Gaussian fitting based optimal design of aircraft mission success space using multi-objective genetic algorithm

In order to obtain the optimized aircraft design concept which meets the increasingly complex operation environment at the conceptual design stage, System-of-systems (SoS) engineering must be considered. This paper proposes a novel optimization method for the design of aircraft Mission Success Space (MSS) based on Gaussian fitting and Genetic Algorithm (GA) in the SoS area. First, the concepts in the design and evaluation of MSS are summarized to introduce the Contribution to System-of-Systems (CSS) by using a conventional effectiveness index, Mission Success Rate (MSR). Then, the mathematic modelling of Gaussian fitting technique is noted as the basis of the optimization work. After that, the proposed optimal MSS design is illustrated by the multi-objective optimization process where GA acts as the search tool to find the best solution (via Pareto front). In the case study, a simulation system of penetration mission was built. The simulation results are collected and then processed by two MSS design schemes (contour and neural network) giving the initial variable space to GA optimization. Based on that, the proposed optimization method is implemented under both schemes whose optimal solutions are compared to obtain the final best design in the case study.     

Inverse design of mission success space for combat aircraft contribution evaluation

This paper presents a novel design method of the Mission Success Space (MSS) for the evaluation on aircraft contribution effectiveness. MSS concept was proposed for giving success criterion of a mission and judging the success by conventional mission effectiveness with regards to the aircraft capabilities. This space is created by the Mission Success Function (MSF) and the original Effectiveness Index Space (EIS) where empirical equations are usually assumed to be MSFs. Based on this MSS concept, this paper firstly defines the MSS-based evaluation, then further summarizes the evaluation process of the Contribution to System-of-Systems (CSS). More importantly, based on the thought of Inverse Design (ID), a new design method of MSF is presented comprehensively analyzing aircraft’s CSS in a combat mission without using any empirical MSF. The definition of MSS based ID is given and the design procedure is sequentially introduced. Two different confrontation cases are depicted with many details as the simulation validation: Air-to-ground and Penetration. There are two design variables considered for designing MSS in the latter case while only one for the former. However, in both cases, the best design is given by evaluating the Gaussian fitting performance of CSS.     

作战飞机总体设计方案的灰色关联投影评价

给出了作战飞机总体设计方案的评价指标,采用层次分析法赋给每个指标不同的权重,并提出了一种基于灰色关联投影法的作战飞机总体设计方案评价方法。该方法采用灰色关联理论建立各总体设计方案对评价指标集的加权灰色关联判断矩阵,然后利用矢量投影原理计算各设计方案相对理想方案的灰色关联投影值,以灰色关联投影值的大小来评价设计方案的优劣。     

Aerodynamic design of the high-lift-wing for a Megaliner aircraft

A ‘Megaliner’ aircraft configuration like the Airbus A380 will become a civil transport aircraft lager than all existing designs. Its wing had to be designed not only to give the required cruise performance but also to be compatible with the given airport infrastructure. The aerodynamic design of the high-lift system has to fulfil the resulting targets for the take-off and landing configuration but is also required to have the minimum possible mechanical and structural system complexity, i.e. resulting in a minimum possible weight and cost. After an introduction to constraints of a Megaliner configuration a summary of high-lift wing solutions and the constraints driving the high-lift wing design is given. The experiences in high-lift design on previous Airbus aircraft and the major tools (computational fluid dynamics and windtunnel testing) for the design work and its verification are presented. Also a side view is given to the importance of research programs for the development of new high-lift concepts for future aircraft. The described development work for the Megaliner high-lift wing was driven by the strong requirement for an optimised overall design. Various interactions with the cruise wing design and the design of the support and actuation system are highlighted, which were leading to the best possible balanced solution.     

