Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Rotating Two-pass Channels Cooled by Superheated Steam

In a modern gas turbine,using superheated steam to cool the vane and blade for internal convection cooling is a promising alternative to traditional compressor air.However,further investigations of steam cooling need to be performed.In this paper,the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer characteristics of steam are numerically investigated in two-pass square channels with 45° ribbed walls under stationary and rotating conditions.The investigated rotation numbers are 0 and 0.24.The simulation is carried out by solving the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations employing the Reynolds stress turbulence model,especially considering two additional terms for Coriolis and rotational buoyancy forces caused by the rotating effect.For comparison,calculations for the air-cooled channels are done first at a Reynolds number of 25 000 and inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio of 0.13.The results are compared with the experiment data.Then the flow and heat transfer in steam-cooled channels are analyzed under the same operating conditions.The results indicate that the superheated steam has better heat transfer performance than air.Due to the combined effect of rotation,skewed ribs and 180° sharp turn,the secondary flow pattern in steam-cooled rotating two-pass channels is quite complex.This complex secondary flow pattern leads to strong anisotropic turbulence and high level of anisotropy of Reynolds stresses,which have a significant impact on the local heat transfer coefficient distributions.     

Optimization of cooling structures in gas turbines:A review

Attempts for higher output power and thermal efficiency of gas turbines make the inlet temperature of turbine to be far beyond the material melting temperature. Therefore, to protect the airfoil in gas turbine from hot gas and eventually prolong the lifetime of the blade, internal and film cooling structures with better thermal performance and cooling effectiveness are urgently needed.However, the traditional way of proceeding involves numerous simulations, additional experiments,and separate tr...     

预旋进气小尺寸涡轮叶片冷却的流动换热

为了获得一种具有直通式冷气预旋进气系统的小型燃气轮机涡轮叶片的流动与换热特性,采用气热耦合计算方法进行数值研究,分析了总压损失、冷却效果和涡轮效率随预旋角、冷气雷诺数和无量纲质量流量的变化规律。结果表明,涡轮叶片预旋进气冷却的总压损失随冷气雷诺数和无量纲质量流量的增大而增大,但基本不受预旋角大小的影响;涡轮叶片的冷却效果随预旋角的减小、冷气雷诺数或无量纲质量流量的增大而增强,但不会改变其表面的温度分布特征;预旋进气冷却时的涡轮效率随冷气雷诺数的增大、预旋角或无量纲质量流量的减小而提高。     

旋转状态下气膜冷却效果的数值研究

为探讨旋转状态下气膜冷却的效果,在不同吹风比和旋转数下,对带有气膜冷却的涡轮叶片进行三维数值模拟,研究了旋转效应对叶片表面冷却效率的影响。结果表明,当叶片旋转时,压力面上的冷却效率增大,吸力面上的冷却效率降低。叶片表面气膜冷却效果随着旋转数的增加而下降。旋转效应对叶片表面冷却效果的影响程度依赖于吹风比。当吹风比增大时,气膜冷却效果随着旋转数的增加而下降的趋势增大。     

回热器性能对微小型燃气轮机总体性能影响分析研究

为分析回热器性能对微小型回热燃气轮机总体性能的影响,基于回热器性能实验,提出了一种改进回热器仿真模型,开展了燃气轮机性能仿真与控制规律优化研究。结果表明:变转速控制能改善燃气轮机部分工况热效率,且控制涡轮出口温度于设计值是提高燃气轮机部分工况性能的有效控制策略,但亦使燃气轮机性能受回热器性能恶化的影响更为严重;变转速控制下,回热器内部泄漏、堵塞使回热器换热有效度降低14.80%,将造成热效率降低4.38%。     

旋转涡轮叶片前缘热色液晶测温技术研究

建立了基于频闪拍照和液晶测温技术的旋转态全环涡轮叶片前缘外壁面温度场测量系统，研究了不同旋转状态下前缘外壁面温度场特性。实验结果表明:该系统能够获取旋转状态下全环涡轮叶片前缘外壁面温度分布，并具有足够的分辨率和精度；随着旋转数的增加，前缘气膜冷却效率整体呈下降趋势，且加剧了压力面和吸力面气膜冷却效率的不均衡。      

