotic attitude maneuvering in the closed-loop system and be insensitive to the interaction of elastic modes in the presence of unknown disturbances/uncertainty and input saturation as well, a switching mechanism is employed to design the attitude controller such that outside the sliding region VSC law with a time-varying sliding surface is implemented and inside the region the VSC law with a linear sliding surface is activated. Furthermore, a hyperbolic tangent function in conjunction with a sharpness function permitted to vary with time according to a set of user-defined parameters is implemented to offset the disadvantages of existing saturation-respecting controller and chattering. In addition, for actively damping the excited elastic vibrations during attitude maneuvering, modal velocity feedback and strain rate feedback control design methods are presented and compared by using piezoelectric materials as additional sensors and actuators bonded on the surface of the flexible appendages. Numerical simulations are performed to show that rotational maneuver and vibration suppression are accomplished in spite of the presence of disturbance torque, parameter uncertainty and control saturation nonlinearity.     

Early cardiovascular adaptation to zero gravity simulated by head-down tilt

The early cardiovascular adaptation to zero gravity, simulated by head-down tilt at 5 degrees, was studied in a series of 10 normal young men. The validity of the model was confirmed by comparing the results with data from Apollo and Skylab flights. Tilt produced a significant central fluid shift with a transient increase in central venous pressure, later followed by an increase in left ventricular size without changes in cardiac output, arterial pressure, or contractile state. The hemodynamic changes were transient with a nearly complete return to the control state within 6 hr. The adaptation included a diuresis and a decrease in blood volume, associated with ADH, renin and aldosterone inhibition.