基于变精度遗传算法的翼型快速优化设计方法

低碳环保的电动飞机在要求较高升阻比的同时,需要尽量降低成本、缩短研制周期。但高精度的数值模拟时间代价很大,因此针对电动飞机翼型设计中初始翼型较难选取、优化速度较慢的问题,提出了一种基于变精度遗传算法的翼型多点快速优化方法。以常用的 Hicks-Henne 型函数为基础,改进了其对翼型后缘描述不精确的问题。在数值模拟阶段,介绍了一种快速气动参数计算软件XFOIL,并分析了该软件的适用性与局限。之后给出了使用XFOIL 与 Matlab 进行联合求解的方法,在无人干预的情况下完全实现了翼型设计与优化的自动化,提高了设计效率。在翼型优化阶段,为保持较高的精度和寻优效率,设计了翼型参数的实数编码方法。针对传统遗传优化算法了改进,设计了染色体变精度杂交方法以及动态惩罚方法。最后,给出了基于遗传算法的多点优化方案,以及翼型多目标快速优化一体化设计方案。仿真分成两部分进行,首先改进的 Hicks-Henne 型函数能够有效实现参数化翼型的后缘夹角改变。通过与 NSGA-II 方法的优化结果对比,本文的方法在一定迭代次数范围内获得的升阻比更高,失速特性更加缓和,特别是在综合提高翼型优化效率方面表现较好。仿真结果表明,该方法能够快速获得多种工况下具有较高升阻比的翼型,也可以作为进一步优化的初始翼型,能提高翼型优化效率。     

民用飞机后压力框与机身连接的结构研究

民用飞机后压力框与机身连接的结构方案主要有两种,详细介绍了两种连接方案的结构构型以及各方案的优缺点,并从后压力框外形曲面的设计、结构的选材、质量、装配和维护空间以及系统在后压力框站位的通路等方面对两种连接方案进行分析和总结,为民用飞机后压力框与机身的连接设计提供参考。     

面向维修性设计的民机产品拆卸序列规划方法

维修拆卸序列规划是产品维修性设计的重要内容。深入研究了面向维修性设计的产品拆卸建模方法,将民机产品分为部件模块与联接件两部分,构建了部件联接图模型,通过关联矩阵描述了部件模块与联接件的相互关系。分两步给出了民机产品拆卸序列规划方法:利用干涉矩阵确定部件模块的可行拆卸方向,以拆卸代价最小为目标,提出了基于有序搜索的民机产品部件模块的拆卸序列规划算法;考虑联接件的拆卸顺序,以拆卸工具更换次数最小为目标,提出了基于基因成对交叉与变异的遗传算法的完整拆卸序列优化方法。最后,结合某飞机前起落架系统给出了应用实例,阐明了本文方法的有效性。     

基于TOPSIS的空战效能多指标评估模型

战斗机空战效能评估在武器装备研制采购、对比敌我双方作战实力等方面发挥着重要作用,传统评估 模型只能在宏观上对空战效能进行评估,无法通过对比不同战机的优劣指标来进行微观评估。借鉴双基点法 改进多指标评估模型,构建空战效能评估模型;针对超视距空战和视距内空战,分别建立不同的指标体系;根据 评估指标赋权时主观法与客观法存在的缺陷,利用最小信息熵原理综合结构熵和信息熵两种不同类型的赋权 技术,构造组合赋权法。算法验证表明:组合赋权法不仅可以反映两种视距条件下指标重要程度的不同特点, 而且改进模型能纠正传统模型的评估错误,可以对空战效能进行有效评估。     

飞机整体驱动发电机可靠性与维修策略探究

针对飞机整体驱动发电机可靠性分析手段缺乏、故障样本小且维修策略相对保守的问题,提出了以历史故障数据为驱动的贝叶斯和马尔可夫链融合的可靠性分析方法。首先,利用蒙特卡洛方法对故障数据预处理以增大样本空间,并通过最大信息熵法求解飞机整体驱动发电机的先验分布;其次,利用马尔可夫链方法对复杂后验分布进行解算;最后,以可靠性为中心给出飞机IDG的维修建议。经过数值仿真软件计算后得IDG的累计失效函数参数估计误差分别为0.121 3和0.001 3,误差较小。仿真结果表明,提出的可靠性分析方法适用于小样本空间的飞机IDG可靠性分析,并根据结果给出了维修建议。     

A survey on numerical simulations of drag and heat reduction mechanism in supersonic/hypersonic flows

Along with the survey on experimental investigations drawing attention to the drag and heat reduction mechanism, the authors simultaneously focus on the recent advances of numerical simulations on the schemes applied to supersonic/hypersonic vehicles. The CFD study has evolved as an irreplaceable method in scheme evaluation and aircraft optimization. Similar to our previous experimental survey, the advances in drag and heat reduction schemes are reviewed by similar kinds of mechanism in this article, namely the forward-facing cavity, the opposing jet, the aerospike, the energy deposition and their combinational configurations. This review article puts an emphatic eye on the flow conditions, numerical methods, novel schemes and analytical conclusions given in the simulations. Further, the multi-objective design optimization concept has also been illustrated due to the observable advantages of using CFD over experimental method, especially those performances conducted in drag reduction and thermal protection practice, and this would possess reference value in the design of aircraft system.     