Modelling internal air systems ingas turbine engines

Rotating-disc systems can be used to model,experimentally and computationally,the flow and heat transfer that occur inside the internal cooling-air systems of gas turbine engines.These rotating-disc systems have been used successfully to simplify and understand some of the complex flows that occur in internal-air systems,and designers have used this insight to improve the cooling effectiveness,thereby increasing the engine efficiency and reducing the emissions.In this review paper,three important cases are considered:hot-gas ingress;the pre-swirl system;and buoyancy-induced flow.Ingress,or ingestion,occurs when hot gas from the mainstream gas path is ingested into the wheel-space between the turbine disc and its adjacent casing.Rim seals are fitted at the periphery of the system,and sealing flow is used to reduce or prevent ingress.However,too much sealing air reduces the engine efficiency,and too little can cause serious overheating,resulting in damage to the turbine rim and blade roots.Although the flow is three-dimensional and unsteady,there are encouraging signs that simple ‘orifice models’ could be used to estimate the amount of ingress into the wheel-space.In a pre-swirl system,the cooling air for the gas-turbine blades is swirled by stationary nozzles,and the air is delivered to the blades via receiver holes in the rotating turbine disc.Swirling the air reduces its temperature relative to the rotating blades,and the designer needs to calculate the air temperature and pressure drop in the system.The designer also needs to calculate the effect of this swirling flow on the heat transfer from the turbine disc to the air,as this has a significant effect on the temperature distribution and stresses in the disc.Recent experimental and computational studies have given a better understanding of the flow and heat transfer in these systems.Buoyancy-induced flow occurs in the cavity between two co-rotating compressor discs when the temperature of the discs is higher than that of the air in the cavity.Coriolis forces create cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulation inside the cavity and,as such flows are three-dimensional and unsteady,the heat transfer from the discs to the air is difficult either to compute or to measure.The flow also tends to be unstable and one flow structure can change quasi-randomly to another,which makes it hard for designers of aero-engines to calculate the transient temperature changes and thermal stresses in the discs during take-off,cruise and landing conditions.Although recent CFD research has been successful in computing these flows,it will be many years before the designer can rely on computations unless they have been validated on reliable experimental data.      

考虑环境温度变化时燃气轮机控制策略优化选择

针对某型简单循环三轴燃气轮机,基于面向对象的建模理念,运用模块化建模方法,建立了三轴燃气轮机的热力学模型,开展了环境温度变化时的稳态性能仿真。在1.00和0.35两种工况下,分析了四种不同控制策略下,环境温度对燃气轮机重要监控参数及装置的比功率、热效率等的影响,并将计算结果与燃气轮机台架试车实际数据进行了对比分析。结果表明:不同控制策略及不同工况下,环境温度对三轴燃气轮机的影响程度不同,需要综合考虑相关因素,以选择相应的控制策略。     

旋转状态下涡轮叶片复合冷却结构

采用三维流固耦合换热计算研究了旋转状态下涡轮叶片冷却结构的复合冷却性能,讨论了辐射换热和转速对综合冷却效果的影响.结果表明:结构1叶根处出现局部高温区,低冷却效率范围大,叶片整体温度分布不均匀,结构2通过更合理的气膜流量分配提高了前缘附近冷却效率,降低了叶片表面最高温度,结构3采用内部蛇形通道使吸力面冷却效率显著提高,叶片整体冷却效率分布较为均匀；考虑壁面辐射换热时叶片表面温度升高,当表面发射率为1时局部温升超过50K,壁面辐射换热的影响不能被忽略；压力面综合冷却效率随转速增大而升高,3种结构的局部冷却效率最高分别能提升15.6%，13.4%和16.4%,吸力面上除弦中区冷却效率随转速升高有所降低外,其余位置冷却效率变化不大.      

Enhancing the efectiveness of film cooling

Advanced gas turbine stages are designed to operate at increasingly higher inlet temperatures to increase thermal efficiency and specific power output.To maintain durability and reasonable life,film cooling is needed in addition to internal cooling,especially for the first stage.Film cooling lowers material temperature by forced convection inside film-cooling holes and by forming a layer of coolant about component surfaces to insulate them from the hot gases.Unfortunately,each cooling jet forms a pair of counter-rotating vortices that entrains hot gas and causes the film-cooling jet to lift off from the surface that it is intended to protect.This paper gives an overview of efforts to enhance the effectiveness of film-cooling.This paper also describes two new design concepts.One design concept seeks to minimize the entrainment of hot gases underneath of film-cooling jets by using flow-aligned blockers.The other design concept shifts the interaction between the approaching hot gas and the cooling jet to occur further above the surface by using an upstream ramp.For both design concepts,computational fluid dynamics results are presented to examine their usefulness in enhancing film-cooling effectiveness.      

涡轴发动机涡轮部件改型气动分析

首先对涡轴发动机涡轮部件的变工况特性进行了数值研究,计算结果与实验测量吻合良好。在此基础上,引入拓扑分析手段,对有、无中间承力支板的涡轮内部流场进行了详细分析。结果表明:支板对效率、流量等总体性能参数影响不大。最后对涡轮进行了改型优化,去掉支板,缩小尺寸并由动力涡轮静叶栅作为承力框架。计算表明:通过适当的气动优化,无支板的涡轮气动性能可以进一步提高。     

内燃波转子技术对燃气涡轮发动机性能影响

为研究内燃波转子技术提高燃气涡轮发动机性能变化规律,建立内燃波转子燃气涡轮发动机热力循环分析模型,开展内燃波转子通道出口气流马赫数、压气机压比等参数变化对燃气涡轮发动机性能的影响研究,探讨了内燃波转子燃气涡轮发动机热力循环状态参数变化规律.研究结果表明:当压气机压比等于3.6时,发动机比推力和热循环总效率最大提高23.709%,耗油率最大减少19.165%;当通道出口气流马赫数等于0.6时,发动机比推力最大增幅达23.736%,此时压气机压比为4.4、发动机热循环总效率32.216%和耗油率减少24.366%,熵增减少7.864%,验证了内燃波转子技术能够提高燃气涡轮发动机总体性能.研究结果为深入开展内燃波转子燃气涡轮发动机基础理论和关键技术研究奠定基础.      

旋转盘腔预旋角度的敏感性分析

采用单向FSI(fluid structure interaction)数值方法,研究转静系旋转盘腔进气预旋角度的变化对冷却效果的影响,并依据旋转盘腔冷却问题的工程评价体系对冷却效果进行评价.结果表明:当进气和旋转雷诺数均不变时,旋流比是进气预旋角度的单值函数.旋流比的改变能够使流动结构发生变化,影响盘面换热效果和转盘温度分布,导致与温度梯度相关的热应力也发生变化.随着旋流比的增加,旋转盘腔的流阻损失增大,迎风面平均换热效果呈现先减弱后增强的趋势,转盘整体应力水平上升,以及在盘心处的最大等效应力值增大.进气预旋角度的变化能够从部件承受能力和实际使用载荷两方面对涡轮盘的失效概率产生影响,因此,在涡轮盘腔设计阶段,需考虑预旋角度对涡轮盘安全性的影响.      

基于热驱动理论的新型冷却技术换热效果实验和比较

新型超级冷却技术(NSCT)是一种基于热驱动理论的新型冷却技术,针对该技术的平均换热特性进行了实验研究,结果表明:随着浮力数Bu、旋转雷诺数Reω、进口冷气雷诺数Rez的不断增大,旋转条件下新型超级冷却技术的平均换热效果逐渐增强.将新型冷却技术与常规两种涡轮叶片冷却方式-肋强化冷却和冲击冷却的平均换热效果进行比较,得出结论:在实验范围内,新型超级冷却技术比另外两种冷却方式具有更优的换热效果.     

有无叶顶冷却涡轮叶栅气热性能的旋转效应研究

为揭示叶片或机匣旋转条件和叶顶冷却对涡轮动叶气热性能的影响机理,选用LISA 1.5级涡轮动叶片,构建叶顶冷却孔,开展了不同冷气流量下的数值模拟研究。计算结果表明:不同旋转条件下,当冷气与主流的流量比为0.3%时,叶栅能量损失最低,当流量比为1.0%时,间隙泄漏流量最低、叶顶传热性能最好。叶片旋转、机匣旋转和平移运动都能降低泄漏损失和泄漏流量,叶片旋转时,叶栅出口下游上半叶高截面的能量损失最大降低约26.10%。旋转效应对泄漏损失的影响不随流量比变化而改变,但对叶栅总损失和叶顶传热品质的影响随流量比增加会不同。当流量比小于0.3%时,叶片旋转情况下叶栅总损失低于静止工况但高于机匣运动工况,且叶顶传热品质最优;当流量比大于0.7%时,叶片旋转使叶栅总损失最高,机匣运动使叶顶传热品质最优。     