基于神经网络响应面的机翼气动稳健性优化设计

针对不确定性因素引起飞机性能波动的现象,探讨了机翼气动优化设计过程的稳健性问题;建立了面向速度和扭转角两个不确定性因素的气动性能稳健性约束模型;在利用MATLAB构造基于均匀设计法的BP(Back Propagation)神经网络响应面基础上,应用遗传算法对机翼分别进行考虑稳健性约束和不考虑稳健性约束的气动优化设计,得到两种不同的优化方案。计算结果表明:两种优化方案的最大升阻比都比初始方案的大;在巡航马赫数下,与不考虑稳健性约束的优化方案相比,考虑稳健性约束的优化方案的最大升阻比小0.027 9,但在马赫数、扭转角对应范围内其最大升阻比的变化量分别小0.034 0和0.001 6,其他气动性能参数也更加稳定,波动更小,气动性能具有更好的稳健性,从而证明本文方法进行机翼气动稳健性优化设计是可行、有效的。     

模块化飞机结构优化设计的等效多工况法

随着航空科技的发展,追求飞机任务的多样化和低生命周期成本成为一大趋势,其中模块化飞机设计对于未来飞机设计的多用途以及经济性具有实际意义。针对模块化飞机结构优化设计的特点,提出了等效多工况(EMCO)法,将模块化结构优化问题分解为通用模块的多工况优化问题和各专用模块的独立优化问题。通用模块等效为承受多工况载荷的结构,并按多工况优化方法进行优化设计,使通用模块质量最轻。各型号的专用模块在此基础上分别进行独立的优化设计。通用模块和专用模块交替优化,直至目标函数值收敛。最后,分别通过模块化桁架结构和机翼结构优化实例展示了该方法的运用效果,并与单独优化结果和加权单目标优化结果进行了对比。结果表明该方法降低了计算规模,收敛效果较好。     

基于改进人工势场算法的无人机群避障算法研究

针对无人机运动避障人工势场算法本身存在的极小值问题和局部最小值问题，采用改进的人工势场算法，提出了一种新的路径规划方法。不同于目前的人工势场法，该模型从双机相互作用开始，在障碍物斥力的基础上，增加了无人机之间的斥力，同时定义集群的前置形心作为另一个引力源。算法分析表明，该方法能够有效避免无人机陷入局部最小值，并增强了无人机机群的控制和避障能力。基于该无人机控制模型，给出了路径规划设计并进行了仿真实验。实验结果表明，基于该模型的无人机机群控制具有更好的避障性能和追踪目标的能力。     

遗传算法在航空发动机非线性数学模型中的应用

收敛性是航空发动机非线性数学模型的重要指标。现有发动机平衡方程迭代解法还不能保证模型大范围收敛。以某涡扇发动机为对象,采用遗传算法求解发动机非线性数学模型,将模型中的发动机平衡方程求解转换为极小值优化问题,建立了遗传算法计算模型,重点分析了采用遗传算法求解的适应度函数设计方法。数值仿真结果表明,与牛顿-拉夫逊解法相比,采用遗传算法方法可实现模型大范围收敛。     

迎角过载边界限制器的设计方法

介绍了迎角过载边界限制器的意义、设计要求和一些有代表性的国内外飞机的边界限制器设计方法。边界限制经历了硬限制、软限制、反馈限制和比较逻辑反馈限制几个阶段。分析了这些设计方法的优缺点,并对比较逻辑反馈限制器的设计方法进了理论推导,提出了这类边界限制器重要参数的确定方法。     