Effects of temperature distribution and level on heat transfer on a rotating free disk

In gas turbine engines, with the existence of the intense forced convection and significant buoyancy effects, temperature distribution and level on turbine or compressor disks affect the heat transfer characteristics strongly. In this paper, numerical simulations were performed to analyze these influences for a free disk, with the laminar and turbulent flow respectively. The influences of temperature distribution on the heat transfer were observed by using incompressible cooling air, and temperature profiles of nth order monomial and polynomial were assumed on the disk. The analysis revealed that the heat transfer for two flow states on the free disk is determined by the exponent n of the monomial profile when specifying the rotating Reynolds number; for an arbitrary polynomial profile, the local Nusselt number can be deduced from results of monomial profiles. To study the effects of temperature level on heat transfer singly, monomial profiles were used and the local Nusselt number of compressible and incompressible cooling air were compared.And both for two flow states, the following conclusions could be drawn: the relative difference of local Nusselt number is mainly controlled by nondimensional local temperature difference, and almost independent of the monomial's coefficient C, exponent n and the rotating Reynolds number. Subsequently, a correction method for heat transfer of the free disk is presented and verified computationally, with which the local Nusselt number, obtained with a uniform and low temperature profile, can be revised by arbitrary distribution and high temperature magnitude.      

基于改进温度评估模型的叶片冷却性能分析

为适应航空发动机涡轮冷却技术的发展趋势，在传统叶片温度评估模型的基础上加以改进，提出了适用于内外耦合涡轮叶片的温度评估模型。将改进后的温度评估模型嵌入到发动机整机热力性能计算模型中，对飞机/发动机系统耦合分析，研究了F-16战机在典型飞行任务和飞行包线内高压涡轮导叶的冷却性能。结果表明：在全飞行任务下进行分析时，叶片在实用升限、起飞及大爬升率工况下叶片工作热环境恶劣，叶片易超温；叶片表面温度沿径向为增长趋势，在叶顶处达到最大值。在全飞行包线内进行分析时，叶片表面温度随高度变化明显；包线内高空低马赫数区域叶片的最高温度和承受的热应力最大，叶片最高温度可达1 342 K；高空低马赫数区域的综合冷却效率与包线内的最高冷却效率相比，降低了34.2%，叶片冷却性能下降明显。在进行模型参数敏感性分析时，与基准方案相比，当输入参数改变相同比例，改变冷气进口温度对叶片温度的影响最为显著。     

具有离散出气孔的旋转盘冷却效果的实验

为了获得中心进气的冷气对具有离散出气孔的旋转盘的冷却效果,分别采用热色液晶和热电偶来测量转盘表面温度分布。影响冷却效果的主要因素是旋转雷诺数和冷气流量系数,分析了其对无量纲过余表面平均温度和无量纲径向表面温差的影响。随着旋转雷诺数和进气流量系数增加,转盘无量纲过余表面平均温度和无量纲径向表面温差全都下降。转盘上的通孔有利于对转盘的冷却,并且转盘通孔的尺寸越大,冷气对转盘的冷却效果越好。      

涡轮转子叶片异型气膜孔冷却数值研究

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了发动机工作条件下涡轮转子叶片压力面异型气膜孔的冷却特性,分析了吹风比和旋转雷诺数对气膜冷却的影响.结果表明:旋转条件下,气膜射流受离心力和哥氏力作用朝叶尖方向发生偏转,射流涡结构发生改变;随着旋转雷诺数增大,气膜射流向叶尖的偏转量逐渐增加,展向冷却均匀性提高,展向平均冷却效率略有提升;同一转速下扇形孔和收敛缝型孔能有效抑制气膜分离,展向平均冷却效率沿下游单调变化,随吹风比增加而升高,吹风比越小气膜射流向叶尖偏转越明显;旋转条件下,扇形孔与收敛缝型孔射流较圆孔射流仍有明显的冷却优势.      

大功率EB-PVD陶瓷热障涂层的研究与应用

陶瓷热障涂层用于涡轮发动机的热端部件可显著提高其使用温度,延长部件的使用寿命,并提高发动机的效率。介绍了制备陶瓷热障涂层的电子束物理气相沉积技术。分析了热障涂层的剥落失效机理,同时对热障涂层的隔热效果的研究也进行了介绍。