基于代理模型的高效全局低音爆优化设计方法

研究发展高效实用的低音爆优化设计方法,对于新一代低音爆超声速客机的研制具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。目前国内外发展的低音爆优化方法主要包括遗传算法（GA）和基于Adjoint的梯度优化。遗传算法虽然具有较强的全局优化能力,但其优化效率较低,无法很好满足实际应用的需要;而梯度优化虽然优化效率高,但易陷入局部最优。将最新发展的代理优化算法与音爆预测方法相结合,发展了一种具有全局优化能力的高效低音爆优化设计方法。首先,概述了所采用的线性音爆预测方法,并用NASA超声速圆锥体模型进行验证,表明其计算效率高、预测精度可满足飞行器初步设计的需要。其次,对所采用的代理优化（SBO）方法进行了概述,包括试验设计、代理模型建模、优化加点准则和收敛标准等。再次,运用所发展的方法开展了NASA多段圆锥体模型的低音爆优化设计算例研究,并与遗传算法和梯度优化的结果进行了比较,表明其优化效率比遗传算法提高了2个量级以上,且优化结果优于梯度方法。最后,将所发展的方法应用于AIAA音爆预测大会提供的翼身组合体外形（69°后掠三角翼）的低音爆优化设计,将远场音爆N型波峰值减少了27.4%,表明所发展的方法在复杂外形低音爆优化设计中具有很好的应用潜力。     

基于模糊灰色聚类和组合赋权法的飞机健康状态综合评估方法

针对目前飞机健康状态不易准确评估的难题,以飞机液压系统为具体研究对象,提出一种基于模糊灰色聚类和组合赋权相结合的健康状态综合评估新方法。首先,利用熵权法和层次分析法（AHP）分别计算并确定飞机液压系统各关键部件相关参数的权重,再通过组合赋权法将上述两种权重进行组合,得到具有主客观意义的组合权重。第二,采用灰色聚类法评估飞机液压系统各关键部件的健康状态。针对评估结果,由飞机液压系统各关键部件聚类系数创建飞机液压系统的健康评估模糊评判矩阵。然后依据该矩阵,采用熵权法和AHP分别求出各关键部件权重,并用组合赋权法进行组合。最终,采用模糊综合评判法评估飞机液压系统的健康状态。以某型飞机真实液压系统为例进行了试验验证,结果表明,所提出的基于模糊灰色聚类和组合赋权相结合的健康状态综合评估方法能够有效实现飞机液压系统健康评估的效能,具有很好的工程应用价值。     

Systematic methods for knowledge acquisition and expert systemdevelopment [for combat aircraft]

Nine cooperating rule-based systems, collectively called AUTOCREW which were designed to automate functions and decisions associated with a combat aircraft's subsystems, are discussed. The organization of tasks within each system is described; performance metrics were developed to evaluate the workload of each rule base and to assess the cooperation between the rule bases. Simulation and comparative workload results for two mission scenarios are given. The scenarios are inbound surface-to-air-missile attack on the aircraft and pilot incapacitation. The methodology used to develop the AUTOCREW knowledge bases is summarized. Issues involved in designing the navigation sensor selection expert in AUTOCREW's NAVIGATOR knowledge base are discussed in detail. The performance of seven navigation systems aiding a medium-accuracy inertial navigation system (INS) was investigated using Kalman filter covariance analyses. A navigation sensor management (NSM) expert system was formulated from covariance simulation data using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and the ID3 algorithm     

基于蚁群算法的高超声速飞行器气动布局优化设计

针对目前飞行器优化设计领域遗传算法计算量大、效率低的情况,提出了基于连续空间蚁群算法的高超声速飞行器气动布局优化设计方法.蚁群算法是近年来发展的一种全新仿生算法,具有全局性和高效性等特点,已经成功地应用于离散空间的优化设计.采用连续空间蚁群算法,对高超声速飞行器进行了多变量、多约束下的气动布局优化设计,并与采用遗传算法和约束可变多面体法的优化结果进行了对比,指出了蚁群算法的优点.本文的研究可为蚁群算法应用于复杂、高维的大规模飞行器设计问题提供参考.     

复合板材低雷达散射截面优化设计的研究

 本文将多层介质材料的电磁反射系数与优化技术相结合,提供了复合板材低雷达散射截面优化设计的方法。编制了优化复合板材几何参数和每层电磁参数的计算机程序。对两个算例进行了优化设计,所获结果合理,为隐身飞机的材料选择和结构设计提供了有用的方法。